Draft 2
UCL-INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL 3099 ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICA
2014-15 Term 2, Thursdays 4-6 pm, Room 410 Institute of Archaeology
*Co-ordinator: Katherine (Karen) Wright (k.wright@ucl.ac.uk), Room 101, IoA. Tel. 0207 679 4715
Co-Coordinator: Kevin MacDonald. Additional teachers: Andrew Garrard, Jose Oliver, Patrick Quinn
*Dr Wright’s Office Hours: normally Tuesdays from 2 to 5 pm. Exceptions: Tuesday 3 February: 1 to
2.30 pm; Tuesday 17 March: 1 to 2.30 pm. Or, email for an appointment
GENERAL. This handbook contains introductory information. If you have queries, please consult the
Co-ordinator. For policies & procedures, see Appendix A at end of this document. If changes need to
be made to course arrangements, these will be communicated by email; it is essential that you consult
your UCL e-mail regularly. PLEASE BRING THIS HANDOUT TO ALL SESSIONS.
OVERVIEW OF COURSE CONTENT
This course is an introduction to the archaeology of North America, from initial colonization by
Eurasian hunter-gatherers, to the present day. Topics include the European encounter with the New
World; physical and cultural geography of North America; colonization of the continent (ca. 20,000
BC); Palaeo-Indian hunter-gatherer societies and human ecology (20,000-8000 BC); the Archaic
period (ca. 8000-1000 BC); the post-Archaic period (ca. 1000 BC – 1500 AD); early mound builders
of the Middle and Late Archaic; sites of the Woodland-Adena-Hopewell cultures; the Mississippian
culture; the emergence of pueblos in the American Southwest; the nature of social complexity in native
North America, before European contact; the archaeology of European contact; Spanish and French
colonization; British colonization; the archaeology of the early United States of America; the 19th
century; the African diaspora, the archaeology of slavery, plantations, the Civil War, westward
expansion of the United States; and issues in cultural heritage.
AIMS, OBJECTIVES and LEARNING OUTCOMES
The aims of this course are (1) to introduce students to the long-term development of North American
civilizations, via examination of the continent’s prehistory and history as revealed in archaeological
remains; and (2) to examine how North America and its cultures highlight questions about (a) global
human evolution and history; (b) the impact of human migrations; (c) the independent development of
agriculture and complex social institutions in the New World; (d) the nature of European colonization
and its impact on smaller-scale societies; (e) technology, culture and the emergence of the United
States and Canada; (f) issues and problems in the cultural heritage of North America today. On
successful completion of this course, a student should have an overview of the prehistory and history
of North America as revealed by archaeology; (2) understand and be able to discuss key variables,
models and theories accounting for long-term culture change in North America; (3) demonstrate
familiarity with the archaeological record of North America and how it places modern-day North
America in long-term perspective; (4) have an appreciation for issues of cultural heritage in North
America today.
TEACHING METHODS, PREREQUISITES and WORKLOAD
The course will be taught by means of lectures and seminars, with Powerpoint presentations and other
learning materials made available via Moodle. There are no pre-requisites for this course. There will be
20 hours of class sessions. Students will be expected to spend about 80 hours doing the reading and
about 50 hours in producing assessed work – in all, approximately 150 hours for the course.
ASSESSMENT (see separate handout for further details). This course is assessed by an essay
evaluating two sides of a debate (40% of final mark); and a standard essay (60% of final mark)
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TURNITIN: Course Code = ARCL3099
Class ID = 783268
Password = IoA1415
MOODLE: if you have problems getting onto this course in Moodle, contact Nicola Cockerton, Room
411a (nicola.cockerton@ucl.ac.uk).
SCHEDULE. Sessions are on Thursdays 4-6 PM, Room 410, Institute of Archaeology. A minimum
attendance of 70% is required, except in the case of illness or other adverse circumstances supported
by documentation.
15 January 2015
Session 1
Introduction to course
The peopling of North America (ca. 18,000-8000 BC)
(Karen Wright, Kevin MacDonald)
(Andrew Garrard)
22 January 2015
Session 2
North American archaeology in overview
(Karen Wright, Kevin MacDonald)
29 January 2015
Session 3
The Archaic period (ca. 8000 BC - 2000 BC)
Early agriculture (ca. 2000 BC – AD 200)
(Karen Wright)
5 February 2015
Session 4
The archaeology of the Eastern Woodlands:
Adena, Hopewell & Weeden Island cultures (1000 BC–AD 900)
(Jose Oliver)
12 February 2015
Session 5
Early Mound Builders of the Middle to Late Archaic in the South;
the Mississippian (ca. AD 900-1500) and the nature of its social complexity
(Kevin MacDonald)
16-20 February 2015
READING WEEK
26 February 2015
Session 6
The Southwest, Part 1: the emergence of Pueblo cultures and their contemporaries
(1200 BC-1400 AD)
(Karen Wright)
5 March 2015
Session 7
The Southwest, Part 2: complexity and Pueblo society (1200 BC-1400 AD)
12 March 2015
Session 8
Way out west: late prehistoric hunter-gatherer cultures
of southern California and the Northwest Coast
(Patrick Quinn, Andrew Garrard)
19 March 2015
Session 9
Contact: the archaeology of European colonization in North America
26 March 2015
Session 10
From the 18th century AD to the present
(Karen Wright)
(Kevin MacDonald)
(Kevin MacDonald, Karen Wright)
Assessment due dates:
Assessment 1 Turnitin deadline:
Monday 2 March 2015 (midnight);
Hardcopy deadline:
Tuesday 3 March 2015 (5 pm, Reception)
Assessment 2: Turnitin deadline:
Monday 27 April 2015 (midnight);
Hardcopy deadline:
Tuesday 28 April 2015 (5 pm, Reception)
If you are not in London on hardcopy due dates, you may post the hardcopy, but make sure there is a
postmark showing posting before 5 pm on hardcopy due date. Turnitin deadlines apply in any case.
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BASIC TEXTS available within UCL libraries. *= best overviews
Alt, Susan. 2010. Ancient Complexities: New Perspectives on Pre-Columbian North America. Salt
Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Coe, M., D. Snow, and E. Benson. 2009. Atlas of Ancient America. Oxford: Facts on File.
Cordell, L. and G. Gumerman. 1989. Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Washington: Smithsonian.
Cordell, L. and McBrinn, M. 2012. Archaeology of the Southwest. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
*Fagan, Brian. 2005. Ancient North America. New York: Thames and Hudson.
Ferguson, L. 1992. Uncommon Ground: archaeology and early African America, 1650-1800.
Washington, DC: Smithsonian.
Ferris, Neal. 2009. The Archaeology of Native Lived Colonialism: Challenging History in the Great
Lakes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Gibson, J.L. 2000. The Ancient Mounds of Poverty Point: Place of Rings. Gainesville: University of
Florida Press.
Gibson, J.L. and P.J. Carr 2004. Signs of Power: The Rise of Cultural Complexity in the Southeast,
214-233. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. + on order
Gumerman, George J. 1989. Themes in Southwest Prehistory. Santa Fe: School of American Research.
Haviser, J. and K. MacDonald (eds.) 2006. African Re-Genesis: confronting social issues in the
Diaspora. Pp.53-61. London: UCL Press
Hume, I.N. 1991. Martin’s Hundred. Charlottesville: : University of Virginia Press
Johnson, J. K. 1993. The Development of Southeastern Archaeology. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University
of Alabama Press.
Kehoe, Alice. 1998. The Land of Prehistory: a Critical History of American Archaeology. New York:
Routledge.
Kelso, W.M. 2008. Jamestown: The Buried Truth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
Knight, V. J. and V. Steponaitis. 1998. Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom. Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Press.
Leone, M.P. and P.B. Potter Jr. (eds.) 1988. The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the
Eastern United States. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.
