Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
Environmental, Social and Economic Effects of Wars
Yeşim KUBAR1 and Ayşe Esra PEKER2
War, which countries use as an instrument for
the solution of
conflictions between them, passed a transformation, depending on
the
technological developments and became armed conflictions, whose destruction is
high and which has multiple dimensions, and, moving away from being an
instrument of foreign policy the governments only use the army, air, and marine
forces, with its dimension of threat, brought even the powerful states into
the state they will need the
help of the other states. The use of powdered
weapons, accepted as the beginning of modern wars, is a turning point.
Development of large ships that can shoot, development of powdered weapons
transformed the wars, which were earlier long and with less loss, into the wars,
which end in the shorter time, and in which more loses occur. Attempting the
conflictions that cannot be solved via diplomacy to solve with the force of
weapons is a phenomenon as old as mankind history. The countries, at the point
where the negotiations blocked, despite its heavy price, appealed to the war for
solving the conflictions and, for this aim, allocate large resources for arming.
Assessing correctly the varying war conditions, making a determination toward
future seems to be highly important in terms of protecting the dominance of
country and human health.
Keywords: War, Peace, Mass Destruction Weapons, Cyber War, Effects of War
1. Introduction
The concept war, which means struggle with gun, battle, and combat the
states
attempted, interrupting their diplomatic relationships, was analyzed
throughout history (http://www.tdk.gov.tr ). According to Clausewitz, war is not
anything other than very enlarged duello (translated by Çeliker,1991;43). Saying
of Russel that “The war decides who is powerless, not who is right” is also
important in terms of its expressing that the results will be determined by the
power (http://tr.wikiquote.org/wik ). War is an instrument forcing to accept the
opposite side their wills with that the parts use all savings they have in
effective way.
Archeological record, whether it is first or not at the present days,
considered that it may be the first war in the world history, is about war of 7,000
years in the region known 117th cemetery. It is considered that body, in whose
skeleton there is arrowhead, is a person dying as a result of war. Those known
about antiquity generally consist of the history of armies such as which
conquest they make, their movements and technological inventions. This
situation has many reasons: being able to keep under control the kingships
and empire, which are existent as administrative units,
with only military
power; that there are a few place that can support the large societies during
the agriculture made in limited amount caused societies to often wage war.
1
Asistant Professor. Yeşim KUBAR, Firat University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative
Sciences, Departmant Economy, TURKEY ykubar@firat.edu.tr
2
Asistant Professor. Ayşe Esra PEKER, Firat University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative
Sciences, Departmant Economy, TURKEY esrapeker@firat.edu.tr
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
The most prevalent theory in the literature of international relationships is
realism emphasizing that the states are power focus. One of the main assumptions
is that state is an actor. The aim of state to survive; therefore, there is no
ethics, there are interests. The state, for being able to survive, must either
increase its power or balance the power distribution in the system, forming
alliances. This viewpoint comes to our face as a case supporting the war. Until
19th century, there were no theoretical studies toward understanding the
causes of wars, because humans thought of that the cause of wars was very
clear. The governments went to war for the gains or to protect themselves
from the attacks of the other governments pursuing the gains. The wars were
being started by the government wanting to gain more than loss, gaining
victory. When we reached the 20th century, that the wars modified
their
shapes and the First World War, the largest war Europe saw, initiated
war
century. For the industrial societies, the thoughts such as large scale death
and destruction the weapons that are the products of
the advanced
technology can make; and the costs, economic collapse, political depression,
and etc. war will bring began to appear
and the theories of international
relationships emerged (http://www.yenith denatilim.com).
In this study, the concept war is briefly discussed; the sorts of war and
the variation it undertakes, effects it creates on the societies, and its economic,
social, psychological, and environmental dimensions are emphasized, and the
economic effects of the First and Second World Wars are mentioned about.
2. Why Are Wars Waged?
The known history of humankind dates to 5000 years ago and, in this
process, humankind became in the war state. In the war history of humankind,
the winners, because they obtained booties, enlarged their territories, they
captured, formed the rejoiced part, while losers became the part that are sorry.
The part winning the war prevailed in the region they live, until it was beaten
in another war.
When the factors leading humankind to wage war are studied, the
different answers were reached. According to somebody, the wars break out
with the factor “fear”. The fear of an human from another human, of families
from the other families, and of state from another state is accepted the cause
of a war. Another cause is the factors such as “jealousy” and “covetousness”.
