I nternat. J. Math. & Math. Si.
(1982) 87-96
Vol. 5 No.
87
INTEGRITY BASIS FOR A SECOND-ORDER AND
A FOURTH-ORDER TENSOR
JOSEF BETTEN
Rheinisch-Westflische Technische Hochschule Aachen
Templergraben 55
D-5100 Aachen
Federal Republic of Germany
(Received July 8, 1981)
ABSTRACT.
In this paper a scs!ar-valued isotropic tensor function is considered,
the variables of which are constitutive tensors of orders two and four, for instance,
characterizing the anisotropic properties of a material.
Therefore, the system of
of irreducible invariants of a fourth-order tensor is constructed.
Furthermore,
the joint or simultaneous invariants of a second-order and a fourth-order tensor
are found.
In a similar way one can construct an integrity basis for a tensor of
order grea.ter than four, as shown in the paper, for instance, for a tensor of order
six.
KEY WORDS AND PHRASES. Theory of algebraic inviants, integry basis under a
subgroup, otropic tensor functions, representation- theory irreducible basic
and principal invariants of a foh-order tensor, constitutive tensors, cho eristic polynomial, alternation process, integrity basis for a tensor of ord greater
than fo, bilinear operator, construction of simultaneous or joint invaria,
Hamiton-Cayley’ s theorem, isotropic constitutive tensors.
1980 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION CODE.
i.
53A45, 73B.
INTRODUCT ION.
In many branches of mathematics and physics, for instance, in continuum
mechanics, the central problem is:
For a given set of tensors which are not neces-
sarily of the same order, and a given group of transformations, find an integrity
basis, the elements of which are algebraic invariants.
Many mathematicians have studied the theory of algebraic invariants in detail.
The results are published, for instance, by GRACE and YOUNG [i], GUREVICH [2],
88
J. BETTEN
WEITZENBCK
[3 ], WEYL [4].
Very extensive accounts of algebraic invariant theory
from the point of view of its application to modern continuum mechanics are pre-
sented, for example, by SPENCER [5], TRUESDELL and NOLL [6].
It is convenient to employ these results of the theory of invariants in the
mechanics of isotropic and anisotropic materials
invariants the central problem is:
[7].
In the theory of algebraic
For a given set of tensors which are not nec-
essarily of the same order, and a given group of transformations, find an integrity
basis, the elements of which are algebraic invariants.
An integrity basis is a set
of polynomials, each invariant under the group of transformations, such that any
polynomial function invariant under the group is expressible as a polynomial in
elements of the integrity basis.
In continuum mechanics, a constitutive expression may be a polynomial function
which is appropriate for the description of the response of an anisotropic material.
The representation of such an expression is based upon an integrity basis.
In this paper the system of irreducible (basic and principal) invariants of a
fourth-order tensor is found.
Furthermore, the joint or simultaneous invariants of
a second-order and a fourth-order tensor are constructed.
The mentioned systems of invariants cannot be found in the cited literature.
Therefore, the results of this paper are important, for instance, for a reader who
is working in the field of theoretical continuum mechanics and who is familiar with
tensor calculus.
2.
INTEGRITY BASIS UNDER A SUBGROUP.
Let F
F(o)
be a scalar-valued function of a second-order tensor, for
instance, of the stress tensor
o.
This function is said to be isotropic if the
condit ion
F(aip
a.
j
q
o
is fulfilled under any orthogonal transformation
tion convention is utilized, and
represents
(2.1)
F(o ij
pq
(aik ajk
oij),
KRONECKER’s
tensor.
where the summa-
For example, the function F in (2.1) may be the plastic potential.
Then, from
INTEGRITY BASIS FOR TENSOR
89
the theory of isotropic tensor functions [5, 7, 8], it is evident that in an iso-
tropic medium the plastic potential F can be expressed as a single-valued function
of the irreducible basic invariants
S
(2.2)
1,2,3
tr
or, alternatively, of the irreducible principal inya.ria.nts
Jl- ii
of the stress tensor
F
J2
o,
-i[i] j[j]
that is
F[S()]
or
F[J(o)]
F
(2.4a,b)
1,2,3
In (2.3) the operation of alternation is used.
respectively.