McNutt, C. H. 1996. Prehistory of the Mississippi Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Milner, G.R.2004. The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. London: Thames
and Hudson.
Pauketat, T. 2001. The Archaeology of Traditions: Culture and History Before and After Columbus.
Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
Pauketat, T. 2004 Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden: Blackwell.
Pauketat, T. 2007. Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions. Plymouth: Altamira Press.
*Pauketat, T. (ed) 2012 The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Reinhart, T. R. and D. J. Pogue. 1999. The Archaeology of 17th Century Virginia. Richmond,
Virginia: Richmond Archaeological Society.
Reyman, J. E. 1992. Rediscovering Our Past: Essays on the History of American Archaeology.
Aldershot: Avebury.
Snead, J. E. 2001. Ruins and Rivals: the Making of Southwestern Archaeology. Tucson: University of
Arizona Press.
Snow, Dean. 1980. The Archaeology of New England. New York: Academic Press.
Snow, Dean. 1981. Foundations of Northeast Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
Snow, Dean. 1994. The Iroquois. Oxford: Blackwell.
*Snow, Dean. 2009. The Archaeology of Native North America. New York: Pearson.
Sobel, E. 2006. Household Archaeology on the Northwest Coast. Ann Arbor: International
Monographs in Prehistory.
Ward, H. T. and S. Davis. 1999. Time Before History: the Archaeology of North Carolina. Chapel
Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
White, Nancy M. 2005. Gulf Coast Archaeology: the Southeastern US and Mexico. Gainesville,
Florida: University of Florida Press.
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1
The peopling of North America (ca. 18,000-8000 BC)
(Andrew Garrard)
Human colonization; Palaeo-Indian societies: Clovis, Folsom, Dalton; hunter-gatherer ecologies.
There is still considerable controversy about the first colonization of the Americas, whether it occurred
through an ice-free corridor which opened up in the terminal Pleistocene period or possibly slightly
earlier by coastal colonization from around the Pacific rim. The earliest evidence from both North and
South America will be discussed in this session along with the contribution of recent research on
linguistic diversity and genetics. The session will continue with a discussion of the adaptations of these
pioneer communities to the diverse environments of the Americas and their possible contribution to the
large-scale extinction of megafauna which occurred in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.
Essential:
Fiedel S. (2000) The peopling of the New World: present evidence, new theories and future directions.
Journal of Archaeological Research 8: 39-103 (Online)
Hall R., Roy D. & Boling D. (2004) Pleistocene migration routes into the Amercias: human biological
adaptations and environmental constraints. Evolutionary Anthropology 13: 132-144. (Online)
Haynes G. (2013) Extinctions in North America’s late Glacial landscapes. Quaternary International
285: 89-98. (Online)
Meltzer D.J. (2009) First People in a New World. Colonizing Ice Age America. Berkeley: University
of California. (DEA MEL)
Reich D. et al. (2012) Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488: 370-374.
(Online)
Waguespack N.M. (2007) Why we’re still arguing about the Pleistocene occupation of the Americas.
Evolutionary Anthropology 16 (2): 63-74. (Online)
For further reading
Adovasio J.M. & Pedler D.R. (1997) Monte Verde and the antiquity of humankind in the Americas.
Antiquity 71: 573-80. (Online)
Adovasio J.M., Pedler D., Donahue J. & Stuckenrath R. (1999) No vestige of a beginning nor prospect
of an end. Two decades of debate on Meadowcroft Rockshelter. In R. Bonnichsen & K.
Turnmire (1999) Ice Age Peoples of North America. Corvallis: Oregon State University: 416431.(Arch: DEA Qto BON)
Alroy J. (2001) A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction.
Science 292: 1893-96. (Online)
Bonnichsen R. & Turnmire K. (1999) Ice Age Peoples of North America. Corvallis, Oregon State
University. (Arch: DEA Qto BON)
Dillehay T.D. (1999) The late Pleistocene cultures of South America. Evolutionary Anthropology 7:
206-16. (Online)
Dixon E.J. (2013) Late Pleistocene colonization of North America from Northeast Asia: new insights
from large-scale paleogeographic reconstructions. Quaternary International 285: 57-67.
(Online)
Erlandson J.M. et al. (2011) Paleoindian seafaring, maritime technologies and coastal foraging on
California’s Channel Islands. Science 331: 1181-1185. (Online)
Eshleman J.A., Malhi R.S. & Glenn Smith, D. (2003) Mitochondrial DNA studies of native
Americans: conceptions and misconceptions of the population prehistory of the Americas.
Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 7-18 (Online)
Frison G.C. (1991) Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press.
Gill J.L. et al. (2009) Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire
regimes in North America. Science 326: 1100-1103. (Online)
Grayson D.K. & Meltzer D.J. (2003) A requiem for North American overkill. Journal of
Archaeological Science 30: 585-593. (Online)
Guidon N. et al. (1996) Nature and age of the deposits in Pedra Furada, Brazil. Antiquity 70: 408-21
(reply to article by Meltzer) (Online)
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Hoffecker J.F. & Elias S.A. (2003) Environment and Archaeology in Beringia. Evolutionary
Anthropology 12: 34-49. (Online)
Jablonski N. (2002) The First Americans. The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. Memoirs of
Californian Academy of Sciences. (Arch: DE JAB)
Jenkins D.L. et al. (2012) Clovis age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and human coprolites at the
Paisley Caves. Science 337: 223-228. (Online)
Meltzer D.J., Adovasio J.M. & Dillehay T.D. (1994) On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra
Furada, Brazil. Antiquity 68: 695-714 (Online).
Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
Chapter 2 (by Adovasio and Pedler)
Pauketat, T. (ed) 2012 The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Chapter 8 (by Waguespack)
Waters M.R. et al. (2011) Pre-Clovis Mastodon hunting 13,800 years ago at the Manis site,
Washington. Science 334: 351-353. (Online)
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North American archaeology in overview
(Karen Wright, Kevin MacDonald)
Physical geography; chronological overview; human geography and the cultural map after 1492;
‘culture areas’ and language groups; brief history of North American archaeology; issues in the
archaeology of living traditions; NAGPRA and its implications.
Essential:
Coe, M.D., Snow, D.R., Benson, E., 1986. Atlas of Ancient America. Facts on File, Oxford. (Part 3)
Fagan, Brian. 2005. Ancient North America: the Archaeology of a Continent. New York: Thames and
Hudson. Chapter 1.
Layton, R. (ed.) 1989. Conflict in the Archaeology of Living Traditions. London: Unwin Hyman. Read
Chapters 4, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 15)
*Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren (eds.) 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts:
Blackwell. Read Chapter 1 (by Pauketat, and Loren) and 14 (byWatkins)
*Pauketat, T. (ed. ) 2012 The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Chapter 1 (by Pauketat) and 3 (by Watkins)
For further reading
Browman, D.L., Williams, S., 2002. New perspectives on the origins of Americanist archaeology.
University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Feld, S. and Basso, K. (eds) Senses of Place. Santa Fe: School of American Research.
Ferguson, T.J., 1996. Native Americans and the practice of archaeology. Annual Review of
Anthropology 25 , 63-80.
Jones, G. & Harris, R. J. 2003. Archaeological human remains: scientific, ethnical and cultural
considerations. Current Anthropology, 39(2): 253-264.
Kehoe, A., 1998. The Land of Prehistory: a Critical History of American Archaeology. Routledge,
New York.
Kidder, A.V., 1924. An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology, with a Preliminary
Account of the Excavations at Pecos. Yale University Press (Reprinting of Papers of the
Southwest Expedition 1), New Haven, Connecticut.
Kroeber, A., 1939. Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. University of California Press
(Reprinted in 1963), Berkeley, California.
Layton, R. (ed.) 1989. Who Needs the Past? Indigenous Values and Archaeology. London: Unwin
Hyman.