The desires of humans to have the properties they do not themselves have , but
the others have resulted in the war.
Humans acquired lands they live on as a home in time. The need to
defend the home made obligatory to establish an army. Land, from the first
day to now, together with underground resources is indispensable value and
an important natural wealth for humans.
Therefore, acquiring new lands
forms an important reasons for wars. There are also the other reasons, related
to the concept for war. such as not deeming a society living a certain land
worth of that land According to the philosophy based on the era of Roman
Empire, if the publics that do not have ability and that are not productive
live on the wealthy lands, their countries can be dispossessed; they can
dismissed from there, swept away, Another reason is the demand for help of
the minorities under press (http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/).
Since the first ages, humans live in a community.. Behind this, there
are many factors such
as that the human living alone
cannot protect
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
himself/herself; that he/she remain inadequate in his/her obligatory needs; and
psychological factors. However, with coming together of humans that cannot
live alone, the fights were first seen and, following these, with that the fights
grow and intensify in time, it was seen that these fights transformed into
confliction. Thucydides accounts for the reasons for fights as competition
directing the human to the gain, timidity with the dimension of security, and
victory directing to the violence (Yalçınkaya, 2004;40). The wars that emerge,
from the case, in which the primitive tools replaced to a period, when the
modern weapon systems, arms, marine and air operational forces are formed
in time.
Hobbes, while accounting for the basis of war, with the expression of
“Insecurity engenders from inequality” means the closeness of the expectation of
reaching the aims with the close ability level. With the desire of having the
same thing also emerges hospitality. With the approach that “ War engenders
from insecurity”, insecurity emerging due to inequality is base
of war.
According to Hobbes, for avoiding from the threat resulted from insecurity
and inequality, dominating on the other is a right reason, because in lack of a
power to keep in peace everybody, courage to wage war urged one part to
attack to every part (Uşaklı, 2007;11 ).
In historical process, as a real reasons for the wars between states, it
is seen that there are imperialist ambitions The underlying reason of both
world wars experienced in 20th century is, in the simplest expression, following
the imperialist policies, to provide a new zones of influence. Attributing these to
the reason of “democratization” and “prevention”, it is seen that international
legitimacy is tried to be brought in arming (Uşaklı, 2007:25)
Another view toward explaining the reasons for war is a view that wars
are existent in the nature of human. According to this view, there are an
unsatisfied desire toward ambition, aggression, and reaching power. But, this
view is not generally accepted. The subject of war is also evaluated by
psychologists and, this issue is analyzed from two different aspects, as the
opinion of the scientists such as Feud and Lorenz adopting the method of
psychoanalysis that the aggression feature of human is inherent and the views
of Wright and Hoebel that humankind do not inherently bring the war and learns
it later. Wright said that the primitive men are the people who are the least war
loving and war loving proportionally increases with civilization. Hoebel also
argued that war tendency is not an instinct and that it is a very developed
cultural complexity (Fromm, 2011: 272). According to Hobbes, humans become
enemy to each other in view of the desire of having the same thing. They
try to destroy
each other and becomes dominant on each other. Hobbes
said that there were three main reasons for the fight in the nature of
human. First of them is competition; second, insecurity, and, third, the sense of
fame-honor (Veysal, 2006: 46 ). Malthus argued that the wars balanced world
population in such a way similar to diseases and droughts (Veysal, 2006: 56)
.Ibn Haldun claimed that the first reasons for war resulted from the sense
of revenging of humans from each other. According to Haldun, sense of
revenging may engender the effort, anger, competing in any issue, and mutual
enemy, and this kind of sense occurs between the communities and clans
becoming enemy to each other (Haldun, 1989: 37). According to Haldun, the
second reason for war is enemy. The third reason for war is to wage war
for the sake of God and religion.
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
War became a valid institute in Western societies. In the technical and
social
conditions of Western societies, war was used as a destroying
instrument for many times (Toynbee, 1997: 15). Grotius emphasized
the
reasons showing the war right. Defending what we have and trying to obtain
what is owed to us can be deemed as the right reasons for wars. Humans
can enter the war to protect their lives. If the danger is unavoidable,
the war can be undertaken (Grotius, 2011: 74-75 ). Tolstoy suggested that the
wars should be examined with their real reasons, not visible reasons. He
uttered that saying as the reason for Russia –France War is the warlike spirit
of Napoleon and patriot decisiveness is
as nonsense as saying that an
impassable mountain collapsed since the last worker stroke the last pickaxe to
it (Tolstoy, 2010: 27).
