Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(3): 235-241, 2011
ISSN: 2041-3890
© Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011
Received: April 21, 2011
Accepted: May 20, 2011
Published: May 25, 2011
Allelopathic Potential of Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris) on the Germination
and the Initial Growth of Tomato, Cucumber and Cress
Seyed Morteza Zahedi and Naser Alemzadeh Ansari
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
Abstract: Allelopathic substances produced from weeds, reduce the activity and metabolic in nearby plant with
regard to the variety and abundance of Common Mallow weeds in farms and also the importance of cress,
cucumber and tomato as the main vegetables, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of
Common Mallow weeds aqueous extract allelopathic on the cress, cucumber and tomato seeds germination
indices. This study was done in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the faculty of agriculture
of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2010. Sample treatment included various extract levels with a
concentration of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% and distilled water as a control treatment. In order to find the germination
indices, the length and dry weight of plumulue and radicle are defined on the basis of International Seed Testing
Association. The results showed that Common Mallow weeds aqueous extract has allelopathic deterrent effect
on the germination percentage and germination rate of tomato, cucumber and cress seeds, as with increasing
the concentration of Common Mallow extract reduce radicle length, plumule length, fresh weight and dry
weight of radicle and plumule in various plants. The effect of allelopathic materials on the traits measured in
tomato was more than that in cress and cucumber.
Key words: Allelopathy, aqueous extract, Common Mallow, germination
INTRODUCTION
engaged in allelopathy research. Especially, allelopathy
has potential in integrated weed management
(Sang-Uk et al., 2005). Since crop plants were first
cultivated, weed control has been an important aspect of
their management practices (Ahn et al., 2005).Although
the use of herbicides is a simple and effective method for
weed control used worldwide, heavy use of herbicides
may cause problems of environmental pollution that affect
both animal and human health (Stephenson, 2000). For
this reason, various other methods of weed control have
been studied. In particular, the exploitation of allelopathic
properties in plants may give promising results
(Chung et al., 2003).
The chemicals that prevent the growth of some plant
species in certain conditions can cause irritation of the
same species in other concentration or stimulate other
species in the same concentration. According to some
reports, leaves are the largest source of allelochemicals,
so extracting from the leaves is one of the most common
methods of extracting allelochemicals materials from
plant organs (Sharma et al., 2000). Flavonoids are
phenolic compounds presenting a characteristic structure,
generally consisting in a three rings system, conferring
these compounds a great ability to scavenge free radicals
(Miller and Ruiz-Larrea, 2002). Some flavonoids have
been reported to possess several biological activities,
Allelopathy is an interference mechanism in which
living or dead plants release allelochemicals exerting an
effect (mostly negative) on the associated plants, and can
play an important role in natural and managed ecosystems
(Fitter, 2003; Inderjit and Duke, 2003). It effect on the
growth, quality and quantity of the produce in
agroecosystems (Singh et al., 2001). A number of plant
species have been reported to have an allelopathic effect
on other plant species (Kato-Noguchi, 2003; Jefferson and
Pennacchio, 2003; Oueslati, 2003; Djurdjevic et al.,
2004). Most recent studies, however, have focussed on the
inhibitory effect of allelopathic substances (Gross, 2003).
Allelochemicals produced by one crop species can
influence the growth, productivity, and yield of other
crops or the same crop (Batish et al., 2002). The
allelopathic potential of many plants is intensified by
exposure to various environmental stresses and induces
phytochemical variation (Kong and Xu, 2000).
Suitable manipulation of the allelopathy towards
improvement of crop productivity and environmental
protection through eco-friendly control of weeds, pests,
crop diseases, conservation of nitrogen in crop land and
synthesis of novel agrochemicals based on natural
products have gained prominent attention of scientist
Corresponding Author: Seyed Morteza Zahedi, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Shahid Chamran University
of Ahvaz, Iran. Tel: 0098452422341
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Asian J. Agric. Sci., 3(3): 235-241, 2011
including anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral,
anticarcinogenic, antithrombotic, antihepatotoxic and
antioxidant activities (Shi and Noguchi, 2001;
Sivam, 2002; Yao et al., 2004).
Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris) weed is among
the most common and problematic weeds in the world.
Research has shown that Common Mallow has deterrent
effects on other plants. In the leaves of Common Mallow
found tannin and there is a remarkable amount of glaze in
all organs of Common Mallow, including L-rhamnose and
L-arabinose, D-galacturonic acid and other materials
which are capable of preventing the growing of plants that
is growing along with Common Mallow. Also extract
Common Mallow has a 5.4% phenol compound on the
basis of dry weight. Statistically, Iran having 163,539 ha
under cultivation and production of tomato, and 66,980 ha
under cultivation cucumber, in addition Iran is one of the
largest producers of these vegetables in the world (Bureau
of Statistics and Information Technology, 2009). The
cress is one of the most important leaf vegetables which
are produced in Iran. In the field, the invasion of weeds
such as Common Mallow decrease the production of
adjacent plants. Therefore, the aim of this study is to
investigate Common Mallow allelopathic potential on
germination and early growth of tomato, cucumber and
cress.
milliliters of extract solution from each concentrations
plant was added to Petri dishes and distilled water was
used as a control. Petri were placed in the growth chamber
in darkness at 25ºC temperature. Preventing evaporation
and changes in the concentration of extract Common
Mallow, petri door were closed. Treatments (extracts from
the various concentrations and the distilled water control)
were arranged in a completely randomized design with
three replications. After 7 days, germination percentage
and germination rate was determined by counting the
number of germinated seeds and expressed as percentage.
Radicle and plumule lengths were determined after 10
days by measuring 30 representative seedlings. After
measuring the radicle and plumule lengths, the seedlings
were separated into plumule and radicle parts and Fresh
weight of radicle and plumule were determined by
measuring 30 representative seedlings. The plants were
then dried and their respective dry weights recorded. Seed
cultivars used in this experiment were include Urbana
cultivar (tomato), Beta-Alpha cultivar (cucumber) and
cress cultivar was native mass.
Statistical analysis: Results obtained were treated
statistically by applying probability using one way
analysis of variance for each species with different
concentrations where they were needed. Statistical
analyses were performed using software SAS and Excel.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant extracts: Common Mallow were collected from
fields in southwest Iran (Ahvaz state: The latitude and
longitude of Ahvaz is: 31º19!45" N / 48º41!28" E, also the
city has an average elevation of 20 m above sea level)
during the 2009-10 growing season. In order to prepare
extracts, fresh Common Mallow plants were separated
into leaves and dried at 60ºC temperature. Common
Mallow were changed to smaller mill, and powder of
plant were soaked in distilled water for 24 h at 25ºC in a
lighted room to give concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10
g of dry tissue per 100 mL of water. Distilled water was
used as control treatmeant. After soaking, solutions were
filtered through four layers of cheese cloth and the filtrate
was then centrifuged for 4 h. The supernatant was filtered
again using a 0.2 mm Filter ware unit to give the final
water extract.