(2.3a,b,c)
J3- i[i] oj[j] Ok[k]
This process is
indicated by placing square brackets around those indices to which it applies, that
bracketed indices i...k are permuted in all possible ways, while indices
is, the
which are excluded from the alternation are not bracketed.
tions.
Thus, we obtain ! terms.
They keep their posi-
The terms corresponding to even permutations
are given a plus sign, those which correspond to odd permutations a minus sign,
Comparing (2.2) and (2.3), we find the
and they are then added and divided by !.
relations:
Jl SI
J2
($2
SI)/2
J3-- (2S3- 3S2SI
+
S )/6
(2.5a,b,c)
The irreducible (basic or principal) invariants are the elements of the integrity
basis for the orthogonal group:
An integrity basis is a set of polynomials, each
invariant under the group of transformations, such that any polynomial function
invariant under the group is expressible as a polynomial in the elements of the
integrity basis [4, 5, 9].
The invariants (2.2) or, alternatively, (2.3a,b,c) form
the integrity basis for the stress tensor
i.e.
aij
o
under the proper orthogonal group,
+i, and this integrity basis also forms a functional basis.
The representations (2.4a,b) imply isotropy.
In the anisotropic case the restriction (2.1) of F is less severe.
Then, the
function F is merely required to be invariant under the group of transformations
(SikSjk ij)
s
associated with the symmetry properties of the material
is a subgroup of the orthogonal group
a.
[8], where
In other words, the symmetry properties
90
J. BETTEN
of the material impose restrictions upon the manner in which the function F depends
on the stress components [i0].
For a particular crystal class [ii] the potential F may be represented as a
polynomial in the stresses which is invariant under the subgroup
s
of transform-
tions associated with the symmetry properties of the crystal class considered.
The function F is then expressible as a polynomial in these invariants, which form
a functional basis.
It is shown by PIPKIN and RIVLIN [12] and PIPKIN and WINEMANN [13] that an
integrity basis will also form a functional basis if the group of transformations
is finite; then all invariants can be expressed as functions of the invariants of
an integrity basis.
3.
INTEGRITY BASIS FOR A FOURTH-ORDER TENSOR.
Instead of the representation by an integrity basis under a subgroup anisotro-
pic behaviour may be characterized by a function
F
in which
Aij, Aijkl
F(oij
Aij
Aijkl
(3.1)
Aijklmn
etc. are the components of constitutive tensors characterizing
the anisotropic properties of the material.
Then, by analogy to (2.1), we have
the invariance condition
F(aipaj qo pq ;...
a
ipaj qakralsAp qrs’ ...)
tensors
Aij Aijkl
oij Aij Aijkl
(3.2)
Aij kl
to construct an irreducible integrity basis for the
and the central problem is:
tensors o
F(ij;
Together with the invariants of the single argument
ij
etc., like (2.2) or (2.3), we have to consider the system
of simultaneous or joint invariants found in section 4.
Let us first construct the irreducible principal invariants of a fourth-order
tensor
Aijkl,
which may be a linear operator, i.e.,
Yij
where i,j,k,l
Aijkl_
Im
1,2,3 or a,B
In (3.3b) the operator
1,2
A
or
Y
(3.3a,b)
mA^oXo
9, respectively.
defines a linear transformation on a 9-dimensional
which is a correspondence that assigns to every vector
vector space V
9,
X
in V
9
a
INTEGRITY BASIS FOR TENSOR
vector
AX
Vg,
in
in such a way that
+
A(alXI
identically in the vectors
X;
Let
91
XI
alI + a22
a2X2)
X2
and
and the scalars a
and a
I
1,2,...,9; be the components of an arbitary vector of unit magniWe then ask:
tude which we call direction vector or simply a direction.