2.1. The Characteristics of War and Concepts It Formed in Societies
It is possible to express the characteristics of war as that there is a
case, which cannot be solved with the other methods; that a decision to
apply violence is made as a radical solution; that the wars are used in an
organized way; that the war has a past and future; that the success cannot be
reduced to only the military successes; that the war has a high cost; that is
a high participated action shaped by dominants with certain operations; that it
contains to impede the will of rival and to get it accept its own will; that
although the monopolism to use power is in the government, every kind of
political authority targets to expand, as a general logic of using violence,
acquiring the economic resources and strategic facilities; that the parts of
war should search for the alliance to themselves; and that the war
accelerates the national or international change (Dedeoğlu,2006;25-30).
War required the material and spiritual force .In every period, the part,
whose material and spiritual power is high, won the war. Therefore, the parts
that wage war used the people, who are powerful and strong, i.e. the young
population in the war areas. In the societies, those going to war were sent
with ceremonies;
those dying in the war were called “hero” and “ martyr”;
and they were buried with applauses and prayers . The monuments was built
to those showing “bravery” and title of “veteran” to those injured in the wars.
Every war area mostly became the cemetery of the young people..
Sometimes, in view of the lasting wars, even the need for burial of those
dying cannot be met; those dying were buried into collective cemeteries. The
wars did not end in the war areas in their all dimensions. Those waging
war
nursed grievance to each other; grudge and hate accompanied the
following destructions and life loses. In any period of history, any long period,
when there is no
war and destruction, was not experienced. In 1960, a
Norwegian statistician, in a study he carried out, over 5560 years from human
’s inventing the script to the date, when the study was carried out, calculated
that 14,561 wars broke out; and that there occurred 2.21 wars per year
(Bayat, 1985: 72) .
During war, those sheltering to the other countries took the names such
as refugee. The concept capture also emerged together with wars. During and
after war, the cases such as profiteering, black-market, and looting occurred.
Wars became one of
the causes of the foreign migrations. Humans, in
order to live in more secure and peaceful environment, were obliged to replace.
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
2.2. Sorts of War and Social Effects of War
The struggle between states or communities can be experienced in the
different ways. It is difficult to classify the wars in a completely discriminable
way Mostly, some sorts of war can be together executed or can begin with a
sort and sustain with the different sorts. The wars can be classified as
personal, feudal, dynasty, national, and religious wars; according to their
intensities, as limited and total wars; and according to the geographical criteria
as general and local wars.
Interstate war is a sort of confliction, which is generally executed on a
country, and experienced between states.
Civil War: In the recent years, interstate wars were began to replace with
civil wars, in which non –state actors such as guerilla groups, resistance
movements, and terrorist organizations participate. It is an armed struggle,
executed between the organized groups within the state, to generally take the
state under control or to found a new state.
Conventional War: Instead of randomized and momentary
attacks,
conventional wars are organized wars due to the fact that they are executed
by the armed forces or the educated warriors showing effectiveness around
a strategy,
Total war, mass destroying the civilian and military enemy targets, is a
war holding an aim to provide unconditional surrender of enemy and in which
all society participate with a comprehensive compulsory military service and,
directing the economy to the military aims.
Hegemonic war, reorganizing the global power balance, is a war to
establish dominance all over the world.
Guerilla War: Its lexical meaning is “small war”: It is a resistance or
public war, which makes emphasis to the elements of mobility and surprise,
rather than superior fire power, and which is executed by the irregulars that use
tactics in compatible with land (http://www.libertedownload.co).
Chemical War is a war, carried out with the substances in the state of
solid, liquid, gas or aerosol, which, thanks to its chemical properties, shows a
killing, injurious, and iritating influences; which generates the smog and fire; and
which is effective on the plants and metals
Biological War: It is the deliberate use of microorganisms in order to give
rise the damage in the human, animals, and plants, and to give damage the material
(sivilsavunma.ogu.edu.tr/ppt). Right to live is accepted as the most important
legal-humanistic criterion showing the civilization level of a country in our age.
