International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2(1): 16-20, 2010
ISSN: 2041-2908
© M axwell Scientific Organization, 2009
Submitted Date: September 10, 2009
Accepted Date: October 19, 2009
Published Date: February 10, 2010
Effect of Feed on the Biochemical Composition of Commercially Important Mud
Crab Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius 1798)
K. Manivannan, M . Sudhakar, R. Murugesan and P. Soundarapandian
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai -608 502,
Tam il Nadu, In dia
Abstract: The crab fishery in India is fast developing and there is a vast scope for the crab meat due to its
delicacy and nutritional richness. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the effect of
two feeds (Acetes sp. and clam meat) on the biochemical of composition commercially important mud crab,
Scylla tranquebarica. The pro tein, carbohyd rate, lipid, ash and mo isture contents of the crabs fed with Acetes
sp. was in higher side when compared to clam meat fed animals. B ut these differences are not statistically
significant except protein. The total contribution of essential and nonessential amino acids and also saturated,
monounsaturated and p olyun saturated fatty a cids are more or less sa me fo r both Acetes sp. and clam meat fed
crabs. Further feeding trail experiment is very much needed to confirm the quality of the feed.
Key w ords: Amino acids, fatty acids, live feeds, mud crab, pellet feed, proximate composition and Scylla
INTRODUCTION
In recent days, crab meat gained global reception and
they are extensively fished and marketed in all the
maritime states of India and abroad (Rao et al., 1973).
The commercially important portunid crabs found along
Parangipettai cost are Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica,
Portunus sanguinolentus, P. pelagicus, Podophthalmus
vigil, Charybdis feriata, C. lucifera, C. natator, C.
granulate, C. variegate and C. trun cata (John Samuel
et al., 2004). Studies on the biochemical composition of
edible organisms are important from the nutritional point
of view. No much published works are available on the
influence of feeds on the biochemical composition of
commercial crustaceans in general and crabs in particular.
Hence, the present study was aimed to know the effect of
two feeds on the orga nic constituen ts of comm ercially
valua ble crab; S. tranquebarica was studied.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The crabs (S. tranquebarica) were collected from the
landing centre of Parangipettai coast (Lat.11º29! N and
Long. 79º46! E). The study was conducted between
March to July 2007. Total duration of the experiment was
120 days using two different feeds. T he weight of the
collected crabs was ranging between 100-120 g and the
carapace width varied from 8.3-7.4 cm and the length
varied from 6.2-5.3 cm. The crabs were stock ed at a
density of 5 crabs / tank for each feed. The crabs were fed
with 2 different diets viz., Acetes sp. and fresh clam meat
(Me retrix meretrix).Triplicate was maintained for each
feed. They were fed with 3 and 5% of their body weight
for Acetes sp. and clam meat respectively. Feeding was
done twice a day. T he w ater w as exchan ged daily in
morning hours and left over feed and faecal matter was
removed. The op timum en vironme ntal paramete rs were
maintained during experimental period (Salinity 29-35
ppt; Dissolved oxygen 4.2 -5.8 ml/L; Temperature 2830ºC and pH 7.5-8.3) . Healthy Acetes sp. was collected
from the V ellar estuary. The live Acetes sp. was not used
as a feed directly to the experimental crabs since they are
moving animal. The dried Acetes sp. was tried but
unfortunately it was floating on the water column. Hence,
the Acetes sp. was prepared as a pellet feed with minimum
ingredients. It was then powdered using maida flour as a
binder. The dough was extruded in a hand pelletizer using
3mm diameter size, the wet pellets were collected in a
tray and dried in an oven at 60ºC for 12 h. The dried
pellets were broken in to pieces of 15-20mm in length and
stored in new polyethylene air tight bags for further use.
The fresh clams w ere collected from Vellar estuary
and the clam meat was freshly fed to the experimental
animals. The proximate composition of the experimental
feeds were determined by using standard methods; viz.,
protein (Ray mon t et al., 1964 ), carbohydrate (D ubois
et al., 1956), lipid (Folch et al., 1956), ash (Paine, 1964)
and moisture (Soundarapandian and Ananthan, 2008). The
gross energy of the feed was calculated from the
biochemical constituents by using the conversion factors
i.e. 4.18kcal/g for carbohydrate, 9.46 kcal/g for lipid and
4.32 kcal/g for protein (Bage s and Sloa ne, 1981 ).
