Lecture 20
Transistor Amplifiers (II)
Other Amplifier Stages
Outline
• Common­drain amplifier
• Common­gate amplifier
Reading Assignment:
Howe and Sodini; Chapter 8, Sections 8.7-8.9
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1. Common­drain amplifier
VDD
signal source
RS
+
vs
iSUP
vOUT
signal
load
RL
VBIAS
VSS
•
•
•
•
•
•
A voltage
voltage buffer takes the input
input voltage
voltage which may
which may have
a relatively large Thevenin resistance and replicates the
voltage at the output port, which has a low output
resistance
Input signal is applied to the gate
Output is taken from the source
To first order, voltage gain ≈ 1
Input resistance is high
Output resistance is low
– Effective voltage buffer stage
How does it work?
• vgate ↑⇒ iD cannot change ⇒ vsource ↑
– Source follower
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Biasing the Common­drain amplifier
VDD
signal source
RS
VSS
+
vs
iSUP
vOUT
signal
load
RL
VBIAS
VSS
• Assume device in saturation; neglect RS and RL;
neglect CLM (λ = 0)
• Obtain desired output bias voltage
– Typically set VOUT to”halfway” between VSS and VDD.
• Output voltage maximum VDD­VDSsat
• Output voltage minimum set by voltage
requirement across ISUP.
VBIAS = VGS + VOUT
VGS = VTn (VSB ) +
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I SUP
W
µn Cox
2L
3
Small­signal Analysis
Unloaded small­signal equivalent circuit model:
+
D
G
gmvgs
vin
ro
S
+
roc
vout
-
-
+
+ vgs -
vin
+
gmvgs
ro//roc
-
vout
-
vin = v gs + vout
vout = gm v gs (ro // roc )
Then:
Avo =
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gm
1
gm +
ro // roc
≈1
4
Input and Output Resistance
Input Impedance : Rin = ∞
Output Impedance:
+
+
vin
RS
it
+ vgs -
gmvgs
ro//roc
-
-
vt
vin = 0; vt = ­vgs
effectively:
resistance of value 1/gm
Rout =
it
+
gmvt
1
gm +
1
ro // roc
ro//roc
≈
-
vt
1
gm
Small!
Loaded voltage gain:
RL
RL
Av = Avo
≈
≈1
1
R L + Rout R +
L
gm
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Effect of Back Bias
If MOSFET was not fabricated in an isolated p­well,
then body is tied to wafer substrate (connected to VSS)
VDD
signal source
RS
VSS
+
vs
iSUP
vOUT
signal
load
RL
VBIAS
VSS
Two consequences:
• Bias is affected
– VT depends on VBS
– VBS = VSS – VOUT ≠ 0
• Small signal figures of merit affected
– Signal shows up between B and S
– vbs = ­vout
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Small­signal Analysis (with back­bias)
See text pp.523­527 for details
D
G
+
gmvgs
gmbvbs
ro
S
vin
+
roc
-
vout
B
-
vbs=-vout
+ vgs -
+
vin
+
gmvgs
gmbvout
ro//roc
-
Avo =
vout
-
gm
g m + g mb +
1
ro // roc
gm
≈
<1
g m + g mb
Also:
Rout =
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1
g m + gmb +
ro // roc
≈
1
g m + gmb
7
Common­Drain Two­Port Model
1
(gm + gmb)
+
vin
+
+
−
gm
(gm + gmb) vin
−
vout
−
• Open circuit voltage gain ~ 1
• Input resistance ~ CS Amplifier
– We want a large input resistance because the
controlled generator is voltage controlled
• Output resistance << CS Amplifier
– We want a low output resistance to deliver most of
the output voltage to the load
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Relationship between circuit parameters and device
parameters:
W
gm = 2I D µ nCox
L
gmb =
γ
2 −2φ p − VBS
gm
Circuit Parameters
Device*
Parameters
|Avo|
gm
g m + g mb
Rin
∝
Rout
1
g m + g mb
ISUP ↑
­
­
↓
W↑
­
­
↓
µnCox ↑
­
­
↓
L↑
­
­
↑
* VBIAS is adjusted so that none of the other
parameters change
Common Drain amplifier is often used as a voltage
buffer to drive small output loads (in multistage
amplifiers, other stages provide the voltage gain).