Leone, M. and R. Preucel. 1992. Archaeology in a democratic society: a critical perspective. In L.
Wandsnider (ed.) Quandaries and Quests. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ.115-35.
McGuire, R. 2004. Contested pasts: archaeology and Native Americans. In L. Meskell and R. Preucel
(eds) A Companion to Social Archaeology. Malden: Blackwell:374-95.
Scarre, C. and Scarre, G. (eds.) 2006. The Ethics of Archaeology. Cambridge: C.U.P.
Seidemann, R. M. 2004. Bones of contention: a comparative examination of law governing human
remains from archaeological contexts in formerly colonial countries. Louisiana Law Review,
64(3): 546-588.
Steward, J. H. 1955. Theory of Culture Change. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Thomas, D. H. 2000 Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology and the Battle for Native American
Identity. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Trigger, B. 1980. Archaeology and the image of the American Indian. American Antiquity 45:662-76.
Watkins, J. 2005. Through wary eyes: indigenous perspectives on archaeology. Annual Review of
Anthropology 34:429-449. Science: ANTHROPOLOGY Journals, eJournals.
Willey, G. and Sabloff, J. 1980. A History of North American Archaeology. (2nd edition). London:
Thames and Hudson. Chapter 2.
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The Archaic Period (ca. 8000 BC - 2000 BC) & Early Agriculture (ca. 2000 BC – AD 200)
(Karen Wright)
The Archaic period in North America generally refers to hunter-gatherer groups that emerged in the
early Holocene, from about 8000 BC to 2000 BC. Sites are sparse, but the data suggest that greater
regionalization of hunting and gathering was characteristic. The diversity of Archaic cultures is
highlighted by comparing the southwest to northern regions. Archaic sites display diversification in
artefact technologies and apparently also in subsistence practices, with use of a wider range of plant
and animal resources. In the Southwest, the appearance of maize at about 2000 BC reflects the spread
of agricultural practices from Mesoamerica, where maize was initially domesticated. However, recent
research suggests that an in situ domestication of plants may have taken place in the American
Southeast (ca. 3800 BP/1800 BC).
Essential (read 1-2 from each section)
Overview
Coe, M.D., Snow, D.R., Benson, E., 1986. Atlas of Ancient America. Facts on File, Oxford. (Part 3,
esp. pages 36-40)
*Pearsall, D.M., 2012. People, plants and cultinary traditions. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 73-85.
The Southwest and West in the Archaic
*Cordell, L. and McBrinn, M. 2012. Archaeology of the Southwest. 3rd edition. Walnut Creek,
California: Left Coast Press. Chapters 2, 4, 5
*Huckell, B.B., 1996. The Archaic prehistory of the North American southwest. Journal of World
Prehistory 10, 305-373.
Morgan, C., Bettinger, R.L., 2012. Great Basin foraging strategies. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The
Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, pp. 185-198.
The appearance of agriculture in the Southwest
Wills, W., 1988. Early agriculture and sedentism in the American Southwest: evidence and
interpretations. Journal of World Prehistory 2 , 445-488.
*Wills, W., 1995. Archaic foraging and the beginning of food production in the American Southwest.
In: Price, T.D., Gebauer, A.B. (eds.), Last Hunters. First Farmers. School of American
Research, Santa Fe, pp. 215-242.
Wills, W., 1994. Organizational strategies and the emergence of prehistoric villages in the American
Southwest. In: Gregg, S. (ed.), Between Bands and States. Center for Archaeological
Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Occasional Paper 9, Carbondale, Illinois.
Wills, W., 2001. Pithouse architecture and the economics of household formation in the prehistoric
Southwest. Human Ecology 29 , 477-500.
Wills, W., Huckell, B.B., 1994. Economic implications of changing land use patterns in the Late
Archaic. In: Gumerman, G.J. (ed.), Themes in Southwest Prehistory. School of American
Research, Santa Fe, pp. 33-52.
The appearance of agriculture in the Southeast
Sassaman, K.E., 2005. Structure and practice in the Archaic southeast. In: Pauketat, T.R., Loren, D.D.
(eds.), North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 79-107.
Smith, B.D., 2006. Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication.
Proceedings National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 , 12223-12228.
Smith, B.D., Yarnell, R.A., 2009. Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North
America at 3800 BP. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 106 , 6561-6566.
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*Smith, B.D., 2011. The cultural context of plant domestication in eastern North America. Current
Anthropology 52 (Supplement 4), 471-484.
Northern regions in the Archaic
*Chapdelaine, C., 2012. Overview of the St. Lawrence Archaic through Woodland. In: Pauketat, T.R.
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp. 249-261.
Gibbon, G., 2012. Lifeways through time in the Upper Mississippi valley and northeastern plains. In:
Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, pp. 325-335.
McElrath, D. L. and Emerson, T. E. 2012. Re-envisioning eastern Woodlands Archaic origins. In
Pauketat, T. R., The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University
Press, Oxford, pp. 448-459.
For further reading
Bettinger, R. L. and J. W. Eerkens (1999) Point typologies, cultural transmission, and the spread of
bow-and-arrow technology in the prehistoric Great Basin. American Antiquity 64(2):231-242.
Erlandson, J., Braje, T.J., 2012. Foundations of the far west: Paleoindian cultures on the western fringe
of North America. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American
Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 149-159.
Haury, E., 1950. The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave. University of Arizona Press,
Tucson.
Huckell, B.B., 2003. The Ventana complex: new dates and new ideas on its place in early Holocene
western prehistory. American Antiquity 68 , 353-371.
Huckell, L.W., Toll, M.S., 2004. Wild plant use in the North American Southwest. In: Minnis, P.E.
(ed.), People and Plants in Ancient Western North America. Smithsonian, Washington, DC,
pp. 37-115.
Irwin-Williams, C., 1979. Post-Pleistocene archaeology, 7000-2000 BC. In: Ortiz, A. (ed.), Handbook
of North American Indians Volume 9. Smithsonian, Washington, DC, pp. 31-42.
Nicholas, G.P., 1988. Holocene human ecology in northeastern North America. Plenum Press, New
York.
Phillips, J.L., Brown, J.A., 1983. Archaic hunters and gatherers in the American Midwest. Academic
Press, New York.
Smith, B.D., 2011. The Subsistence Economies of Indigenous North American Societies. Smithsonian
Institution Scholarly Publications, Washington, D.C.
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4
The archaeology of the eastern woodlands:
Adena, Hopewell & Weeden Island cultures (1000 BC–AD 900)
(Jose Oliver)
Great Plains and Midwest (Woodland sites; Adena, Hopewell, Plum Bayou, Coles Creek); Gulf of
Mexico (Florida-Alabama Gulf sites; Belle Glade, Manasota, Weeden Island, Fort Walton). Emerging
out of the Archaic Period, around 1200-1000 BC, the Eastern Woodlands societies embarked in a
multi-faceted trajectory of cultural change and further elaboration that presaged the emergence of the
Mississippian Tradition at the end of the Woodland Period. This millennium-long period witnessed
the intensification of food resource exploitation (deliberate cultivation of native plants), the
development of pottery technology, a shift toward a more sedentary lifeway (hamlets, villages), the
emergence of more complex social orders (ranked societies), and an amplified network of interregional trade and exchange of exotic materials. Elaborate earth-mound constructions continued;
human interments and charnel-houses were ritually buried under (usually conical) earth mound
structures. By 200 BC (middle Woodland Period) saw the consolidation of the “Southern Cult”, or
more accurately the Southeastern Ceremonial Cult (e.g., Calumet Ceremony), with varying regional
expressions. The lecture discusses and traces these developments by highlighting three cultural
traditions: The Adena (Early Woodland) and the Hopewell (Middle Woodland) of the Ohio River
Valley and the Weeden Island (Mid-Late Woodland) of the Gulf Coast of peninsular Florida.