After termination of 120 days feeding trails with two
different feeds , the proximate composition of
experimental crabs were determined as earlier (Protein,
carbohydrate, lipid, ash and moisture). The experimental
Corresponding Author: P. Soundarapandian, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai
608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
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Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 2(1): 16-20, 2010
Table 1: proximate composition of test feeds (dry weight basis except
S. No
Feeds
P ro te in (% )
C arb oh yd ra te (% )
1
Acetes sp.
57.55±0.69
7.94±0.30
2
Clam meat
47.61±1.34
4.53±0.39
moisture)
L ip id (% )
7.56±0.62
5.04±0.42
A sh (% )
18.66±1.54
22.32±0.65
M o is tu re (% )
8.98±.0.41
68.4±0.39
Table 2: Bioc hemical com position of S. tranquebarica fed with different feeds (dry weight basis except moisture)
S. No
Feeds
P ro te in (% )
C arb oh yd ra te (% )
L ip id (% )
A sh (% )
1
Acetes sp.
76.47±3.85 a
8.75±0.09 a
a
19.99±0.03 a
4.3±0.470
2
Clam meat
67.62±2.99 b
7.62±0.96 a
3.80±0.29 a
17.72±0.49 a
Values with different superscripts are statistically different (p<0.05)
Gross energy(kcal/g)
3.36 ±0.09
2.44±0.11
M o is tu re (% )
75.44±.024 a
74.3±0.45 a
Essential and non essential a m ino acids of S. tranquebarica
fed with different feeds
Amino acids
Acetes s p. (% )
C la m me at (% )
Essential amino acids
Threonine
2.176
ND*
Valine
7.194
9.260
Arginine
8.944
11.473
Methionine
ND*
7.049
Isoleucine
5.258
6.211
Leucine
9.357
9.266
Lysine
7.829
6.983
Phenylalanine
7.861
ND*
Histidine
6.918
4.304
Total
55.537
54.546
Non essential amino acids
As partic acid
11.496
ND*
Glu tamic acid
13.732
3.706
Cystine
4.179
4.179
Tyrosine
4.179
2.678
Taurine
9.055
ND*
Alanine
ND*
2.884
Aspargine
ND*
4.830
Glycine
ND*
4.705
Proline
ND*
6.284
Serine
ND*
10.903
Total
42.640
40.169
ND *: N ot de tectab le
Table 3:
crab samples were dried at 60ºC for 24 h in an oven and
the dried samples w ere finely ground for the estimation of
amino acids in HPLC (Merck Hitachi L-7400) following
the method of Baker and Han (1994). The fatty acid
methyl esters of the samples were injected in to the gas
chromatograph (HP 5890) cap illary colu mn c oated with
5% Phenyl silicane at a temperature from 170 to 310ºC
for 23.33 min.
The proximate compositions were analyzed for
statistical significance (p<0.05) by one way analysis of
variance. Individual differences between the treatments
were determined by Duncan’s multiple range tests using
SPSS/PC- package.
RESULTS
The proximate composition of clam meat and Acetes
sp. are given in Table 1. The protein, carbohydrate, lipid
and gross energy were maximum in Acetes sp feed.
W hereas ash and moisture were maximu m in clam meat.
The biochemical compositions of the experimental
animals fed with different diets are showed in Table 2.
According to Duncan’s m ultiple ran ge tests all
biochemical constituents (carbohydrate, lipid, ash and
moisture) did not show significant variation in the
experimental animals except protein.
In individual essential amino acids, arginine
(11.473%) was maximum followed by leucine (9.266%)
and valine (9.260%) and minimum w as histidine
(4.304%) in clam meat fed animal. Two amino acids viz.,
threonine and phenylalanine were not detectable. Whereas
leucine (9.357%) was maximum followed by arginine
(8.944% ), phenylalaine (7.861%) and lysine (7.829 %) in
Acetes sp. fed animals. Minimum was threonine (2.176%)
and methionine was not detectable. However, the total
contribution of essential amino acids for the Acetes sp. fed
animal was 55.537% and clam meat fed animal was
54.546% (Table 3).
As far as non essential amino acids are concerned,
glutam ic acid (13.732%) was maximum followed by
aspartic acid (11.496%) and taurine (9.055%) in Acetes
sp. fed crab s; som e amino acids w ere no t detectable
(Alanine, aspargine, glycine, proline and serine). Serine
(10.903%) was maximum followed by proline (6.284%)
and aspargine (4.830%) in clam meat fed animals.
