Moving Towards Sustainable Materials Use: Insights from Strategic use of Models
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Moving Towards Sustainable Materials Use: Insights from Strategic use of Models Prof. Randolph Kirchain Materials Systems Laboratory Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Engineering Systems Division Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 1 Research Question How can we make BSustainable M Better More S ttt i bl Materials & Materials Processing Decisions? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 2 What is Sustainable Development? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 3 Classic Definition •“Sustainable development p meets the needs of the present without compromising p g the ability y off future f generations to meet their own needs” (The World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations,1987) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 4 Key Questions: Wh t? What? … to Sustain? … to Develop? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 5 What is to be Sustained?: Broadly Accepted Elements of Sustainability • Economic – Human Capitall – Human-made Capital • Environment – Natural Capital • Social S i l – Social Capital Economic Efficient Environmental Just Sustain able Healthy y Social Adapted from http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/sustainable-state/what-is.htm Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 6 Sustainability is an interesting concept,bbut … Whyy Do We Care? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 7 How do design / technology decisions effect the environment? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 8 How do Technology Decisions Affect the Environment? • Direct – Manufacturing burden • Consumption of energy • Emissions to the environment – Concentration in the environment • Most materials still eventually in up in landfills • Toxicity for some materials – Availability • Indirect – Performance of the products which they create • Energy Efficiency • Recyclability Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 9 Why care about technology’ss impacts technology today? (1) Societal Perspective a)Strain ) on the natural world Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 10 Observable Strain on the Natural World Clip art of global warming removed due to copyright restrictions. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 11 Why care about technology’ss impacts technology today? ((1)) Societal Perspective p b) Materials Consumption is massive & growing rapidly Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 12 Observable Strain on Natural World Is this really a problem? How much do YOU consume per day? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 13 How Much Do You Throw Out per Day? Municipal p Solid Waste in the US Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2007 Facts and Figures. Office of Solid Waste, US EPA Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 14 Observable Strain on Natural World Is this really a problem? How much do YOU consume per day? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 15 Consumption has Skyrocketed in the Past Century Total Inflow > 80 kgs / person / day Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see Fig. 26 in Ayres, Robert U., Leslie W. Ayres, and Benjamin Warr. "Is the U.S. Economy Dematerializing?" Chapter 3 in Janssen, Marco, and Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh. Economics of Industrial Ecology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780262220712. Total Inflow Associated with US Economy: fuels, metals, construction, chemicals & biomass A Ayres, A Ayres, & M Moore, “I “Is the th US E Economy D Dematerializing?” t i li i ?” 2006 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 16 Its NOT jjust about US anymore! y How much does (will) Rest of World consume? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 17 Differences in Consumption: The Example p of Automobiles Transportation Energy Data Book. Oak Ridge National L b t Laboratory, USDOE USDOE: 2008. 2008 Line – P i t Points US Vehicles per capita over time V hi l per capita Vehicles it iin a specific ifi region i Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 18 Differences in Consumption: The Example p of Automobiles Transportation Energy Data Book. Oak Ridge National L b t Laboratory, USDOE USDOE: 2008. 2008 Line – P i t Points US Vehicles per capita over time V hi l per capita Vehicles it iin a specific ifi region i Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 19 Why care about technology’ss impacts technology today? (2) Private/Firm Perspective The business climate is changing Money!) ( k Show (aka Sh me the h M !) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 22 Brand Image g Major firms have realized that highlighting environment / carbon is good for the bottom line Please see: Maestri, Nicole. "Wal-Mart Index to Rate Products' Environmental Impact." Reuters, July 15, 2009. Advertising for Timberland Earthkeepers and Apple MacBook Procter & Gamble Sustainability Report. Wh t used What d tto b be only l niche i h diff differentiator ti t will ill lik likely l soon b become a barrier b i to t entry t Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 24 Okay, so designers & technology decision-makers should h ld care… What do we do about it? Industrial Ecology: A Perspective p & Strategy gy Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 25 How Can We Affect This? • Human Behavior – Change patterns of consumption • Waste less • Change the rules – Dematerialization Irrespective p of f the strategy, method needed to evaluate performance • Get the same function from less material – Materials substitution harmful • Apply A l less l h f l materials i l – Waste Mining – Reuse, Recycle • Find ways to make use of streams currently wasted Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 26 Finding Sustainable Materials & Processes: Product Footprint Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 27 Question: Which strategies should be pursued to improve p p sustainability? y • Engineers have identified many strategies that could improve sustainability – Implement more efficient process – Substitute materials in product – Select nearby supplier – Change package from PVC to cardboard – Redesign product • Each costs money to implement • Which would have the most impact? – Cannot just look it up. Let’s try modeling… Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 28 What is an engineering model? 11 : a description or analogy used to help visualize something (as an atom) that cannot be directly observed 12 : a system of postulates, data, and inferences presented as a mathematical description of an entity or state of affairs What is the purpose of creating such models? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 29 Life Cycle Assessment: Basic Concept y p Raw Materials Energy Processing Chemicals Releases to Land Life Cycle Air Emissions Water Effluents Product • Quantify inflows l and d outflows l • Characterize how in & outflows “change the world” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 30 Life Cycle Assessment: Basic Concept y p Materials Production Recovery / Recycling Development Use Manufacture l d l Assembly Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 30 Study y Goal • Study Goal: Characterize Ch i the h environmental i l lif life-cycle l impact of common consumer product to – understand the primary drivers of environmental impact and – identify fy strategies g to reduce environmental impact. • Functional Unit: one product Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 32 Question: Which strategies should be pursued to improve p p sustainability? y • Engineers have identified many strategies that could ld iimprove sustainability i bili – Implement more efficient process – Substitute S b i materials i l in i product d – Select nearby supplier – Change package from PVC to cardboard – Redesign product • Each costs money to implement • Which would have the most impact? p Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 33 System y Boundary: y Lifecycle y Use Production Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division End‐of‐ d f Life Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 34 Impacts in Product Production Cumulative Energy gy Demand Production Packaging Transport Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 35 Impacts in Product Production Cumulative Energy gy Demand Cum mulative E Energy De emand (MJ J) 100% 90% 80% 70% Transport Packaging Facility Packaging Materials Manufacturing Facility Materials Production 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Product Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 36 Impacts from Materials Production Cumulative Energy gy Demand CED D (MJ) Material A Material B Material C Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 37 What else could be done? Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 38 Complete Life Cycle: One Use Cycle Use p phase dominates One Product Use Cycle 100% 90% 80% CED (MJ) C 70% 60% EoL Use Production 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Product Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 39 Clear Strategic g Opportunities pp • In supply-chain – Materials production -- Particularly, Particularly Materials A A, B & C • Use a new supplier • Use recycled materials • Use a new material • In house – Manufacturing facility • Transport, packaging are smaller impacts for this product, but could be improved • EOL is negligible • Redesign to improve use phase would be revolutionary Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 42 Common LC Hotspots p Extraction Materials Production Recovery / Recycling Development Logis tics Use Use Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Manufacture Assembly Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 43 Evaluating Sustainability: Issues to Consider for Solar Cells • Economic – Costs to produce – Costs to use – Costs to dispose • Environmental – Resource use – Effluents Effl t /E Emissions i i • Supply-chain & Production • Use • Disposal Di l • Avoided – End-of-life recovery Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering Engineering Systems Division Materials Systems Laboratory Slide 44 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 3.003 Principles of Engineering Practice Spring 2010 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