Essential
Fagan, B. (2005). Ancient North America: the Archaeology of a Continent. New York: Thames and
Hudson. ISSUE DESK IOA FAG (1 copy); INST ARCH DED 100 FAG (3 copies, 1 week
loan). Required Reading: Ch. 18, 19 and Ch. 20, pp. 457-461.
Hays, C. T. (2010). Adena Mortuary Patterns in Central Ohio. Southeastern Archaeology, 29(1):
106-120. UCL-EXPLORE: Open Line Access.
Milanich, J. T. and C. H. Fairbanks (1980). Florida Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
Required Reading: Chapter 5 [Weeden Island Period Cultures] ISSUE DESK IOA MIL (1
copy); INST ARCH DED 16 MIL (cf. Issue Desk).
Nolan, K. C. and R. A. Cook (2010) An Evolutionary Model of Social Change in the Middle Ohio
Valley: Was Social Complexity Impossible during the Late Woodland but Mandatory during
The Late Prehistoric? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21(1):62-79. UCL-EXPLORE:
Open Line Access.
Yerkes, R. W. (1988). The Woodland and Mississippian Traditions in the Prehistory of Midwestern
North America. Journal of World Prehistory 2(3):307-357. UCL-EXPLORE: Open Line
Access.
For further reading
Charles, Douglass K. (2012). Origins of the Hopewell Phenomenon. In: The Oxford Handbook of
North American Archaeology, edited by T. R. Pauketat. Suggested Reading: Ch. 39. Oxford
University Press. ISSUE DESK IOA PAU (1 copy); INST ARCH DEA PAU (1 copy; 1 week
loan).
McElrath D. L. and T. Emerson (2012). Reenvisioning Eastern Woodlands Archaic Origins. In: The
Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology, edited by T. R. Pauketat. Suggested
Reading: Ch. 37. Oxford University Press. ISSUE DESK IOA PAU (1 copy); DEA PAU (1
copy; 1 week loan).
Milner, G.R.2004. The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. London: Thames
and Hudson. Suggested Reading: Chapters 4, 5. ] ISSUE DESK IOA MIL (1 copy); INST
ARCH DED 16 MIL (cf. Issue Desk).
Rees, M. A. (2012). Monumental Landscape and Community in the Southern Lower Mississippi
Valley during the Late Woodland and Mississippi Periods. In: The Oxford Handbook of North
American Archaeology, edited by T. R. Pauketat. Oxford University Press. Suggested
Reading: Ch. 40. ISSUE DESK IOA PAU (1 copy); INST ARCH DEA PAU (1 copy; 1 week
loan).
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Additional Readings (for Essay Research)
Brose, D. S. and N. Greber, editors (1979). Hopewell Archaeology : The Chillicothe Conference.
Kent: Kent State University Press. INST ARCH DED 16 BRO (1 copy, 1 week loan).
Case, D. T. and C. Carr, editors (2008). The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological
Documentation and Cultural Understanding. New York: Springer. UCL-EXPLORE: Open
Line Access [PDF full text]; INST ARCH DED 16 CAS (1 copy, standard loan+ CD with
colour Illustrations]
Webb W. S. and C. E. Snow (2001 [1974]) The Adena People, with a chapter on Adena pottery and a
foreword to the new ed. by James B. Griffin. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. UCLEXPLORE: On Line Open Access; INST ARCH DED 16 WEB (1 copy, standard loan).
10
5
Early Mound Builders of the Middle to Late Archaic in the South;
The Mississippian (ca. AD 900-1500) and the nature of its social complexity
(Kevin MacDonald)
Watson Brake to Poverty Point – early mound-building in Louisiana; overview of the Mississippian;
selected large sites: Toltec Mounds, Moundville, Cahokia; the chiefdom debate; ‘stateliness.’
From as early as 3500 BC small mound complexes were being constructed in what is now
northern Lousiana by hunter-gatherer peoples. By 1600 BC these early mound sites reached their
apogee at the 350ha+ ritual centre of Poverty Point – remarkably without pottery or agriculture. A
consistency in the spatial grammar of these sites has been suggested by several scholars coupled with a
notionally theocratic leadership. Trade or tribute flowed in from as far away as the Gulf of Mexico and
the Great Lakes. But, for whatever reason, the ‘Poverty Point Culture’ did not long endure, with a
decline in activity after 1200 BC.
The Mississippian (c. AD 900-1500) was a much later tradition of complex societies which
swept across the American southeast and Midwest, associated with agriculture, the building of
platform mounds and a range of important ceremonial centres. Cahokia – the greatest of these, at
890ha - is North Americas largest prehistoric settlement site. It has been at the centre of debate
concerning its status: state ?, urban centre? complex chiefdom? We will critically consider the criteria
used to construct such categories and their usefulness.
Watson Break to Poverty Point
Alt, Susan. 2010. Ancient Complexities: New Perspectives on Pre-Columbian North America. Salt
Lake City: University of Utah Press. Read Chapter 3 (Kidder)
Gibson, J.L. 1994. Before their time? Early Mounds in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Southeastern
Archaeology 13: 162-186.
Gibson, J.L. 2000. The Ancient Mounds of Poverty Point: Place of Rings. Gainesville: University of
Florida Press.
*Gibson, J.L. and P.J. Carr (eds.) 2004. Signs of Power: The Rise of Cultural Complexity in the
Southeast, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Read Chapter 1(Gibson & Carr), Chapter
8 (Carr & Stewart), Chapter 9 (Saunders), Chapter 10 (Clark), Chapter 11 ( Sassaman and
Heckenberger)
Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren (eds.) 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts:
Blackwell. Read Chapter 4, Sassaman.
Sassaman, K.E. 2004.’ Complex hunter-gatherers in evolution and history: a North American
perspective’, Journal of Archaeological Research 12: 227-80. INST ARCH PERS and
electronic resource.
*Sassaman, K.E. 2005. ‘Poverty Point as structure, event, process’, Journal of Archaeological Method
and Theory 12: 335-64.
*Saunders, Joe W. et al. 2005, Watson Brake, a Middle Archaic Mound Complex in Northeast
Louisiana, American Antiquity 70 (4): 631–668
Saunders, J.W., A. Thurman and R.T. Saucier 1994. Four Archaic (?) Mound Complexes in
Northeastern Louisiana. Southeastern Archaeology 13: 134-153.
The Mississipian and Cahokia
Blitz, J. H. 1999. Mississippian Chiefdoms and the Fission-Fusion Process. American Antiquity 64:
577-592.
*Blitz, J.H. 2010. New Perspectives in Mississippian Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological
Research 18: 1-39.
Cobb, C. R. 2003. Mississippian Chiefdoms: How Complex? Annual Review of Anthropology,
321(1): 63-84
Johnson, A. W. and T. Earle. 1987. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to
Agrarian State. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
11
Knight, V. J. and V. Steponaitis. 1998. Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom. Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Press.
McNutt, C. H. 1996. Prehistory of the Mississippi Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Milner, G.R. 2004. The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. London: Thames
and Hudson. INST ARCH DED 16 MIL.
Monaghan, G.W. and C. S. Peebles 2010. The Construction ,Use, and Abandonment of Angel Site
Mound A: Tracing the History of a Middle Mississippian Town through its earthworks.
American Antiquity 75: 935-953.
*Pauketat, T. (eds.) 2001. The Archaeology of Traditions: Culture and History Before and After
Columbus. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. Read Chapter 8 (Rees), and
Chapter 9 (Alt)
Pauketat, T. 2004 Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Pauketat, T. 2007. Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions. Plymouth: Altamira Press.
*Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts:
Blackwell. Read Chapter 8, (Pauketat).
Pauketat et al. 2002. The residues of feasting and public ritual at early Cahokia. American Antiquity
67: 257-279.