Every right of human beings must be protected. However, with the wars,
humans devoid of right to live. Although war turns the economic order upside
down, it directly affects
the human of that region. The wars bring many
diseases together with them. The patients become not being able to medicine
and even hospital. After war, life
conditions become difficult. Humans
experience troubles from
spiritual and physical point of view and these
troubles affect the women and children much more.
The effect of war on the human life is most. The effects of war show
themselves in every area. These effect are permanent and can continue for
very long time (https://sites.google.com/site/mervebaylas). After the First World
War, because one hundred thousands of soldiers stayed in the bulwarks full
of mad, dirty, and death over 4 years, most of the soldiers could not be rid of
psychological effect of war A trauma, called bomb shock and seen very
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
prevalently among veterans, led the patents to experience the bouts
of
intensive fear and trembling. The trace of war not only permeated the souls
of some soldiers but also their bodies and ten thousands of soldiers lost
their arms and legs in the war field. That there are many soldiers, whose
eyes, noses, or chines were fractured caused, in the European countries.
special
masques to be produced
for
these humans
to
use
(ttp://www.msxlabs.org/forum/tarih/4338)
Despite the destructiveness of war, attention was attracted that it had
the positive aspects for societies. According to some views, war increases
the physical power and reduces the weakness. The pure and noble senses of
peace art engender from the wars. All nations learn the realities and the power
of thought from the wars. The spiritual senses of nations increases during
wars, while their weaknesses rise in the time of peace. There are also views
arguing that the wars are means to maintain the order of God. Preventing
the wars, which are as old as humankind history is a subject of discussion.
According to the views, which are optimistic about this issue, human being
demolishing the slavery system that are existent since the first day of history
has also power to be able to eliminate
the wars. Erginsoy classified the
periods of war as animal period of war, primitive period of war, civilized
period of war, and modern period of war. The wars can be divided into two
groups as general wars and regional wars according to their prevalence
(Bayat, 1985: 73). According to the weapons used, the wars are divided into
three as conventional wars, nuclear wars ( strategic nuclear war, tactical
nuclear war), and limited wars (Bayat, 1985: 61). The wars can occur between
people, nations, regimes, commanders, and even world leaders (Page, 2000:
445). Wright divided
the wars into four: Defending Wars, Social Wars,
Economic Wars, and Political Wars. Wright, in the studies he carried out, said
that the humans experiencing in the primitive periods are the least war loving
and that war loving proportionally increased
with civilization (Aktaş ve
Safran,2013;1590 ). These findings contrast to the claims that destructiveness
is existent in the human nature. Hogo Grotius evaluated the wars judicial
point of view. According to Grotius, wars are divided into two as right wars
and unfair wars. The most important one of causes of the right war is that
somebody, against whom we wage war earlier made unfairness to us (Grotius,
2007: 73 ). But, after the last quarter of 18th century, wars underwent to the
important changes. French revolution wars and establishment of mass armies,
based on the compulsory military
service of the citizens of Napoleon era
began to enlarge the time and scope of wars. Napoleon Wars (1803-1815)
are accepted as the first total wars (Beşikçi: 2010: 63 )
Crimean War is deemed as a corner stone in the pass to the modern
wars. The armies are managed for long time and, during the war, steam ships
and telegram were used.1861-1865 American Civil War can be deemed as the
first large modern war in history. During American Civil War, the armies were
transported via railways and supported; the steam ships mutually waged war;
the armies were managed by telegrams from time to times; and serial fire
guns were used (Akad, 2011: 14 ). That the management is acquired by the
parliaments and mass, being taken from
the hands of kings is the most
important cause of that the war becomes total and absolute. At the point,
where the ruler gives up, the armies do not give up and, face up to very
large disasters, the wars are continued (Akad, 2011: 12).
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
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ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
In 1993, Samuel Huntington, in the paper titled “Confliction of Civilizations
”, said that the wars in the future will occur between cultures, especially
between Muslim and Christian world (Wells, 2009: 141).
Today, the most
prevalent wars are seen to be civil wars. Besides this, terrorism events include
a great danger for humankind.