Germination percentage: The results showed that
maximum germination percentage seeds of tomato,
cucumber and cress obtained in distilled water equivalent
to 100, but 10 percent concentrations extracts in tomato
and cucumber and cress prevented seeds germination
(Table 1, 2 and 3). With increasing of concentration of
extract Common Mallow, the less germination percentage
(Fig. 1). Reduction in the watercress germination and
petunia by Common Mallow has been reported
(Capos et al., 2007; Silva et al., 2007). Common Mallow
extract (Malva sylvestris) with different concentrations
have different effects on seeds germination, germination
rate and other tested traits. Hormonal balance of the
destruction can be one of the most important reasons for
reducing plumule growth and radicle seedlings. Some of
the mechanisms of allelopatic activity are like plant
hormones (De Neergard and Porter, 2000). For example,
phenol acids and poly phenols reduce growth by the auxin
to stop oxidative decarboxylation. Allelopathic effects not
only lead to reduced germination but also delayed in
germination that can impact a lot the result of competition
Bioassays: This study was conducted as a completely
randomized design at Shahid Chamran University of
Ahvaz faculty of agriculture in three repetitions in 200910. To prevent the growth and activity of microbes,
experimental dishes and fifty seeds surface were sterilized
with water: bleach solution (10:1) and were placed evenly
on filter paper in sterilized 9 cm Petri dishes. Five
236
Asian J. Agric. Sci., 3(3): 235-241, 2011
Table 1: Influence of concentration of extract in the Germination, Germination rate, Shoot and Root growth parameters of Tomato
Concentration of extract
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
2.5
5
7.5
10
Germination percentage(%)
100a
57.33b
29.33bc
0c
0c
Germination rate
0.404
a0.301ab
0.26 0b
0c
0c
Radicle length(cm)
3.706a
0.720 b
0.233b
0b
0b
Plumule length(cm)
6.406a
4.187a
0.859b
0b
0b
Fresh weight of Plumule(g)
0.068a
0.023
a0.013a
0a
0a
0*b
0b
0b
dry weight of Radicle(g)
0.0002a
0* b
0a
0a
dry weight of Plumule(g)
0.001a
0.001a
0*a
Table 2: Influence of concentration of extract in the germination, germination rate, shoot and root growth parameters of cucumber
Concentration of extract
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
2.5
5
7.5
10
Germination percentage(%)
100a
60.66b
45.33c
19.33d
0e
Germination rate
0.503a
0.453ab
0.436ab
0.416b
0c
Radicle length(cm)
5.663a
1.620b
0.430c
0.266c
0c
Plumule length(cm)
3.643a
2.520ab
1.246bc
0.733c
0c
Fresh weight of Radicle(g)
0.086a
0.058b
0.035c
0.010d
0d
Fresh weight of Plumule(g)
0.242a
0.067b
0.056b
0.024c
0c
0c
dry weight of Radicle(g)
0.007a
0.004b
0.001bc
0*c
dry weight of Plumule(g)
0.117a
0.042b
0.017b
0.013b
0b
Table 3:Influence of concentration of extract in the germination, germination rate, shoot and root growth parameters of cress
Concentration of extract
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
2.5
5
7.5
10
Germination percentage(%)
100a
96a
33.3b
20.66c
0d
Germination rate
0.933a
0.727ab
0.603b
0.570b
0c
Radicle length(cm)
3.706a
0.720b
0.233b
0.100c
0c
Plumule length(cm)
6.190a
5.830a
1.442b
1.033b
0c
Fresh weight of Radicle(g)
0.033a
0.004b
0.003b
0.001b
0b
Fresh weight of Plumule(g)
0.077a
0.072a
0.038ab
0.018b
0b
0c
dry weight of Radicle(g)
0.004a
0.002b
0.001bc
0*c
dry weight of Plumule(g)
0.003a
0.002a
0.001a
0.001 a
0a
*: Non-measurable; Description of Tables: Comparison of averages has been done by use of Duncan multiple range test (p = %1) has been done.
Letters which are relevant to the comparison of averages are comparable within their treatments
100
a
a
a
and seedling plants which may have acquired larger size
under incompatible conditions such as low soil moisture
or food restriction may compete better with adjacent
plant. Delayed in germination of seeds can have osmotic
effects on the rate of water absorption, delayed at the
beginning of germination and especially cell elongation
(Chon et al., 2005).
a
Tomato
Cucumber
Germination (%)
80
Cress
b
b
60
c
b
40
Germination rate and germination time range: The
highest germination rate of all three seeds (tomato,
cucumber and cress) was obtained from distilled water
treatment and the lowest rate was obtained from
treatments lead to lack of germination, respectively. The
results indicated that in three species between seeds grow
distilled water and seeds treated concentrations of
Common Mallow weed was significant difference (1%).