A
does the linear transformation
directions
X?
which is in the same direction as
yield a vector
Y
For what
according to (3.3)
That is,
(0)
%ijkl)l Oij
(Aijkl
where
2.
(o)
is a real scalar to be determined,
A
are the components of the unit tensor
(A8
or
(0)
a8
ikjl
aijkl
(0)
%A
whereas O
or
ij
)X8 O
or
Oa
(3.4a,b)
A(O)
are the components
of the zero tensor O.
For a nontrivial solution of (3.4a,b) we must have
det
(Aijkl
,(o)
Xijkl
0
or
det
(Aa XA(0)
a
in order to determine the principal or proper values %
=o
(3.5a,b)
of the linear transforma-
n
t ion A.
In order to construct the principal invariants of a fourth-order tensor
note that
t-terminant (3.5)
characterist i-
=
(0)
det(Ai3kl- %ijkl
J(A) %n-
in which, as we see from (3.5a,b), the first ind, x pair (ij)
B
rows and the second one (kl)
The principal invariants
we
is an invariant, and we therefore consider the
’.ynomial
Pn(%)
A,
J
(3.6)
a characterizes the
the columns of a n x n matrix A, in general n
in (3.6) can be determined, analogous to
9.
(2.3),
by the operation of alteration:
(-i)
where (-i)
(n)
trA
n
J0
i.
n!
)!
!(n
and det
A,
n-9
J9
=A
a l[al
Aa2[a2]
(3 7)
A
av[av]
The right hand side in (3.7) is equal to the sum of all
principal minors of order
respectively.
< n, where
i and
n lead to
92
J. BETTEN
Assuming the usual symmetry conditions
Aijlk
Ajikl
Aijkl
(3.8a)
lij
or alternatively exgressed by
(3.8b)
6
1,2
the zero power tensor of fourth-order in (3.6) is given by:
(-I)
A (0)
1/2(6 ik6j
A.:jpqApqkl
ijkl
as we can see from (3.3) for Y
I +
A! I)
il6j k
(3.9)
A
pqkl’
:3Pq
X.
6, we find the irreducible principal invariants of a
Expanding (3.7) with n
fourth-order tensor by the alternation process already applied in (2.3):
Jl
tr
Aijij
A
1
J2 -2-(AijijIkl Aijkllij)
J3
-
.v(Aijij AklklAmnmn
+
2AijklAklmnAmnij
__l
J4 4!(Aijij lkl Amnmn Aopop +
8
Aijkl Akln Amnij Aopop
Aijkl Aklmn Amnop Aopij
i
Aqrqr +
5!(Aijij ikl
J5
J6
6
-.v(Aijij
Astst
Aklkl
6
+ 3
+ "’’)
3AijkllijAmnmn
Aijkl Aklij
Amnmn A
opop
Aijkl lij Amnop Aopmn)
det
A
We see that the principal invariants (3.10) of a fourth-order tensor can be
determined uniquely by polynomial relations from the irreducible basic invariants
S
tr A
A
A
ilJ li2J 2 i2J 2i3J 3
A..
l3ilJ I
(3.11)
that is, by analogy to (2.5),
J
)
P) (S
1
S
2
Sv)
(3.12)
Both the set of the six quantities (3.10) or, alternatively, the six quantities
(3.11) form an irreducible integrity basis for the fourth-order symmetric tensor
(3.8) under the orthogonal group.
INTEGRITY BASIS FOR TENSOR
93
In a similar way we can construct an integrity basis for a tensor of order
A
For instance, we consider a tensor
greater than four.
of order six as a linear
operator, i.e.
(3.13)
Uij k Aijklmn Tlmn
Then we can also use the representation (3.3b) where ,8
1,2,...,27, and find
by analogy of (3.4):
(0)
(3 14)
(Aijklmn- ijklmn)Tlmn Oij k
In (3.14) the zero power tensor
,(o)
of order six is given by
ijklmn
iljmkn
the principal invariants can be found by the operation (3.7) where n
and
27.