The kind of war that is both very different from the wars and creates
dreadful effect, developed in 21st century and dated to the present days, is
Cyber Wars. Cyber War is a name given all actions executed to protect the
cyber spaces and existences in it. Attacking the targets, determined as enemy
to
the attempts of cyber-attack, making a cross –defense, and collecting
intelligence data in the cyber space in target constitute the cyber war activities.
The main target of cyber wars is the infrastructures of information system of
the critical sectors of countries such as security, health, energy, transportation,
communication,
water,
banking,
and
public
services
(tps://www.bilgiguvenligi.gov.tr ). The instruments of cyber media, used to make
ineffective the counter side, to damage it, and to steal data, are referred to
cyber weapons. Cyber Wars arec also termed as 5th Dimension War. It is
determined as 5th war area of human being after the land, marine, air, and
space. Cyber War
is
to reach
the information systems under
the
computerized control of
enemy in hidden and invisible through internet, in
order to collapse it psychologically (http://ylt44.com/bilimsel/siber.html) Acquiring
control is to steal information, modify, collapse, or mislead. Cyber War is that a
state acts to create an damage or interruption, permeating the computer
system and networks of another state. Cyber war incorporates many methods
and techniques within itself. There are working areas that can be used in the
area of cyber war. Many areas such as the breakdowns of systems via
intelligence manipulation, propaganda, taking communication under control,
viruses, and Troy horses; sabotages with cyber bombs; system interlocking;
fraud; and information pollution contribute to the formation of cyber war
(Kara,2013;40).
A large part of the budgets of countries are allocated to war. While
approximate cost of a bomber aircraft, fighter plane, or Cruise missile that is
not caught by radars is expressed in millions dollars,
the cost of products
used in the cyber media is very lower and easy to obtain them, because the
products we need computers and their software. Through a computer, more
damage can be brought than a large army with full equipment brings damage.
The target we damage includes every kind of area of the country, not only
the military systems. The systems of countries, integrated with cyber medium,
present the benefit of developedness: Also integrating with cyber medium
means to be open to the cyber threats and, more badly, the areas cyber
weapons threaten form a backbone of a country.
2.3 Environmental Effects of Wars
Wars cause to destruction via the secondary damages and intentional
devastation. Environmental destruction and devastation of living environments
are used
as a war winning strategy to eliminate
the enemies. The
environmental effects of modern wars are collected in three groups as the
environmental effects forming during the preparation for war, environmental
effects forming during war, and environmental effects emerging after war.
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
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ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
The effects of preparation for war on the environment are expressed as
rearranging the environment according to the needs of army for the armed
forces to place in the region, devastating the natural structures; environmental
pollution forming the preparation of weaponry systems; testing the weapons;
and direct destroying effects of military drills to the environment. Military aimed
airways, armories, military bases and large lands are required. Land of
millions of acres allocated for the production, storage, and test of weapons
(chemical, biological, nuclear, and conventional) have been polluted at the
advanced level at the present days and, bringing them in the natural life,
even if military aimed use were interrupted, is almost impossible. There is a
need for large lands for military drills. During these drills, land and air
bombardment, for the reasons such as the movements of tanks and armored
vehicles, all natural structure is devastated. As a result of this situation, the
negative environmental effects such as soil pollution, pollution of underground
and aboveground water resources, air pollution, and getting harmed of wild life
in the region emerge (Soysal, 2005: 48 ).
Wars became more destructive with war technologies developed in
20th century. Chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, long range missiles,
and air bombardments both made the civilians target and caused more and long
timed environmental devastation. Especially beginning from the Second
World War, seeing and bombing the industrial plants, infrastructure systems
of cities, and civil zones of occupation both raised the civil loses over the
military losses and caused the environmental devastations, also showing its
effect after war. Even
today,
the destructive influences of atom bombs
released by US to Hiroshima and Nagasaki are observed. Modern weapons
used Kosovo and Gulf Wars became deadly both with their explosive effects
and the poisonous chemicals and radiation they contain and created a
devastative influence on the environment (Soysal, 2005: 49). During 1st Gulf
War, millions of barrels of raw oil were diffused over Persian Gulf; millions of
seabirds died; the oil wells in the desert were devastated; and the animals and
plants exposed to the bioturbation and disappeared. In addition, diffusion of
tons of dirty gas over atmosphere caused to snowing in Kashmir, while in
Iran and India to land rains (Berberoğlu, 2008). In the years of war, in general,
the profit the use of resources, illegally sustained, brings gave an opportunity for
a handful of people to be able to become rich and the various groups to
buy plenty of weapons However, these conflictions brought the violations of
human rights, human disasters, and environmental devastations for most of
the local publics, and in turn, pulled these countries to the bottom part of
human development criteria (Şakacı, 2008;18 )
Nowadays, the long timed negative effects of modern weapons on the
environment cause the humans to
engage in the large environmental
devastations emerging after the war. The infrastructure, brought into unusable
with bombardments, destroyed forests, soils becoming inefficient, radioactive
pollution, aboveground and underground water resources becoming not usable
by being polluted lead to the human losses and even large migrations in also
post-war period. These migrations, mostly led to the excessive population
movements and environmental
problems in the regions migrated In addition,
that the humans change their countries collectively can cause
the
conflictions and instabilities in the country left or the country or region arrived .
