Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Concepts of grid computing
Guy Warner
NeSC Training Team
gcw@nesc.ac.uk
www.eu-egee.org
INFSO-RI-508833
Acknowledgements
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• This talk was prepared by Mike Mineter of NeSC and includes
slides from previous tutorials and talks delivered by:
–
–
–
–
–
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Dave Berry, Richard Hopkins, Guy Warner (National e-Science Centre)
the EDG training team
Ian Foster, Argonne National Laboratories
Jeffrey Grethe, SDSC
EGEE colleagues
Mark Baker, The Distributed Systems Group, University of Portsmouth,
http://dsg.port.ac.uk/mab
• Talks at 3rd EGEE conference by
– Kyriakos Baxevanidis,Deputy Head,Unit of Research
Infrastructures,European Commission, DG INFSO
– Dr Spyros Konidaris, European Commission – DG INFSO
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Multimodal Behavioural Data and e-Collaboration, NeSC, Edinburgh, 14 July 05
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The Grid Metaphor
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Mobile Access
G
R
I
D
Workstation
M
I
D
D
L
E
W
A
R
E
Supercomputer, PC-Cluster
Data-storage, Sensors, Experiments
Visualising
Internet, networks
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The grid vision
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• The grid vision is of “Virtual
computing” (+ information
services to locate computation,
storage resources)
– Compare: The web: “virtual
documents” (+ search engine
to locate them)
• MOTIVATION: collaboration
through sharing resources
(and expertise) to expand
horizons of
– Research
– Commerce – engineering, …
“the knowledge economy”
– Public service – health,
environment,…
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“A grid”
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• The initial vision: “The Grid”
• The present reality: Many
“grids”
• Each grid is an infrastructure
enabling one or more “virtual
organisations” to share
computing resources
• What’s a VO?
– People in different
organisations seeking to
cooperate and share
resources across their
organisational boundaries
• Why establish a Grid?
VO
Institute A
Institute B
Institute C
Institute D
– Share data
– Pool computers
– Collaborate
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The Single Computer
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• The Operating System
enables easy use of
–
–
–
–
–
Input devices
Processor
Disks
Display
Any other attached devices
Application
Software
Operating
System
Disks, Processor,
Memory, …
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Resources on a Local Area Network
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
User just perceives “shared
resources”, with no regard to
location in the organisation:
- Authenticated by username /
password
- Authorised to use own files,…
Application Software
Middleware for sharing
computers, servers, printers, …
Operating System on each
computer
Resources connected by a LAN
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Resources on a grid
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Application Software
Interface between app. and grid
Grid Middleware: “collective services”
Grid Middleware on each
resource
Operating System on each
resource
Resources connected by internet
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A Grid
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
•
•
Grid Middleware on
each shared Resource
Local Area Networks
– Connected by
Internet
– Data Storage
– (Usually) batch
jobs on pools of
processors
•
•
•
Users join VO’s
Virtual organisation
negotiates with sites to
agree access to
resources
Distributed services
(both people and
middleware) enable the
grid, allow single signon
INFSO-RI-508833
THE
INTERNE
T
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What characterises a grid?
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Co-ordinated resource sharing
– No centralised point of control
– Different administrative domains.
• Standard, open, general-purpose protocols and
interfaces
– NOT specific to an application
– EGEE, NGS support multiple VO’s
• Delivering non-trivial qualities of service
– Co-ordinated to deliver combined services,
greater than sum of the individual components
• http://www.gridtoday.com/02/0722/100136.html
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The components of a Grid
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Resources
– networking, computers, storage, data, instruments, …
• Grid Middleware
– the “operating system of the grid”
• Operations infrastructure
– Run enabling services (people + software)
• Virtual Organization management
– Procedures for gaining access to resources
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Key concepts
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Virtual organisation: people and resources
collaborating - across admin, organisational
boundaries
• Single sign-on
– I connect to one machine – some sort of “digital credential” is
passed on to any other resource I use, basis of:
 Authentication: How do I identify myself to a resource without
username/password for each resource I use?
 Authorisation: what can I do? Determined by
• My membership of VO
• VO negotiations with resource providers
• Grid middleware runs on each resource
• User just perceives “shared resources” with no
concern for location or owning organisation
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The first driver: e-Science
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• What is e-Science?
Collaborative science that is made possible by the
sharing across the Internet of resources (data,
instruments, computation, people’s expertise...)
– Often very compute intensive
– Often very data intensive (both creating new data and accessing
very large data collections) – data deluges from new
technologies
– Crosses organisational boundaries
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The expanding horizons of grids
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
Curation, discovery, reuse of knowledge
e-Research
e-Science
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The National Grid Service
(NGS)
• NGS is a production service
– Therefore cannot include latest research prototypes!
– ETF recommends what should be deployed
• Core sites provide computation and also data
services
• NGS is evolving
– OMII, EGEE, Globus Alliance all have m/w under assessment by
the ETF for the NGS
• Selected, deployed middleware currently provides “low-level” tools
– New deployments will follow soon
– New sites and resources being added !
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UofD
U
of
A
H
P
C
x
BRISTOL
Commercial
Provider
PSRE
Man. Leeds
GOSC
RAL
Oxford
C
S
A
R
U
of
B
CARDIFF
U
of
C
NGS Core Nodes: Host core services, coordinate integration, deployment and support
+free to access resources for all VOs. Monitored interfaces + services
NGS Partner Sites: Integrated with NGS, some services/resources available for all VOs
Monitored interfaces + services
NGS Affiliated Sites: Integrated with NGS, support for some VO’s
Monitored interfaces (+security etc.)
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EGEE – building e-infrastructure
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
EGEE is building a large-scale
production grid service to:
• Underpin research,
technology and public service
• Link with and build on
national, regional and
international initiatives
• Foster international
cooperation both in the
creation and the use of the einfrastructure
INFSO-RI-508833
Pan-European Grid
Operations, Support and
training
Collaboration
Network
infrastructure
& Resource
centres
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EGEE Communities
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Initially supported two communities:
High Energy Physics and
Bioinformatics
– Most VO’s linked to a particular
experiment
• Additional Communities have since
been added:
– Geophysics
– Earth Observation
– Chemistry
Pilot
Added
• Working with other communities
– E.g. Digital Libraries
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Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
If “The Grid”
vision leads us
here…
… then where are
we now?
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Grids: where are we now?
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Many key concepts identified and known
• Many grid projects have tested, and benefit from, these
• Major efforts now on establishing:
– Standards (a slow process)
(e.g. Global Grid Forum, http://www.gridforum.org/ )
– Production Grids for multiple VO’s
 “Production” = Reliable, sustainable, with commitments to quality of
service
• In Europe, EGEE
• In UK, National Grid Service
• In US, Teragrid
 One stack of middleware that serves many research (and other!!!)
communities
 Operational procedures and services (people!, policy,..)
– New user communities
• … whilst research & development continues
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Summary of grid computing concepts
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
• Flexible collaboration across multiple administrative
domains – sharing data, computers, instruments,
application software,..
• Single sign-on to resources in multiple organisations
– Authorisation, authentication
• Need for people-services as well as middleware
services
– credential authorities, VO managers, support
• Drives are towards
– Production services (reliable, sustainable,… – against which
research projects can plan with confidence)
 In Europe, EGEE
 In UK, National Grid Service
– Standards
– Empowering new user communities
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