In continuum mechanics a tensor A or order six is often used as a bilinear
operator, that is, instead of (3.13) we have bilinear transformations, like
(3.5)
Aij klmnSklTmn
Uij
[14].
which appear in constitutive expressions
Now by analogy to (3.8a,b), the usual symmetry conditions are given by
(3.16)
where
,
8, Y
1,2
6.
From (3.15), in connection with
and the symmetry
Uij
Uji
6ik6 j n 6 ImSklTmn
%SipT pj
Uzj
i.e.,
(SipTpj
SipTpj
+
(3.17)
TipSpj)
ST
or
TS,
we find
instead of (3.4b) the homogeneous system
%A(O))VB
B
(ABwhere
AB
0"
6; B
1 2
is a 6 x 21 rectangular matrix, and V
1,2
with B
B
(3.z8)
21
1 2
,21 is the image
of a fourth-order symmetric tensor product
V
B
Skl
T
mn
Slk
T
Skl
mn
T
nm
S
mn
Considering the symmetry relations (3.16), the unit matrix
(3.19)
Tkl
A
(0)
in
(3.18) can be
represented by
(6i16j m kn + 6injl6km + iljnkm +
imjlkn + 6 ik j m In + ik j n im +
1
ijklmn
im j k in
+
6
in j k im
(3.20)
94
J. BETTEN
Because 6 < 21 a nontrivial solution of the homogeneous equation (3.18) exists.
4.
CONSTRUCTION OF SIMULTANEOUS INVARIANTS.
In the case of several tensor variables, the term simultaneous or joint
invariant is used [6].
This term is used not only for scalar-valued isotroplc
functions of several second-order tensor variables, but also for scalar-valued
functions of any set of tensors of any order, e. g. of the argument tensors
Aij’ Aijkl’ Aijklmn
gij’
in (3.1).
Such invariants are, for instance,
(4.1)
OijAji’ OijAjki’ gikOkjAji OikOkjAjlAli
gijAijklgkl
AvwklOkl,
gijAijpq
OipOpj Aij klOkl
(4.2)
Aij klOikOj i
Aij klmnOij klmn’ Aij pqrsitupqAmnrstuOij klOnm’
(4.3)
Aij k iron il gj mOkn
and they have great importance in the theory of anisotropic materials.
To construct a set of sumultaneous invariants of the stress tensor o.. and the
fourth-order constitutive tensor
Aijkl
we start from the following theorem:
A scalar-valued function f(.,T) of one n-dimensional vector v
and one symmetric second-order tensor T is an orthogonal invariant, i.e, invariant under the orthogonal group if and only if
it can be expressed as a function of the 2n special invariants
Jn(T),
JI(T)
v
2
z’Tzv
This theorem is valid for arbitrary dimension n
v-
[6].
Tn-lv
(4.4)
Assuming the symmetry condi-
tions (3.8) and using the HAMILTON-CAYLEY theorem, it means that
powers
n+h
T
can be expressed in terms of
T T
n -I
2
T~
n
T
and all higher
we find in general-
izing of (4.4) the set of 15 simultaneous invariants
H
j
H]
where
(D)
ijAijklo" kl’ ii[]
3
_()
(2)
ijAijklkl
(4.5)
0.(2)
ijkl kl
g (2),()
ij
i 2
in a square bracket denotes a label to indicate
5
several invariants,
INTEGRITY BASIS FOR TENSOR
95
while 9 in a round bracket is an exponent.
Some of these simultaneous invariants can be constructed in the following way.
Consider the second-order tensor D
invariant D
D
Pq qP
o..Ao. Pq then, for
Pq
1313
can be expressed by the simultaneous invariant
which is contained in the system (4.5).
D
(4.3).
is contained in the set
pq
o(2)A
ij ijpq
(2)
A
O
kl’
i’"i-’k133
Furthermore, the cubic basic invariant
D D
can be expressed by the simultaneous invariant
pq q r rp
tensor E
instance, the basic
which
Ai-’klmni-’klmn’33
As another example we can consider the second-order
and flnd, for instance, the invarlant E
which is contained in (4.5), too.