The land mines, planted in the war period, lead to
the serious civilian
losses after war as well. Collecting land mines, used due to the fact that
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
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ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
they are practical and cheap, is difficult and expensive. . Therefore, acres
of lands ( particularly agriculture) in the old confliction regions remain closed
for use (Soysal, 2005: 48 ).
The reason for that about 2 millions of
unexploded bomb in the region after Gulf War is that the permanent effect of
the use of large area effective bombs . That is, for these pieces of these
bomb to be able to make ineffective, it is necessary for them
to be
exploded. In addition, differently from land mines, the places of these
pieces of bombs are not known (Tuna, 2003:154 ). Extermination of poisonous
military wastes and the weaponry systems that become old also cause the
environmental pollution. Today, it is known that the area over 20,000 are
polluted with the poisonous military wastes. The limited resources of the world,
in spite of all of these problems, are increasingly used for war.
2.4. Mass Destruction Weapons and Their Effects
The term of mass destruction weapons (MDW) having effect on the
transformation of war is used for the weapons that will lead to large amount
of deaths. With the expression of MDW, what is meant is the nuclear,
biological, and chemical weapons. The expression of MDW was first used for
the air strike, to which the city of Guernica, Spain, exposed in 1937. MDW
has spread all over the word with a high speed since 1945. MDW are the
weapons in quality that will create clear differences in the future wars. This,
in fact, supports the argument that technology transforms war. The concept,
often used, especially, in post- cold war period and, beginning from that Iraq
occupied Kuwait, pronounced in the relevant UN decisions, became more
often pronounced after September 11 attacks and placed in the political and
academic life including the daily language (Denk,2011;94).
Toward preventing MDW from becoming widespread, on the one hand,
especially in the scope of press and international law, particularly applied to
some states, while the agreements toward preventing these weapons from
using are made, on the other hand, the efforts toward developing more
deathful weapons that are not against these agreements are carefully followed.
The use of MDW is based on a long history. Among MDW, nuclear weapons
were firstly produced in two sorts during World War II in a framework of a
program, known in US as Manhattan project, First of these is atom bomb
with plutonium and it was first time tested in Alamogordo, US, on the date of
July 16, 1945. The second one is atom bomb with uranium and even without
being tested, was used in Hiroshima, Japan on the date of August 6, 1945.
Except for 5 countries (US, Russia, China, France, and United Kingdom)
officially having nuclear power, Pakistan and India are accepted non-official
nuclear power (http://www.tuicakademi.org )
Biological weapons are the ones showing its effect, affecting the human
metabolism. Following the dispersion of the bacteria or viruses, which
are
microbes that proliferate by breeding, to the target zone, they reach the
local people and spreading from the person to person, show their real effects.
According to the declaration made by NATO and US centered Control and
Prevention Crevice for Disease, anthrax , smallpox, plague, thalassemia,
hemorrhagic fever
factors, and botulism toxin are
the potential biological
weapons that are the most important and whose use are the most possible
Chemical weapons are the substances, produced to make a physical and
psychological devastation
effect on human, benefiting from the poisonous
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
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ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
features of chemical substances. That these substances, due to their being
lifeless,
proliferate or spread
from human to human is not under
consideration. However, due to the chemical substances they contain, they
have devastating effects on human.