Reaction of germination time range to the treatment tested
was contrary to the germination rate so that germination
c
bc
d
20
d
0
c
0
e
c
2.5
5
7.5
Concentration of extract
10
Fig. 1: Effect of different concentrations malva on germination
percentage
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Asian J. Agric. Sci., 3(3): 235-241, 2011
a
a
6
1.0
Cress
a
0.6
ab
ab
a
0.4
Radicle length
b
ab
b
0.2
0
2.5
3
b
b
2
1
c
c
c
b
0
0
2.5
10
c
c
b
5
b
7.5
10
Concentration of extract
Fig. 2: Effect of different concentrations malva on germination
rate
c
c
b
5
7.5
Concentration of extract
Cress
c
c
Cucumber
a
4
c
0
a
5
Cucumber
0.8
Germination rate
Tomato
Tomato
ab
Fig. 3: Effect of different concentrations malva on the radicle
length
a
time range of all three seeds was obtained in treatment
with higher concentrations in more days but when treated
with distilled water was spent the minimum possible time
(Fig. 2). The comparison of the averages of the
results of germination stages showed that the effect of
different concentrations of Common Mallow on
germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, fresh
weight of radicle fresh and dry weight, of root and
shoot in various plants was significant probability 1%
(Table 1, 2 and 3).
Plumule length
7
a
a
Tomato
6
Cucumber
5
a
Cress
a
4
ab
b
3
2
b
b
bc
1
0
0
c
b
b
2.5
5
7.5
Concentration of extract
Radicle length and plumule length: By comparing to the
other treatments with distilled water (control), showed
that in the treatment of tomato, cucumber and cress with
different concentrations, Common Mallow weed extract,
distilled water (control) has most of the radicle and
plumule length. The results showed that between control
and seeds treated with different concentrations of extract
(Common Mallow) has significant difference in the trait
of radical length. In the adjective of plumule length in the
seeds of tomato and cress, there was no significant
difference between control and experimental condition
(with concentrations of 2.5%) but a statistically significant
difference between control and experimental condition
(concentration of 5%), while in the cucumber there is
significant difference between control plants and seeds
treated with different concentrations of extract (Fig. 3
and 4). Decrease in the growth of plant (radicle length,
germination speed and germination percentage) in the
watercress (Nasturtium officinale) (Capos et al., 2007)
and petunia (Petunia integrifolia) (Silva et al., 2007)
studied by weed extract has been reported.
c
c
10
Fig. 4: Effect of different concentrations malva on the Plumule
length
weight in all three seeds tomato, cucumber and cress
between seeds treated with distilled water (control) and
seeds treated with different concentrations of extract
Common Mallow significant difference 1% in the level of
probability. In plumule fresh weight traits in tomato there
was no significant difference among any treatments, while
there was a significant difference between cucumber and
cress seeds treated with different concentrations of extract
Common Mallow (Fig. 5 and 6).
Dry weight of radicle and plumule: The results showed
that lowest dry weight of radicle and plumule obtained in
the seeds treated with 10% concentration of extracts
Common Mallow. This phenomenal can result from
allelopatic effect of Common Mallow in growth seedling
plant. According to the trait of dry weight of radicle in all
three seeds of tomato, cucumber, and cress there was a
significant difference (1%) between seeds treated with
distilled water (control) and seeds treated with different
Fresh weight of radicle and plumule: The results
showed that regarding the adjective of radical fresh
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Asian J. Agric. Sci., 3(3): 235-241, 2011
a
Tomato
0.08
0.12
Tomato
Cucumber
b
Cress
a
0.06
c
d
0.04
b
0.02
a
b
b
b
0
0
Dry weight of plumule
Fresh weight of radicle
0.10
b
b
b
Fresh weight of plumule
Cucumber
0.05
a
b
b
b
c
a
c
a
0
a
a
7.5
Concentration of extract
10
0
2.5
5
Fig. 6: Effect of different concentrations malva on fresh weight of
Plumule
a
Dry weight of radicle
0.007
Tomato
0.006
Cucumber
0.005
Cress
0.004
0.003
a
0.002
b
0
0
bc
c
bc
a
0.001
b
b
2.5
b
c
c
b
5
7.5
Concentration of extract
2.5
5
7.5
Concentration of extract
10
of 1% seeds between control and other treatments (Fig. 7
and 8).