E
pq qp
0
(2)-(2)_
Aijklkl
ij
Finally, we can also form the simultaneous
invariants
D
E
pq pq
ij Aijpqo pq’
o
pq pq
o (2) AijpqOpq’
O
D
0
E
ij
(2)
(2)
oijAijpq0 pq
pq pq
0
(2)
pq pq
(2)
0
ij
(2)
Aijpq0 pq
and obtain simultaneous invariants of the system (4.5).
The examples mentioned above and the complete system (4.5) can be expressed
by the simultaneous invariants
(GpqHqp)
h
I
%2-
lal+la
ij
< 2
"’ijkl
(4.6)
Ukl
-< 5
where
(Gpq)%
()
o(1)
ij Aijpq’ (Hqp)
2 ,2
,i
A(:,)()
pqkl kl
(4.7a,b)
are second-order tensors.
The isotropic special case, for instance, can be expressed by the isotropic
constitutive tensor
A()
ijkl
a6 ij6kl + b(6ik6j 1 + 6 i 16 jk
(4 8)
Then the simultaneous invariants H Iv] from (45) are equal
2
i
1
to the principal invariant
and equal to the basic
for
of power
1,2,
a
J2(o)~
invariant
equal to
$2(o)
J3()
for a
Jl3(o)/6-
0
b
for a
1
b
---2
Similarly, the invariants
1
2
b
1
] from (4.5) are
and equal to the cubic basic
96
J. BETTEN
invariant
$3()
are equal to
if
a
Jl()
S
0,
b
I()
if
]
Furthermore, the invariants H
3a + 2b--
())
i]Ai]klkl
i.
REFERENCES
i.
GRACE, J.H. and YOUNG, A., The Algebra of Invariants, Cambridge Univ. Press,
London and New York, 1903.
2.
GUREVICH, G.B., Foundations of the Theory of Algebraic Invariants, P. Noordhoff,
Groningen, 1964.
3.
WEITZENBOCK, R.,
4.
WEYL, H., The Classical Group.s Their Invariants and Representation, Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton and New Jersey, 1946.
5.
SPENCER, A.J.M., Theory of Invariants, in: Continuum Physics. Edited by
A.C. Eringen, Vol. i Mathematics, Academic Press, New York and London,
Invariantentheorie, P. Noordhoff, Groningen, 1923.
1971.
6.
TRUESDELL, C. and NOLL, W., The non-linear Field Theories of Mechanics, in:
Handbuch der Phvsik. (Edited by S. Flugge), Vol. 111/3, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, 1965.
7.
BETTEN, J., Ein Beitrag zur Invariantentheorie in der Plastomechanik anisotroper Werkstoffe, Z. Ansew. Math. Mech. 56 (1976), 557-559.
8.
SHITH, G.F., On the Yield Condition for Anisotropic Materials, Quart. Appl.
Math. 20 (1962), 241-247.
9.
SPENCER, A.J.M. and RIVLIN, R.S., The Theory of Matrix Polynomials and its
Application to the Mechanics of Isotropic Continua, Arch. Rational Mech.
Anal. 2 (1958/59), 309-336.
i0.
WINEMAN, A.S. and PIPKIN, A.C., Material Symmetry Restrictions on Constitutive
Equations, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 17 (1964), 184-214.
ii.
SMITH, G.F., SMITH, M.M., and RIVLIN, R.S., Integrity Bases for a Symmetric
Tensor and a Vector- The Crystal Classes, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 12
(1963), 93-133.
12.
PIPKIN, A.C. and RIVLIN, R.S., The Formulation of constitutive equations
continuum physics. Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 4 (1959), 129-144.
13.
PIPKIN, A.C. and WINEMAN, A.S., Material Symmetry Restrictions on Non-Polynomial Constitutive Equations, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 12 (1963),
in
420-426.
14.
BETTEN, J., Plastische Stoffleichungen inkompressibler anisotroper Werkstoffe,
Z. Ans.ew. Math. Mech. 57 (1977), 671-673.
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