Aspartic acid and tau rine are not detectable. In general,
the total contribution of non essential amino acids in
Tab le 4: Saturated fatty acid contents of S. tranquebarica fed w ith
different feeds.
Fatty acids
Carbon atom
Acetes s p. (% ) C la m me at (% )
Lau ric acid
C1 2:0
2.50
1.72
M yristic a cid
C1 4:0
7.58
Pen tade can oic a cid
C1 5:0
1.62
9.72
Palm itic acid
C1 6:0
5.97
11.35
He ptae eno ic acid
C1 7:0
8.43
9.36
Stea ri acid
C1 8:0
4.68
Ara chid ic acid
C2 0:0
3.06
Heneicosanic acid
C2 1:0
1.68
Be hen ic acid
C2 2:0
1.87
0.59
Total
35.71
34.42
Acetes sp. fed animal was 42.640% followed by clam
meat fed an imals 40.169% (Table 3).
The heptaeenoic acid (8.43%) was maximum
followed by myristic acid (7.58%) and palmitic acid
(5.97%) and p entad ecan oic acid (1.62%) was minim um in
Acetes sp. fed crabs. Heneicosanic acid was not
detectable. The total contribution of the saturated fatty
acid in Acetes sp. fed animas was 35.71%. Whereas in the
clam mea t fed crabs it was 34.42% . The palmitic acid
(11.35%) was maximum follow ed by pentadeca noic acid
(9.72%) and behenic acid (0.59%) was minim um in clam
meat fed crabs. The myristic acid, stearic acid and
arachidic acid w as not detectab le (Table 4).
17
Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 2(1): 16-20, 2010
Tab le 5: Monounsaturated fatty acid contents of S. tranquebarica fed
wi th d iffe ren t fee ds.
Fatty acids
Carbon atom
Acetes s p. (% ) C la m me at (% )
M yristo leic ac id
C: 1 4:1
0.08
Palm itoleic a cid
C: 1 6:1
2.26
1.88
Petro selinic acid
C: 1 8:1
0.50
0.76
Ga dole ic acid
C: 2 0:1
0.14
0.48
Ne rvo nic a cid
C:2 4:1
064
0.08
Total
3.62
3.20
(19.16% ), without egg (20.92%), body meat (16.8%) and
claw meat (16.28%). George et al. (1990) noticed the
protein values in coo ked crab of S. serrata ranged from
14.43 to 18.96%. The protein content of P. pelagicus and
P. sanguinolentus was 0.47 to 15.91 % and 12.81 to 13.6%
respectively (Radhakrishnan, 1979). The values are very
close to the present study . Zafar et al. (2004) reported that
the protein values in S. serrata male were 17.69% and
19.39% for females. Khan (1992) reported 11.60% of
protein in the body meat of male and 19.92 % in female
body meat of S. serrata. In general, the average body
protein of the crab was directly related to the levels of
protein in the diet. In the pre sent study, pro tein content of
the two feeds had influenced the body protein content of
S. tranquebarica.. Similar pattern of protein changes was
reported by Alva and Lin (1983) in P. monodon and in
M. malcolm sonii by Soundarapandian and Ananthan
(2008). Lim and Do miny (19 90) reported that there was
no significant difference in the whole body composition
of lipid, ash, calcium or po tassium of P. vannamei fed
with different diets incorporated w ith soyabean meal as a
major ingred ient.
Carbohydrates constitute only a minor percentage of
total biochemical composition. In the present study,
carbohydrate content was higher in Acetes sp. fed crabs
(8.75%) rather than in clam meat fed crabs (7.62%). But
these differences are not statistically different. The
previous stud ies were sugg ested that the carbohydrate in
the muscle varied from 0.3 to 0.63% in P. vigil
(Radhakrishnan and Natarajan, 1979), 2.4 to 3.4% in C.
smithii (Balasubramanian and Suseelan, 2001), 0.17 % in
body meat, 0.24% in claw m eat of S. serrata (Prasad and
Neelakantan, 1989), 0.16 to 0.55% in P. pelagicus
and
0.44
to
0.73%
in P. sanguinolentus
(Radhakrishnan, 19 79).
As with protein the carbohydrate content of the two
feeds also influenced the body carbohy drate content of S.
tranquebarica. The results of Alva and Pascual (1987)
and Diaz and Nakagawa (1990) indicated that dietary
carbo hydrate can influence the proximate composition of
prawn. The study of Soundarapandian and Ananthan
(2008) indicated that dietary carbohydrate has no effect on
body carbohydrate of M. m alcolm sonii.