Steponaitis, V. 1991. Contrasting patterns of Mississippian Development, in T. Earle (ed.) Chiefdoms:
Power, Economy and Ideology, 193-228. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12
6
The Southwest, Part 1: the emergence of Pueblo cultures and their contemporaries
(1200 BC-1400 AD) (Karen Wright)
The development of agricultural economies resulted in the emergence of a range of distinct but interrelated cultures in the American southwest. The most well known are the Hohokam, Mogollon and
Ancestral Pueblo (formerly ‘Anasazi’) cultures. Beginning between 200 and 900 AD, villages
composed of pithouses and courtyards began to emerge, although settlements do show considerable
diversity in architectural forms and layouts. Between 700 and 1000 AD, new types of settlements
appeared, characterized by multi-room surface buildings. In some areas, these surface structures
evolved into aggregated settlements of many connected rooms (pueblos). The Hohokam were
concentrated along the Salt and Gila Rivers and in the Sonoran desert, in what is now Arizona. The
Hohokam were masters of irrigation and occupied villages composed of pit houses or surface
structures (but not pueblos); a famous example is Snaketown. The Mogollon pueblo culture emerged
in the central and eastern highlands of Arizona and the western highlands of New Mexico;
Grasshopper is a well known Mogollon site. Ancestral Pueblo sites were concentrated in the San Juan
and Rio Grande Valleys. These settlements were unusually large and some had special ritual
significance. Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde are two of the best known. A key research problem is
what stimulated episodes of aggregation and abandonment. Other regional cultures include Fremont,
Patayan, Sinagua, and Chihuahuan. A simplified periodization, which mainly applies to some of the
Ancestral Pueblo regions, is as follows: Basketmaker II (ca. 1500 BC – 300 AD); Basketmaker III (ca.
500-700 AD); Pueblo I (ca. 700-900 AD); Pueblo II (ca. 900-1150 AD); Pueblo III (ca. 1150-1400
AD) and Pueblo IV (ca. 1400-1600 AD); Pueblo V (1600 AD to present).
Essential (read one from each section)
Overviews
Coe, M.D., Snow, D.R., Benson, E., 1986. Atlas of Ancient America. Facts on File, Oxford. (Part 3 –
esp. pages 66-79, and especially study the illustrations)
*Cordell, Linda and McBrinn, M. 2012. Archaeology of the Southwest. Walnut Creek, California: Left
Coast Press. Chapters 6, 7
Mills, B.J., 2012. The archaeology of the greater southwest: migration, inequality and religious
transformations. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American
Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 547-560.
Young, L., 2012. Diversity in first-millennium AD southwestern farming communities. In: Pauketat,
T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp. 561-570.
Hohokam
Fish, P.R., 1989. The Hohokam: 1000 years of prehistory in the Sonoran desert. In: Cordell, L.S.,
Gumerman, G.J. (eds.), Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., pp. 19-64.
Fish, S.K., Fish, P.R., 2012. Hohokam society and water management. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The
Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 571584.
Mogollon
Reid, J.J., 1989. A Grasshopper perspective on the Mogollon of the Arizona Mountains. In: Cordell,
L.S., Gumerman, G.J. (eds.), Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., pp. 65-98.
13
Ancestral Pueblos (Anasazi): beginnings
Wills, W., Windes, T.C., 1989. Evidence for population aggregation and dispersal during the
Basketmaker III period in Chaco Canyon. American Antiquity 54 (2), 347-369.
Wilshusen, R.H., van Dyke, R., 2006. Chaco's beginnings. In: Lekson, S.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of
Chaco Canyon. School of American Research Seminar Series, Santa Fe, pp. 211-260.
Ancestral Pueblos (Anasazi): lifeways and social organization
Crown, P., Orcutt, J.D., Kohler, T.A., 1996. Pueblo cultures in transition: the northern Rio Grande. In:
Adler, M.A. (ed.), The Prehistoric Pueblo World, AD 1100-1300. University of Arizona Press,
Tucson.
Fowles, S., 2012. The pueblo village in an age of reformation (AD 1300-1600). In: Pauketat, T.R.
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp. 631-644.
Hegmon, M., 2005. Beyond the mold: questions of inequality in southwest villages. In: Pauketat, T.R.,
Loren, D.D. (eds.), North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 212-234.
Plog, S., Heitmann, C., 2008. Hierarchy and long term social inequality in the American Southwest,
AD 800-1200. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 107 , 19619-19626.
Wills, W., Crown, P., 2004. Commensal politics in the prehispanic American southwest: an
introductory review. In: Mills, B.J. (ed.), Identity, Feasting and the Archaeology of the Greater
Southwest. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, pp. 153-172.
For further reading:
Cordell, Linda and George J. Gumerman. 1989. Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Press.
Crown, P., Judge, W.J., 1991. Chaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American
Southwest. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, Santa Fe.
Gumerman, George J. 1994. Themes in Southwest Prehistory. Santa Fe: School of American Research.
Gumerman, G.J., Dean, J.S., 1989. Prehistoric cooperation and competition in the Western Anasazi
area. In: Cordell, L.S., Gumerman, G.J. (eds.), Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 99-148.
Haury, E., 1936. The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mexico. Medallion Papers 2a, Gila
Pueblo, Globe, Arizona.
Longacre, W., 1970. Reconstructing Prehistoric Pueblo Societies. University of New Mexico Press,
Albuquerque.
Mills, B.J., 2000. Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest. University of
Arizona Press, Tucson.
Pauketat, T. 2007. Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions. Plymouth: Altamira Press.
Plog, S., 2008. Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. Thames and Hudson, London.
Preucel, R.W., 2002. Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: Identity, Meaning and Renewal in the
Pueblo World. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Reid, J.J., Whittlesey, S., 2005. Seven years that reshaped southwest prehistory. In: Cordell, L.S.,
Fowler, D.D. (eds.), Southwest Archaeology in the Twentieth Century. University of Utah
Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 47-59.
Reid, J.J., Whittlesey, S., 1997. The Archaeology of Ancient Arizona. University of Arizona Press,
Tucson.
Riggs, C.L., 2001. The Architecture of Grasshopper Pueblo. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
Snead, J. E. 2001. Ruins and Rivals: the Making of Southwestern Archaeology. Tucson: University of
Arizona Press.
Stuart, D.E., 2000. Anasazi America: Seventeen Centuries on the Road from Center Place. University
of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
14
7
The Southwest 2: complexity and Pueblo society
(Karen Wright)
A major debate has emerged in recent years on the nature of social organization and social inequality
in Ancestral Pueblo societies. In particular, questions have been raised as to whether Chaco Canyon
and Mesa Verde constituted urbanized, state-level societies. For many years Ancestral Pueblo groups
were regarded by archaeologists as having non-state political organization, whilst the large settlements
were seen as impressive, but not ‘urban’ in character. Allied to this debate is the issue of why these
cultures traditionally have not been called ‘civilizations’ on a par with the civilizations of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, China, Mesoamerica, etc. Some of this debate centers on problems of definition and the
nature of the evidence; but the debate has been couched (on both sides) in terms of political agendas
and how they affect terminology and interpretation. Some have argued that traditional views of ancient
pueblo societies greatly underestimate the degree of social complexity. Others suggest that pueblo
cultures do not need to be labelled as “urban, state-level civilizations” to be considered important; that
such labels force these cultures into categories derived from elsewhere; and that what matters is what
the archaeological evidence tells us. In this session we also look at the links between the southwest and
Mesoamerica; and the later history of pueblo groups and their contemporaries.
Overviews
*Cordell, Linda and McBrinn, M. 2012. Archaeology of the Southwest. Walnut Creek, California: Left
Coast Press. Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10
Fowles, S., 2012. The pueblo village in an age of reformation (AD 1300-1600). In: Pauketat, T.R.
