International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 3(1): 23-25, 2011
ISSN: 2041-2908
© Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011
Received: November 11, 2010
Accepted: December 13, 2010
Published: February 05, 2011
Comparison of Skin Characterizes Between Pure Breed and Crossbred
Azeri Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus or Bos indicus)
1
1
O. Estegamat and 2 S. Abbasov
Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University, Astara branch, Astara, Iran
2
Azerbaycan Dövlet Aqrar Universiteti, Baku, Azerbaijan
Abstract: For investigation of crossbreeding efficiency in some skin characterizes in pure and crossb red cattle
with Azeri Zebu, 100 head Azeri Zebu and p ure breeds were divided into 4 group in 4 treatments, ra ndomly.
After cross breeding between zebu and pure cattle breeds, the diameters of skin in different parts of body were
significantly increased in hybrids (offspring). Zebu hybrids, because of their strength epidemic layer on slat and
legs had deep skin in compare with parents. Skin area were measured at two different parts, that more than 60%
of skin were include 5 mm diameter in hybrids. As conclusion; in this investigation it has been cleared that
cross-breeding in Azeri zebu (with pure cattle breeds) can cause deep diameter of skin that also it can produce
high quality skin for leather and sh oe Industry.
Key w ords: Breed, cattle, cross-breeding, hybrid, zebu
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cattle farming and its extension in different countries
with regardless to meat or milk p roduction, is important
for skin production. It is believed that for leathe r industry,
skins obtained from hybrids are more useful in compare
with pure cattle (Co ckerham, 1954 ; Duc and
Taneja, 198 4). Application o f different genotypes with
evaluation of biologic and skin characterizes from
histological and technologic approach can be useful for
application of cross-breeding for hybrid creation
(Buvanendran, 1977; Buvanendran and Mahadevan, 1975;
Buvanendran et al., 1981). In Azerbaijan republic extent
research are conducting on effects of cross-breeding on
milk and meat yields, and skin production traits
(Acharya, 1970). The animal age on quality traits of skin
had significant effect, that it is important point for leather
and shoe industry with demands for high qu ality skin
(Chaudhary and Chaudhary, 198 4; Chacko , 198 3). Pelt
and processed leather and their quality are improving by
hybridization of cattle. If cross-breeding can 20-30%
excessive effect on milk production, skin traits had 10.812% higher quality (skin area , depth and weight) in
hybrids in com pare with their pure parents. Skin diameter
of Turkmen Zebu is 3286 micron included 45% of body
area and in Egyptian or Uzbek zebu the skin d iameter is
52 or 31 m icron, respectively (Al-Rawi and Said, 1980).
These results show possibility of skin q uality
improvement via Zebu cross-breed ing. Because of this,
aim of this study was Com parison of skin characterizes
between pure breeds and crossbred A zeri Zebu.
This study was conducted at summer 2009 at AstaraAzerbaijan. In this study, 100 head pure and Azeri zebu
were divided into 4 group include 4 replicates. After
cross-breeding, hybrids at 12-, 15- , 18- and 2 4-mo nth old
have been evalua ted for skin traits such as skin w eight,
diameter and length on leg and slat. Physical and
mechanical specifies of skin include d epth (mm), tension
(kg.cm) have been determined, and diameter of collagen
layer were determined, too.
The experimental groups were including:
Gro up 1: Control: Azeri Zeb u,
Gro up 2: Latvia × Azeri zebu,
Group 3: Holstein × Azeri Zebu, and Qafqaz ×Azeri Zebu
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Skin diameter of Turkmen Zebu is 3286 micron
included 45% of body area and in Egyptian or Uzbek
zebu the skin diameter is 52 or 31 micron, respectively
(Al-Rawi and Said, 1980).