In the present study, lipid content of the Acetes fed
crabs (4.3% ) was higher than clam meat fed crabs
(3.80% ). In P. vigil the lipid content varied from 5.13 to
9.73% (Radhakrishnan and Natarajan, 1979).
Balasubramanian and Suseelan (2001) recorded the lipid
values to vary from 6 .2 to 7.6% in C. smithii. In Chaceon
affinis, the lipid values was 0.7% (Vasconcelos and Braz,
2001) and in blue crab it was 1.5% (Anon ymou s, 1999).
Prasad and N eelakantan (1989) noticed tha t the lipid
content in S. serrata from body meat was 1.65% and claw
meat was 2.01%. George and Gopakumar (1987) studied
the lipid values in S. serra ta with egg (0.43%), without
egg (0.7%), body meat (1.07% ) and claw meat (1.0% ). In
P. pelagicus, the lipid value was 3.3 to 5.6% and
Tab le 6: Polyunsaturated fatty acids contents of S. tranquebarica fed
with different feeds.
Fatty acids
Carbon atom
Acetes s p.(% ) C la m me at (% )
Lin oleic acid
C: 1 8:2
0.86
0.21
linoln ic acid
C: 18:2w,9c
1.26
0.82
linole nic a cid
C: 18:3,9,
0.96
0.46
Ara chid onic acid C: 20:4w6,9,12,15c 8.08
9.46
Total11.89.95
The total monounsaturated fatty acids contents w ere
found to be higher in Acetes sp. fed crabs (3.62%) than in
clam meat fed crabs (3.20% ). The palmitoleic acid
(2.26%) was maximum and myristoleic acid (0.08%) was
minimum in Acetes sp. fed crabs. The palmitoleic acid
(1.88%) was maximu m an d nerv onic acid (0.08% ) was
minimum in clam meat fed animals. M yristoleic acid not
deec table (T able 5).
The total polyunsaturated fatty acids content were
also higher in Acetes sp. fed crabs (11.16 %) than in clam
meat fed crabs (9.95% ). Among 4 polyunsaturated fatty
acids studied in the present study, arachidonic acid
(8.08%) was maximum and linoleic acid (0.86%) was
minimum in the Acetes sp. fed crabs. The arachidonic acid
(8.46%) was m aximum and linoleic acid (0.21 %) was
minimum in the case of clam meat fed an imals (Table 6 ).
DISCUSSION
Biochemical studies are very important from the
nutritional point of view . The bioch emical constituents in
animals are known to vary with season, size of the animal,
stage of maturity, temperature and availability of food etc.
In the present study, pro tein content w as higher in
Acetes sp. fed crabs (76.47%) than those in clam meat fed
crabs (67.62%). These differences in the protein contents
are statistically significant. Values of protein in the
present study are agreement with other studies (Sheen and
Abramo, 1991; Zafar et al., 2004; M urugesan et al.,
2008). Balasubramanian and Suseelan (2001) observed
the protein values in C. smithii to vary from 59.8 to 71%
on a dry matter basis. The protein value in P. vigil was
between 15.75 and
20.16% (Radhakrishnan and
Natarajan, 1979) and in C. affinins it was 17.8%
(Vasconcelos and B raz, 2001). In S. serrata, the protein
content of the body meat and claw meat was 20.11% and
18.54% respectively (Prasa d and N eelakantan , 1989).
Anonymous (1999) reported that the protein value in blue
crab was 17.17%. George and Gopakumar (1987)
observed the protein content in S. serrata with egg
18
Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 2(1): 16-20, 2010
P. sang uinolentus, it was 3.8 to 5.5% (Radhakrishnan,
1979).
The body lipid content of the S. tranquebarica in the
present study wa s not influ enced by diets .
Soundarapandian and Ananthan (2008) observed similar
type of changes in M. m alcolm sonii. In P. monodon,
carcass fat decreased while faecal fat increased with
increasing dietary carbohydrate (C atacutan, 1991). This
indicates that higher levels of carbohydrates depressed
lipid deposition as noted by Alva and Pascal (1987 ) in
P. monodon juveniles fed with 30% trehalose or 20%
sucro se.
The whole body ash co ntent of the crabs in the
present study was not affected by diets. The body ash
content is lesser than feeds. Similar result has been
reported in juveniles of P. monodon (Sriraman and Reddy,
1977) and in M. malcolmso nii (Soundarapandian and
Anantha n, 200 8).