2.5 Effect of War on Health
The use of mass destruction weapons and every kind of war have
the large and important effect on the health of humans. One of the largest
negativities the war media bring is contagious diseases. Together with
increase of migrations after wars, the epidemic diseases such as cholera,
typhus, plague, pox, Spanish flu, and etc. become widespread in front. The
contagious diseases the civilians mostly affected, not only the soldiers in
front. Thus, the number of the deaths because of epidemic diseases among
civilian life became more than the member of those dying again because of
epidemic diseases (Çalık and Tepekaya,;206).
In wars, the losses the army give due to the epidemic diseases are in
the amount of
extremely high and important. During World War I and II,
preventing
the epidemic
diseases from spreading
and
struggling with
diseases became a part of war strategy. In many wars, it was seen that
the number of soldiers dying due to cholera, typhoid, and dysentery was
more than those dying during conflictions. The wars, made executed
successively, played an important role in the spread of
the epidemic
diseases. (ttp://www.eraren.org/index )
Among the negative effects of war, the increase of the probability of
seeing the breast cancer, leukemia, thyroid cancer, and brain tumor take
place. The damage the war and war wastes bring does not only remain limited
with the proliferation of cancer sorts. Due to the fact that the immune system
of the children coming into world after the war is extremely weak, the children
suffered from war will enter under a great risk. The wastes in the air, water,
and food, passing from mother’s womb to the baby, may make active the
passive effect in the mother and father . That is, since a
child,
whose
parents are healthy, comes into world from the mother and father, exposed to
war, can be obliged to bear the heavy load of war.
The chemical substances used in the production of various chemical
weapons or explosives used during war and wastes affect
the respiratory
system
and raise the risk the children are caught to the diseases such as
asthma and bronchitis. In addition, in respiratory tract and lungs of the
children, directly exposed to the disease, the serious injuries chemical
substance leads to are observed. One of the negative effects of war on
human health emerges on the skin. The chemical substances used during
war leads to the serious injuries on the face of skin and the injuries
requiring a long time treatment, due to lack of hygienic medium during war,
sends invitation to the other microbial diseases.
As in hot war, war syndrome also threatens
the public health
Particularly, psychological point of view, due to war syndrome negatively
affecting humans, the disorders such as headache, high blood pressure,
nausea, and tachycardia emerge (www.bilgilersitesi.com/savasin)
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
3. Effects of War on Economy
In the war period or in the periods, when there is probability of war
breaking out, economic situation, in which the economic resources are directed
to the production of
goods war require, and decisions of the production,
sharing, and consumption are under control of government, are defined as
war economy.
One of the most important study areas of war economy is the cost of
today’s war to the future generations. The real costs consist of the financial
burden resulted from financing today’s wars, which reflect to the future
generations as well as the difference between economic welfare today’s
generations will have, if the war does nor breaks out, and welfare level they
actually have after war, and decrease in the quality of population due to
war. In the framework of cost to the future generations, due to the fact that
preparation for war, an important part of labor force is drawn from the
productive sector during war, and that they lose the qualifications civil
economy
requires in this process, for them to be again brought in the
economy after
war, it is also necessary to consider the necessary
comprehensive
educational programs, in spite of this, that they remain
unemployed,
and, thus,
the costs
they
will
charge
to
society
(Öztürkler,2015;88).
When we regard to the economic results of 1 st and 2nd World War, First
Word War led to the death of 10 million of soldiers, and seriously being
injured of 20 million of them. A serious loss occurred in terms of population
and its negative effect from the point of labor had been quite large. When it
is considered that those dying and remaining disabled are young population,
it is seen that this effect is very large and important. Just as in every
period of war, also in the period of First and Second World War, military
expenditures increased and, due to the fact that that the war lasts long and it
affects many countries at the same moment, it had a large effect in terms
of indirect cost and, in the period of war, the houses, industrial plants, mining
sector, agricultural and livestock, transportation vehicles and
communication
systems exposed to a large damage and wear in the period of war.
In war years, what is more important than physical destruction from
the economic point of view is disturbance of economic
relationships. This
case
was also experienced in the First and Second World War and,
especially, foreign trade was upside down. Overseas countries were obliged
either to produce
on their own or buy from Europe. In the First and Second
World Wars, inflation became an important problem at national and
international level. During war, as a result of that the countries appeals to
borrowing in large scale and print banknotes to finance the war, the rise of
prices, foreign trade rates disturbed, due to price rises, led international trade
to attenuate.