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp. 631-644.
Snead, J.E., 2012. Warfare and conflict in the late pre-Columbian pueblo world. In: Pauketat, T.R.
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp. 620-630.
Chaco Canyon (read one work by Lekson and one by another author)
Crown, P. L. and W. H. Wills 2003, Modifying pottery and kivas at Chaco: pentimento, restoration, or
renewal? American Antiquity 68 (3): 511-532.
Judge, W.J., 1989. Chaco Canyon - San Juan Basin. In: Cordell, L.S., Gumerman, G.J. (eds.),
Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 209-262.
Judge, W.J., Cordell, L.S., 2006. Society and polity. In: Lekson, S.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Chaco
Canyon. School of American Research Seminar Series, Santa Fe, pp. 189-210.
Lekson, S.H., 2005. Chaco and Paquimé: complexity, history, landscape. In: Pauketat, T.R., Loren,
D.D. (eds.), North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 235-272.
Lekson, S.H., 2006. Chaco matters: an introduction. In: Lekson, S.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Chaco
Canyon. School of American Research Seminar Series, Santa Fe, pp. 3-44.
Lekson, S.H., 2006. Architecture. In: Lekson, S.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon. School
of American Research Seminar Series, Santa Fe, pp. 67-116.
Lekson, S.H., 2012. Chaco's hinterlands. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North
American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 597-607.
Wills, W., 2000. Political leadership and the construction of Chacoan Great Houses in Chaco Canyon,
New Mexico, AD 1020-1140. In: Mills, B.J. (ed.), Alternative Leadership Strategies in the
Prehispanic Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 19-44.
Wills, W., 2001. Ritual and mound formation during the Bonito phase in Chaco Canyon. American
Antiquity 66 (3), 433-451.
Wills, W. 2012. On the trail of the lonesome pine: archaeological paradigms and the Chaco ‘tree of
life’. American Antiquity 77(3): 478-497.
15
Mesa Verde
Varien, M.D., Kohler, T.A., Ortman, S.G., 2012. The Mesa Verde region. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The
Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 608619.
Wilshusen, R.H., 2002. Estimating population in the central Mesa Verde region. In: Varien, M.D.,
Wilshusen, R.H. (eds.), Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in
the Mesa Verde Region. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 101-120.
The Southwest and Mesoamerica
Hall, R.L., 2012. Some commonalities linking North America and Mesoamerica. In: Pauketat, T.R.
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp. 52-63.
VanPool, C.S., VanPool, T.L., 2012. Casas Grandes phenomenon. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 645-657.
For further reading
Alt, S., 2010. Ancient Complexities: New Perspectives on Pre-Columbian North America. University
of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
Ericson, J.E., Baugh, T.G., 1993. The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: systems of prehistoric
exchange. Plenum Press, New York.
Irwin-Williams, C., 2008. Chacoan society: the view from Salmon Ruin. In: Reed, P.F. (ed.), Chaco's
Northern Prodigies: Salmon, Aztec and the Ascendancy of the Middle San Juan Region after
AD 1100. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 273-283.
Lekson, S. (ed) 2006. The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon. Santa Fe: School of American Research.
MacDonald, D. 2001. Grief and burial in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 66:704-714,
Renfrew, C. 2001 Production and consumption in a sacred economy: the material correlates of high
devotional expression at Chaco Canyon. American Anquity 66 (1):14-25.
16
8
Way out west:
late hunter-gatherer cultures of southern California and the Northwest Coast
(Patrick Quinn, Andrew Garrard)
8a - Southern California (Patrick Quinn)
Southern California was occupied in Late Prehistoric times (600-1769AD) by several ethnolinguistically diverse native groups who practiced a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, migrating
between the different landscape zones that define the region. Late Prehistory is marked by the
appearance of a distinctive material culture package that includes small projectile points, mortars and
pestles and simple paddle-and-anvil pottery. This pattern lasted until the arrival of the Europeans and
Mexicans in 1769, which ultimately led to the demise of native culture throughout the Historic Period.
The use of ceramics in the southernmost part of California, occupied by San Diego Country, contrasts
with the rest of the state, where baskets were utilised instead. The inconspicuous native campsites in
this area, which lack built structures, contain large numbers of plain brown and buff coloured sherds.
These artefacts offer important insights into Late Prehistoric life, as this lecture will demonstrate
through the use of stylistic and metric analysis, in depth scientific investigation and ethnographic
research. The appearance of ceramics in San Diego County will be considered in terms of its timing,
possible origins and the benefits it afforded to the Late Prehistoric inhabitants of the region.
Techniques of ancient ceramic manufacture will be reconstructed through the use of thin section
petrography and important ethno-historic accounts that record the craft at the time of contact. It will be
demonstrated how the petrographic and geochemical signatures within of Late Prehistoric ceramics
can be used to study patterns of seasonal migration and cultural interaction between the different
ethno-linguistic groups of the area. Lastly, ceramic technology and distribution will be used to
consider how the native inhabitants of southern California adapted to periods of environmental
pressure, as well as the cultural changes brought about by the arrival of foreign settlers.
Essential (in library or on-line)
Arnold, J. E., Walsh, M. R. and Hollimon, S. E. 2004. The Archaeology of California. Journal of
Archaeological Research 12: 1–73. (pages 46-48)
Hohenthal, W.D. 2001. Tipai Ethnographic Notes: A Baja California Indian Community at Mid
Century. Balena Press, Novato, California. (pages 166-173)
Hagstrum, M. B. and Hildebrand, J. A. 1990. The two-curvature method for reconstructing vessel
morphology. American Antiquity, 55: 388-403.
Laylander, D. 1992. Tizon Brown Ware. In: Research Issues in San Diego Archaeology. San Diego
County Archaeological Society, San Diego.
(http://www.sandiegoarchaeology.org/Laylander/Issues/)
Quinn, P. S., Burton, M. (2009). Ceramic Petrography and the Reconstruction of Hunter-Gatherer
Craft Technology in Late Prehistoric Southern California. In Quinn, P. S. (ed.). Interpreting
Silent Artefacts: Petrographic Approaches to Archaeological Ceramics ( pp.267-295). Oxford,
England: Archaeopress.
Quinn, P. S., Burton, M. M., Broughton, D., Van Heymbeeck, S. (2013). Deciphering Compositional
Patterning in Plainware Ceramics from Late Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Sites in the
Peninsular Ranges, San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 78(4), 779-789.
For further reading (Available from P. Quinn)
Bayman, J. M., Hevly, R. H., Johnson, B., Reinhard, K. J., and Ryan, R. (1996). Analytical
perspectives on a protohistoric cache of ceramic jars from the lower Colorado Desert. Journal
of California and Great Basin Anthropology 18:131–154.
Hildebrand J.A. Gross G.T. Schaefer J. and Neff H. 2002. Patayan ceramic variability: Using trace
elements and petrographic analysis to study brown and buff wares in southern California. In:
Glowacki D.M. and Neff H. (eds.) Ceramic Production and Circulation in the Greater
Southwest. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Monograph 44. University of California, Los
17
Angeles: 121–139.
Laylander, D. 1997. Last Days of Lake Cahuilla: The Elmore Site. Pacific Coast Archaeological
Society Quarterly 33: 1–138.
Sampson, M. P. 2004 Aboriginal Settlement in Mine Wash and its Role in Local Prehistory, AnzaBorrego Desert State Park. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, 17:163170.
Wilken, M. 1982. The Paipai Potters of Baja California: A Living Tradition. The Masterkey 60:18-26.