The whole body moisture content of the present
investigation was 75.44% and 74.3% respectively for
Acetes sp. and clam meat fed animals. Radhakrishnan and
Natarajan (1979) observed comp aratively lowe r moisture
values of 69.54 to 74.46% in P. vigil. Where as in
C. affinins, the moisture value was noticed as 80.16 by
Vascocelos and B raz (2001). In S. serrata, Prasad and
Neelakandan (1989) observed 77.7% moisture in the body
meat and 78.76% in the claw meat of blue swimming
crab. But at the same time Radhakrishnan (1979) reported
a moisture level between 69.52 to 80.51% and 67.44 to
82.04% in P. pelagicus and P. sanguinolentus
respectively.
In the present investigation, totally 9 essential amino
acids are reported. The essential amino acids in the clam
meat fed animals appeared in the following order:
arginine > leucin e > valine > methionine > lysine >
isoleucine > histidine. H owever, it was in the following
order in Acetes sp. fed animals: leucine > arginne >
phenyalaine > lysine > valine > histidine > isoleucine >
threonine. Methionine was not detectable in Acetes sp. fed
animals whereas two am ino acids viz., thronine and
phylalanine and was not detectable in clam meat fed
animals. The essential amino acid composition in S.
serra ta was reported by Prasad an d Neelakandan (1989 ).
Histidine, leucine, thronine and cystine were in higher
proportion and the total contribution was 36.82%
Anonymous (1999) reported arginine, lysine, leucine and
isoleucine in blue crab.
In the present investigation, totally 10 nonessential
amino acids are reported. The nonessential amino acids in
the clam meat fed animals show ed in the follow ing order:
Serine > proline > asperg ine > glycine > cy stine >
glutam ic acid > alanine > tyrosine H owever in Acetes sp.
fed animals it wa s glutam ic acid > asp artic acid > taurine
> cystine, tyrosine . Asp artic acid and taurine is not
detectable in clam meat fed animals. Alanine, aspargine,
glycine, proline and serine are not detectab le in Acetes sp.
fed crab.
In the present inv estigation, the total saturated fatty
acids are 35.71% in Acetes sp. fed animals whereas it was
34.42% in clam meat fed animals. More or less similar
values were recorded in C. lucifera by Murugesan et al.
(2008). In blue crab the saturated fatty acids contributed
19.07% (Anonymous, 1999). The individual contribution
of saturated fatty acids in Acetes fed animals we re in
following order: Hepataeenoic acid > mysristic acid >
palmitic acid > stearic ac id > ara chidic acid > lauric
acid > behenic acid > pend adec anic acid. H eneicosan ic
acid was not detectable. However, in clam meat fed
animals the saturated fatty acids distributed in the
following order: Palmitic acid > pentadecanic acid >
hepataeen ic acid > lauric acid > heneicosanic > behenic
acid. Some of the saturated fatty acids are not detectable
(Mysristic acid, stearic acid and arachid ic acid).
The total monounsaturated fatty acids are 3.20% in
clam meat fed animals whereas it is 3.62% in Acetes sp.
fed animals. Murugesen et al. (2008) obtained 0.48 and
0.70% of total monounsaturated fatty acids both normal
and eyestalk ablated crabs in C. lucifera. The individual
contribution of mo nounsaturated fatty acids in Acetes sp.
fed animals were in the following ord er: Palm itoleic
acid > petroselinic acid > gadoleic acid > myristoleic
acid > nervonic acid. However, in clam meat fed animals
the monounsaturated fatty acids was in the following
order: palmitoleic acid > petroselinic acid > gadoleic
acid > nervonic acid. Myristoleic acid is not detectable.
The polyunsaturated fatty acid s contents was 9.95%
in clam meat fed animals whereas it was 11.16% in Acetes
sp. fed animals. Similar value of 11.6 3% was obtained in
eyestalk ablated crabs of C. lucifera (Murugesan et al.,
2008). The individual contributions of polyunsaturated
fatty acids in Acetes sp. fed animals were in following
order: Arachido nic acid > lino lnic acid > linolenic acid >
linoleic acid. In clam meat fed animals also had
polyunsaturated amino acids as in Acetes sp. fed animals.
As in the present study, arachidonic acid was maximum
in both eyestalk ablated and intact control crabs of
C. lucifera (M urugesan et al., 2008 ). The proximate
composition (protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash) showed
that higher values in Acetes sp. fed animals than that of
clam meat fed animals. B ut that was not statistically
significant except protein. Further feeding exp eriment is
required to confirm which feed influencing weight gain.
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