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2. Common­Gate Amplifier:
VDD
iSUP
iOUT
VSS
signal
load
RL
signal source
is
RS
IBIAS
VSS
• A current buffer takes the input current which may
have a relatively small Norton resistance and
replicates the current at the output port, which has a
high output resistance
• Input signal is applied to the source
• Output is taken from the drain
• To first order, current gain ≈ 1
– is ≈ ­iout.(Current Buffer)
• Input resistance is low
• Output resistance is high
– Effective current buffer stage
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Biasing the Common­Gate Amplifier:
Assume device in saturation; neglect RS and RL; neglect CLM (λ = 0)
VDD
ISUP
IOUT
VSS
IBIAS
I SUP + IOUT + I BIAS = 0
VSS
Select bias such that IOUT=0 ⇒ VOUT = 0.
Assume MOSFET in saturation (no channel modulation):
W
2
ID =
µ nCox (VGS − VT ) = I SUP = −I BIAS
2L
But VT depends on VBS:
VT = VTo + γ n
( −2φp − VBS −
−2φ p
)
Must solve these two equations iteratively.
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Small­signal equivalent circuit (unloaded)
iout
D
+
G
vgs
gmvgs
gmbvbs
ro
- S
roc
B
is
vbs=vgs
iout
-
it i
s
vgs
gmvgs
gmbvgs
ro
+
iout
it
is
it = −iout
­1
gm
­1
gmb
ro
iout
⇒ Aio =
= −1
it
Aio is the short circuit current gain.
Not surprising, since in a MOSFET: ig = 0
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Input Resistance
+
vgs
gmbvgs
gmvgs
ro
-
roc
+
it
RL
vt
-
vgs=-vt
+
gmvt
it
gmbvt
ro
vt
roc//RL
-
Do KCL on input node:
v t − it (roc // R L )
it − g mv t − gmb v t −
=0
ro
Then:
r // RL
1 + oc
ro
vt
1
Rin =
=
≈
it g + g + 1 gm + g mb
m
mb
ro
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Output Resistance
+
vgs
gmvgs
gmbvgs
it
ro
-
+
roc
-
vt
RS
+
vgs
gmvgs
gmbvgs
it '
ro
+
-
-
vt'
RS
Do KCL on input node:
vt′ + v gs
it′ − g mv gs − gmb v gs −
=0
ro
Notice also:
v gs = −it′ Rs
Then:
Rout
 

1 
= roc // ro 1+ Rs gm + gmb + 
ro 

 
Rout ≈ roc //[ro (1+ gm Rs )] ≈ roc //[(gm ro )Rs ]
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Common­Gate Two­Port Model
iin
i
out
1
gm + gmb
−iin
roc ⎢⎢(ro + gmroRS)
• The output resistance depends on the source
resistance
– The CG current buffer is not unilateral
• Input resistance << CS Amplifier
– We want a small input resistance because the
controlled generator is current controlled
• Output resistance >> CS Amplifier
– We want a large output resistance to deliver most of
the output current to the load
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Relationship between circuit figures of merit and
device parameters:
W
gm = 2I D µ nCox
L
γ
gmb =
gm
2 −2φ p − VBS
ro ≈
1
λn I D
Circuit Parameters
Device*
Parameters
|Aio|
Rin
Rout
­1
1
g m + g mb
roc //[ro (1+ g m R s )]
ISUP ↑
­
↓
↓
W↑
­
↓
↑
µnCox ↑
­
↓
↑
L↑
­
↑
↑
* VBIAS is adjusted so that none of the other
parameters change
Common Gate amplifier is often used as a current
buffer i.e. transform a current source with medium
source resistance to an equal current with high source
resistance (in multistage amplifiers, other stages provide
the current gain).
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What did we learn today?
Summary of Key Concepts
• Common­source amplifier: good voltage amplifier
better transconductance amplifier
– Large voltage gain
– High input resistance
– Medium / high output resistance
• Common­drain amplifier: good voltage buffer
– Voltage gain ≈ 1
– High input resistance
– Low output resistance
• Common­gate amplifier: good current buffer
– Current gain ≈ 1 – Low input resistance
– High output resistance
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6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits
Spring 2009
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