In this investigation, physical and mechanical
characterizes and weight (before or after slaughter) of skin
at grow period and in hybrids at different months of age
were evaluated. Skin diameter in legs (hands) and slat
were more in Azeri zebu hybrids in compare with other
groups. At 12 -month of age the diameters of these areas
were significantly more in hybrids and control (group 1)
in compare with other experimental groups, that was
Corresponding Author: O. Estegamat, Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University, Astara branch, Astara, Iran
23
Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 3(1): 23-25, 2011
Table 1: Skin characterizes of experimental groups follow cross-breeding
Mean value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Indices
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Pre-slaughter weight (kg)
308±6.3
375±6.0
380±6.9
360±5.5
Fresh skin weight (kg)
24.7±1.1
29.3±5.0
29.3±1.5
28.4±1.3
Pre-slaughter weight.skin weight ratio %
8.01±5.2
7.8±5.2
7.70±5.15
7.90±5.18
Skin length (cm)
180±4.3
200±4.6
202±4.2
197±3.9
Skin width (cm)
163.5±3.5
181.5±3.7
182±3.7
178±3.8
Skin area (dm2 )
294±5.1
363±5.2
367.6±5.3
350.7±5.2
Leg skin diameter (mm)
5.9
5.7
5.6
5.8
Neck skin diameter (mm)
5.8
5.4
5.4
5.6
Table 2: Skin diameter in experimental groups (mean ±SD)
Mean skin diameter
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Groups
Skin layers (:m)
:m
%
:m
%
Micrometer
%
1
8.7330±6.8
8.97±0.65
9.0
6.1466±5.19
20
5724±48
1.78
2
7000±4.66
56±9.5
8.0
2.1365±3.18
5.19
4.5578±5.49
7.79
3
6650±6.59
55.46±7.0
7.0
1348±6.17
20
3.5254±1.47
79
4
7110±2.60
99.63±8.0
9.0
1422±5.20
20
5552±5.43
7.78
Table 3: Skin diameter on different area of body in experimental groups
Skin indices (mm)
Azeri zebu
Azeri zebu×Latvia
Leg (hand)
9.6
5.6
Last rib
3.7
7
5 or upper
60±8.0
3.42±7.0
4.5-5
26±3.0
2.29±4.0
4.1-4.5
10±1.0
5.15±2.0
3.1-3.5
4±01.0
according to previous studies (Amble and Jain, 1966).
These parameters also at 18 month of age are presented as
Table 1.
The Indices of table o ne shows that body w eight in
group 3 were more than other groups and was around 380
kg. Skin weight was 24.7 kg for group 1, 29.3 kg for
group 2 and 28.4 kg for qafqaz hybrids, that it was more
in azeri zebu hybrids with 4.6 kg difference. Statistical
analysis showed significant differences for skin weight
and area (p <0.01).
Table 2 shows skin diameter in experime ntal groups.
In this table, skin diam eter hadn’t any ro le in
leather quality and its traits (Buvanendran and
Mahadevan, 1975). But, collagen layer can proposed as
impo rtant quality factor fo r leather.
In Table 3, more than 60% of skin area was including
more than 5 mm diameter. Only about azeri zebu, result
was inverse. In group 3, more than 57% of total skin area
was more than 5 mm in diameter. But only in Latvia ×
Azeri zebu hybrids, diameter was less than other groups.
Azeri zebu×Holstein
3.6
6.6
57±6.0
5.29±5.0
8±1.0
-
Azeri zebu×Qafqaz
5.6
1.7
55±05.0
30±030.0
5.8±1.0
-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors are thankful to “Azerbaycan Dövlet Aqrar
Universiteti” and “Islamic Azad University, Astara
branch” for financial support.
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CONCLUSION
Results of this evaluation showed that regard less to
hybridization effects on milk and meat production
(because of hetro sis), more weight gain ability (10-20%
more than parents; hybrid vigo r) also hybridization had 34% excessive effect in derma and reticular diameter that
there are acc epted traits for leather and sho e industry.
24
Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 3(1): 23-25, 2011
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