These results showed that the most germination
percentage and highest germination rate in all three
species of vegetable seeds were in the control treatment.
Tomato was sensitive specie as in 7.5 concentration
extract Common Mallow prevent seeds germination.
Cress was persist specie as no significant different
between control treatment and 2.5 concentration of
Common Mallow extract. Probably cress and Common
Mallow grow one season (autumn and winter) in
Khuzestan province of Iran and maybe during evolution
revolution obtained resistance in allelopathic effect. The
most deterrent effects are related to the sample treatment
due to lack of Common Mallow extract and distilled
water. In general the results showed that when
concentration of extract increases, traits significantly
decrease, this can result from the increase in amount of
allelochemicals and the toxicity characteristics
(Kohli et al., 2001). Of course, to some extent
components of osmotic potential can impact the
concentration in the extract allelochemical, but since the
oncentrations used in this study are low, so the possibility
seems to be weak. Allelopathic potential from plants
caused damage to cell membranes in acceptor plants by
transmitting a pressure signal to the interior parts of the
cell through target loci on the cell membrane and thus
influencing the hormone balance and ion assimilation
(Peng et al., 2004). Indicators of growth in tomato were
more inhibited than in cress and cucumber, in other
words, sensitivity of tomato was more in front of more
allelopathic that reflect varying degrees of tolerance. In
general, in all three plants, root was more inhibited than
shoot. This result confirms the previous reports that
Cress
b
0.04
Fig. 8: Effect of different concentrations malva on dry weight
Plumule
Tomato
0.20
b
0.06
0
a
0.25
a
Cress
0
10
Fig. 5: Effect of different concentrations malva on fresh weight
of radicle
0.10
0.08
0.02
b
5
7.5
Concentration of extract
a
Cucumber
d
2.5
0.15
0.10
c
b
10
Fig. 7: Effect of different concentrations malva on dry weight
radicle
concentrations of extract Common Mallow. Regarding
plumule dry weight traits in tomato and cress seeds, there
was no significant difference between control and
different concentrations of extract Common Mallow while
in cucumber there was significant difference in the level
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Asian J. Agric. Sci., 3(3): 235-241, 2011
concluded the radicle growth was more sensitive than
plumule and more affected by allelopathic negative
effects. This point also should not forget that the roots of
these seedlings had direct contact with Common Mallow
extract that is more exposed allelochemical possible have
direct or indirect effect on the root system. Common
Mallow extract have potential allelopathic to inhibit the
growth indices in tomato, cucumber and cress. The
study conforms with Silva,s findings and his
colleagues (2007) and Capos et al. (2007) regarding the
existence of allelopathic potential in the plant. The
reasons of deterrent effects are phenol compounds and
secondary compounds such as L-rhamnose and Larabinose, D-galacturonic acid and other unknown
compounds that exist in this plant and other members
(Alonso, 2004). It deserves to study comprehensively on
the potential allelopathic Common Mallow to use them in
agricultural areas including the fight against weeds, pests
and plant diseases, improve crops and grass garden and
designed to draw and pesticide compatible with
environmentally safe, biodegradable and biologically.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank the Mehrdad Azizi and the
Hadi Gheisary and Mansuor Jalali for support and
assistance.Also the authors wish to thank Shahid Chamran
University of Ahvaz for supporting this study.
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