8b - The Northwest Coast (Andrew Garrard)
At the time of first European contact, native groups of the North-West Pacific coast had developed the
greatest social and material complexity seen amongst any non-agricultural societies. Their economy
was heavily dependent on the exploitation of seasonally abundant marine resources, but they lived in
large corporate houses in permanent villages, in a socially ranked system which included hereditary
nobility as well as a class of slaves. They had developed extensive trade networks and craft
specialisation including the production of visually spectacular art to reinforce clan history as well as
social status. They carefully defended their resources and were engaged in intermittent warfare with
other groups. There has been much interest in how this level of complexity evolved in a nonagricultural society, and this lecture will trace the archaeological evidence for its development.
Essential
Ames K.M. 1994. The Northwest Coast. Complex hunter-gatherers, ecology and social evolution.
Annual Reviews of Anthropology 23: 209-229.
Ames K.M. 2001. Slaves, chiefs and labour on the Northern Northwest Coast. World Archaeology 33:
1-17.
Ames K.M. 2003. The Northwest Coast. Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 19-33.
Maschner H.1991. The emergence of cultural complexity on the northern Northwest Coast. Antiquity
65: 924-34.
Maschner H.D.G. (2011) Archaeology of Northwest Coast. In T.R. Pauketat (ed.) The Oxford
Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press: 160-172. (IoA: DEA
PAU)
For further reading: communities of the Northwest Coast
Ames K.M. (2005) North Coast Prehistory Project Excavations in Prince Rupert Harbour: the
Artifacts. Oxford: BAR S1342. (IoA: DEC Qto AME)
Ames K.M. & Maschner H.D.G. (1999) People of the Northwest Coast. London: Thames & Hudson.
(IoA: DEA AME)
Jonaitis A. (1988) From the Land of the Totem Poles. The Northwest Coast Indian Art Collection at
the American Museum of Natural History. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
(Art: DP5 JON)
Levi-Strauss, C. 1982. The Way of the Masks. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Matson R.G. & Coupland G. (1995) The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Orlando: Academic. (IoA:
DED 11 MAT)
Sobel E.A., Trieu Gahr A., Ames K.M. (2006) Household Archaeology on the Northwest Coast. Ann
Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory. (IoA: DEA SOB)
Suttles, W. (1968) Coping with abundance. Subsistence on the Northwest Coast. In R.B. Lee and I.
DeVore (eds.) Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine: 56-68. (IoA: HB LEE)
Suttles, W. (1990) Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 7 Northwest Coast. Washington,
Smithsonian Institute. (IoA: DEA Qto Ser HAN 7)
18
For further reading: communities of the Northwest Plateau
Hayden B. (1997) Pit houses of Keatley Creek. Complex hunter-gatherers of the North West Plateau.
London: Harcourt Brace College (IoA: DEC HAY)
Hayden B. (1997) Observations on the prehistoric social and economic structure of the North
American Plateau. World Archaeology 29: 242-61.
Hayden, B. (2005) The emergence of large villages and large residential corporate group structures
amongst complex hunter-gatherers at Keatley Creek. American Antiquity 70: 169-174.
Prentiss A-M. et al. (2007) The emergence of state inequality in intermediate scale societies. A
demographic and socio-economic history of the Keatley Creek site, British Columbia. Journal
of Anthropological Archaeology 26: 299-372. (IoA: DEA PAU)
Prentiss A-M. (2011) The winter village pattern on the plateau of northwestern North America. In T.R.
Pauketat (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University
Press. 173-184. (IoA: DEA PAU)
19
9
Contact: the archaeology of European colonization in North America
(Kevin MacDonald)
Vikings in Greenland and Newfoundland, Native groups in Virginia, and the east coast c. AD 15001750; Spanish and French contact and ’exploration’; early British settlements and interactions; the
impact on native populations. Case studies: St Augustine, Jamestown, Parkin.
The European colonisation and dominance of North America was by no means a foregone conclusion.
Original visits by the Vikings were small scale and tentative, if fascinating, endeavours. Early postColumbian colonist settlements were largely reliant upon exchange and diplomacy with native
populations. For some time, and until a tipping point in the 18th century, the close co-existence of
Native American and Euro-African populations seemed inevitable. This lecture will focus on the
period of AD 1500-1750 and processes of interaction and creolization in the eastern half of North
America.
Appelbaum, R. and Sweet, J. W. 2005 (eds). Envisioning an English empire: Jamestown and the
making of the North Atlantic world (Early American Studies). Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press. AMERICAN HISTORY C 631 APP
Bray, W. (ed.) 1993. The Meeting of Two Worlds: Europe and the Americas 1492-1650. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DF 200 BRA.
Deagen, K. 1983. Spanish St. Augustine: The Archaeology of a Colonial Creole Community. New
York: Academic Press.
*Dye, D.H. and C.A. Cox (eds.) 1990. Towns and Temples along the Mississippi. Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press. Copies of Chapter s 7 and 10, concerning archaeological
evidence of the DeSoto expedition will be made available.
Hume, I.N. 1991. Martin’s Hundred. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press
Ingstad, H. 1969. Westward to Vinland: the discovery of Pre-Columbian Norse house sites in North
America. London: Cape. STORE 00-01541
Ingstad, H. 1985. Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America. Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. STORE 14-0314
Ingstad, H. and A.S. Ingstad 2001. The Viking Discovery of America. New York: Facts on File.
*Kelso, W.M. 2008. Jamestown: The Buried Truth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
*Leone, M.P. and P.B. Potter Jr. (eds.) 1988. The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the
Eastern United States. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. Read Chapters 1 through 5.
Loren, D. DiPaolo 2000. The Intersections of Colonial Policy and Colonial Practice: Creolization on
the Eighteenth-Century Louisiana/Texas Frontier. Historical Archaeology 34(3):85-98.
Pauketat, T. 2001. The Archaeology of Traditions: Culture and History Before and After Columbus.
Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. Read Chapters 3 (Scarry), and 5 (Saunders),
*Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts:
Blackwell. Read Chapters 11 and 12.
Reinhart, T. R. and D. J. Pogue. 1999. The Archaeology of 17th Century Virginia. Richmond,
Virginia: Richmond Archaeological Society.
Silvia, D. E. 2002
. Native American and French Cultural Dynamics on the Gulf Coast.
Historical Archaeology 36(1):26-35.
Snow, Dean. 1980. The Archaeology of New England. New York: Academic Press.
Snow, Dean. 1994. The Iroquois. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stewart, C. (ed.) 2007. Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.
Read Introduction.
Usner, D.H. 1992. Indians, Settlers, & Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower
Mississippi Valley before 1783. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Chapters 1-3
AM HIST C300 USN
*Van Buren, M. 2010. The Archaeological Study of Spansih Colonialism in the Americas. Journal
ofArchaeological Research 18: 151-201.,
20
10
From the 18th century AD to the present
(Kevin MacDonald, Karen Wright)
The African diaspora, the archaeology of slavery, plantations and African cultural survival; the Civil
War and Battlefield archaeology; North America and Native American Heritage today; historical
archaeology of the United States of America (case study Monticello); archaeology of the 20th century
Post Contact-Period North American Historical Archaeology has focused primarily on the
archaeology of the African Diaspora. As a sub-field, after an inception primarily documenting
plantation systems, Diaspora archaeology has turned more to issues of African cultural survival and
transformation in the New World. So-called colonoware pottery and elements of African architecture
in the New World have served as foci for debate. Interest has also been generated in using
archaeology to better explain America’s many national and state battlefield parks. A particularly
important example of forensic battlefield information that can be recovered through careful study is the
archaeological re-evaluation of the Battle of Little Big Horn.
Native American heritage issues today are inevitably complex, but positive developments of
the past twenty years have resulted in more Native involvement in, and control over, cultural
resources, including archaeological sites. Power over the management of cultural resources is shared
between federal and state governmental bodies and Native tribal councils, although tensions persist in
these arrangements.
Interesting issues also attend the historical archaeology of sites which are special to the
formation of the United States and to slavery, eg Thomas Jefferson’s home at Monticello.