Second World War had been the most destructive and prevalent war of
the world. After war, the institutional framework of economy had a heavy
injıry. After war, all Europe remained in poverty and, for rebuilding European
economy, more governmental interventions were needed; the sectors such as
energy, transportation, and banking were nationalized; and social security
systems
such as pensions and
free of charge medical care became
widespread. After war, scarcity of goods were experienced. In the period after
Second World War, as a result of state of that Europe
is devoid of
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
everything,
for
preventing
socialism from spreading
in Europe and
development of many countries, the foundation of Marshall plan were laid
down. Rebuilding economies was
defined as economic miracle and the
factors playing
role in
this
economic miracle were expressed as
intergovernmental cooperation and human capital.
Wars exhibit a characteristic leading many sectors in economy to fall
behind and country economy to downsize in the large rates. The results of
study carried out revealed that in periods of war, particularly agricultural
sector, mining sector, foreign trade, stock market and banking sectors, and
tourism sector were affected Even if the use of the word war badly affects
tourism sector and stock market. War, from the aspect of not using the
resources in country economy effectively, environmental pollution, pollution of
water resources, disorder of human health, and struggling with contagious
disease, it makes obligatory to bear the high costs from economic point of
view. The resources and budget of country downsize and a prosperous life
exchanges with the life that is poorer and has disease. Country economies
downsizes and this forms a barrier in front of economic growth and
development, especially sustainable development
Conclusion
War targeting living right taking place among human rights, is the most
terminal point of violations of human rights. War, due to the political,
economic, biological, psychological, and environmental effect, is the most
destructive action, directed to human and produced by human.
War comes to our face as a phenomenon existing since the old ages.
Sometimes political conflictions and sometimes conflictions of
economic
interest entrained
the countries to the wars sometimes, experienced in the
regional dimension, and sometimes in the country dimension. Together with
wars, the weapons and armies developed and wars became larger and
deathful. One of the largest negativities wars bring is contagious diseases
and, consequently, emerging the deaths of civilians and soldiers. In the period
dating to 20th century, wars were actualizing in the form of front wars with
facing to each other of soldiers of two armies on a front and, during wars,
only soldiers were dying. In 20th century, a new sort of war engendered and
the only soldier no longer died and all humankind became the target of war.
Wars began to show a characteristic affecting all over the world, not only
a few countries. Technological developments as a historical reality, transformed
the wars of today and has been continuing to transform. This continuing
transformation is experienced in terms of the causes, parts, executing style, and
scope . Wars moving away from being the instrument of foreign policy,
experienced between states at the present days, transforming with the various
causes, especially technological
developments, led increasingly the various
groups to stand out. The war, attacks, and defense techniques of countries
showed a change.
The land mines planted during war, later, threaten the right to live and,
due to its breakdown of body integrity, form a serious problem. Following
ending of war, the uncertain mine area spread the effect of war to the long
period. The mass immigrations and becoming refugee that appear among
the dramatic results of war constitute two very important issues that should
be emphasized. As consequence of wars, a very number of collective
Proceedings of Annual Spain Business Research Conference
14 - 15 September 2015, Novotel Barcelona City Hotel, Barcelona, Spain
ISBN: 978-1-922069-84-9
immigrations become permanent due to the inadequacy of international
mechanisms and this state creates a deep effect on the life of humans and
country economy. Whatever sorts war are of, they always form large costs
on the human, environment, economy, and systems; cause
the scarce
resource on the world to be used in the destructive and deathful areas, rather
than more productive area; the right to live of future generations to be
taken away; and comprise a big barrier in front of sustainable growth and
development. War shows a characteristic, whose multiplier effect is high,
which has destroying and destructive but develops together with the history of
humankind; and whose negative effect grows as it develops. Mass destruction
weapons and chemical weapons that are used creates the effects almost
impossible to repair on both humans and above ground and underground
resources For the life to continue, it is necessary to meet the obligatory
needs. However, war and its implications make the resource unusable or
leads them to disappear. The waste substance of defending industry pollute
both the soil and environment and negatively affect the human health. For
the wars bringing high cost damages and endangering national security,
international cooperation and peaceful [ attempts ] are obligation. “Peace in the
world and peace in home” is sine qua non for life.
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