African Diaspora Archaeology
Ferguson, L. 1992. Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650-1800.
Washington, DC: Smithsonian.
*Haviser, J. and K. MacDonald (eds.) 2006. African Re-Genesis: confronting social issues in the
Diaspora. London: UCL Press Read Chapter 1 (Haviser & MacDonald) and Chapter 6
(Morgan)
Leone, M., et al. 1995 Can an Afro-American historical archaeology be an alternative voice? In, I.
Hodder, et al. (eds) Interpreting Archaeology. London, Routledge, pp. 110-24. TC 3513, Inst
Arch AH HOD, Issue Desk HOD 1.
Leone, M.P. and P.B. Potter Jr. (eds.) 1988. The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the
Eastern United States. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. Read Chapter 11 (Singleton)
MacDonald, Kevin C. and David W. Morgan 2012.
African Earthen Structures in Colonial
Louisiana: Architecture from the Coincoin Plantation (1788-1816). Antiquity 86: 161-177.
*Morgan, D. W. and K. C. MacDonald 2011 Colonoware in Western Colonial Louisiana: Makers and
Meaning. In The Historical Archaeology of French America: Louisiana and the Caribbean,
edited by K. Kelly and M. Hardy, pp. 117-151. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
*Mouer, L.D. et al. 1999. ‘Colonoware Pottery, Chesapeake Pipes, and “Uncritical Assumptions”’ In
T. Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life . pp.
83-115. Charlottesville: University of Virginia.
Pauketat, T. 2001. The Archaeology of Traditions: Culture and History Before and After Columbus.
Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
Singleton, Theresa A. and Mark Bograd 2000. Breaking Typological Barriers: looking for the Colono
in Colonoware. in J. Delle, S. Mrozowski and R. Paynter eds. Lines that Divide: Historical
Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender. pp.3-21.Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
Wheaton, T.R. 2002. Colonial African American Plantation Villages, in J.W. Joseph & J.A. King
(eds.) Another’s Country: Archaeological and historical perspectives on cultural interactions in
the Southern Colonies, 30-44, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Wheaton, T.R. and Garrow, P.H. 1985. Acculturation and the Archaeological Record in the Carolina
Lowcountry, in T. Singleton (ed.) The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, 239-59,
Orlando: Academic Press.
21
Civil War/ Battlefield Archaeology
Geir, C.R. Jr. and S.R. Potter 2001. Archaeological Perspectives on the American Civil War.
Tallahassee: University Press of Florida.
Geir, C.R. Jr. and S.E. Winter 1994. Look to the Earth: Historical Archaeology and the American Civil
War. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Read Chapter 1, skim through others.
Scott, D.D., R.A. Fox, M.A. Connor and D. Harmon 1989. Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle
of Little Bighorn. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
*Scott, D.D. and A.P. McFeaters 2011. The Archaeology of Historic Battlegrounds: a history and
theoretical development in conflict archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research . 19: 103132.
Native American Heritage Issues
Brown, Dee. 1970. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. New
York: Random House.
Ferguson, T.J., 1996. Native Americans and the practice of archaeology. Annual Review of
Anthropology 25 , 63-80.
Kehoe, A., 1998. The Land of Prehistory: a Critical History of American Archaeology. Routledge,
New York.
Pauketat, T.R., 2012. Questioning the past in North America. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3-17.
Pauketat, T.R., Loren, D.D., 2005. Alternative histories and North American archaeology. In: Pauketat,
T.R., Loren, D.D. (eds.), North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 1-29.
Watkins, J., 2012. Bone lickers, grave diggers and other unsavory characters: archaeologists,
archaeological cultures and the disconnect from native peoples. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The
Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 2838.
Wills, W., 2009. Cultural identity and the archaeological construction of historical narratives: an
example from Chaco Canyon. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16 , 283-319.
Heritage Issues and Sites of the Early United States of America
Eichstedt, J.L. and S. Small 2002. Representations of Slavery: Race and Ideology in Southern
Plantation Museums. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian.
*Gable, Eric. 2011. Anthropology and Egalitarianism: Ethnographic Encounters from Monticello to
Guinea-Bissau. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Chapter 3, ‘Jefferson’s
Ardor’
Handler, R. 2004. Deep dirt: messing up the past at colonial Williamsburg. In: Rowan, Y. and Baram,
U. (eds.), Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption of the Past. Walnut Creek:
Altamira Press, pp. 167-182.
*Neiman, F.D. 2008. The lost world of Monticello: an evolutionary perspective. Journal of
Anthropological Research 64 (2): 161-193.
*http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/monticello-archaeology
Archaeology of the Recent Past
Little, B. 2004. Is the medium the message? The art of interpreting archaeology in U.S. National Parks.
In: Rowan, Y. and Baram, U. (eds.), Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption
of the Past. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, pp. 269-286
National Park Service 2002. The cultural heritage of Route 66.
http://www.nps.gov/rt66/News/Up_run.htm
ASSESSMENTS – SEE SEPARATE HANDOUT
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APPENDIX A: POLICIES & PROCEDURES (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY)
General policies & procedures concerning courses & coursework, including submission procedures,
assessment criteria, & general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook & on the following
website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read & comply with these.
Note that some of the policies & procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g.
undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If
in doubt, consult your course co-ordinator.
For a summary of this information see Appendix B (below), but make sure that you consult the above
website.
APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF POLICIES & PROCEDURES
This appendix provides a short précis of policies & procedures relating to courses. It is not a substitute
for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For full information on
Institute policies & procedures, see the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin
For UCL policies & procedures, see the Academic Regulations & the UCL Academic Manual:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/
ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required, except in case of illness or other adverse
circumstances which are supported by medical certificates or other documentation. A register will be
taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether
there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each
coursework cover sheet.
COURSEWORK SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: You must submit a hardcopy of coursework to
the Co-ordinator's pigeon-hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception (or, in the case of first year
undergraduate work, to room 411a) by stated deadlines. Coursework must be stapled to a completed
coversheet (available from IoA website; the rack outside Room 411A; or the Library). You should put
your Candidate Number (a 5 digit alphanumeric code, found on Portico. Please note that this number
changes each year) & Course Code on all coursework. It is also essential that you put your Candidate
Number at the start of the title line on Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework (example:
YBPR6 Funerary practices).
LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations, unless prior
permission for late submission has been granted & an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed. The
penalties are as follows: i) A penalty of 5 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted
the calendar day after the deadline (calendar day 1); ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be
applied to coursework submitted on calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7; iii) A
mark of zero should be recorded for coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after the deadline
through to the end of the second week of third term. Nevertheless, the assessment will be considered to
be complete provided the coursework contains material than can be assessed; iv) Coursework
submitted after the end of the second week of third term will not be marked & the assessment will be
incomplete.
TURNITIN: Date-stamping is via Turnitin, so in addition to submitting hard copy, you must also
submit your work to Turnitin by midnight on the deadline day. If you have questions or problems,
contact ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk.
RETURN OF COURSEWORK & RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked coursework
within four calendar weeks of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this
period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is
returned to you, return it to the Course Co-ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all
coursework submitted.
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WORD LENGTH: Essay word-lengths are normally expressed in terms of a recommended range. Not
included in the word count are the bibliography, appendices, tables, graphs, captions to figures, tables,
graphs. You must indicate word length (minus exclusions) on the cover sheet. Exceeding the
maximum word-length expressed for the essay will be penalized in accordance with UCL penalties for
over-length work.
CITING OF SOURCES & AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your
own words, citing the exact source (author, date & page number; website address if applicable) of any
ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media
(books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be
indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity,
which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation,
referencing & avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism & the
procedures & penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/currentstudents/guidelines/plagiarism
MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please
contact Nicola Cockerton, Room 411a (nicola.cockerton@ucl.ac.uk).
24