Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6): 690-695, 2012
ISSN: 2041-0778
© Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012
Submitted: August 10, 2012
Accepted: September 08, 2012
Published: November 20, 2012
Biotic Spectrum of Chando Lake in Context of Ecological Status and
Zooplankton Diversity
1
Anuradha Shukla, 2J.P. Shukla and 1M. Mishra
Department of Zoology, M.L.K.P.G. College, Balrampur (U.P.), India
2
Department of Zoology, S. Kisan P.G. College, Basti (U.P.), India
1
Abstract: Covering an area of approximate 650 ha, Chando Lake is located in South East of Basti, (U.P.). No
precise study regarding its hydrobiology has been conducted. Hence, present study has been undertaken to observe
its ecological status and zooplankton diversity from June 2010 to May 2012. The early mean flow in this lake relied
on rains and the mean annual rain fall was recorded to be 1094 cm with in 51 average rainy days. The average value
of the temperature was recorded to be 28.46°C, pH 7.38, transparency 58.52 cm, DO 6024 mg/L, free CO 2 3.70
mg/L, TDS 1 52.20 mg/L, total hardness 153.69 mg/L , total alkalinity 272.44 mg/L , Nitrate 7.11 mg/L, phosphate
0.83 mg/L and chloride 34.63 mg/L. In the present study 23 species of zooplankton were noticed out of which six
species belong to cladocerans, six species of copepods, four species of protozoans and seven species of rotiferans.
The study of zooplankton species diversity and abundance with respect to biotic factors may assist in future planning
for the management of intensive fish culture in this vast lake.
Keywords: Chando lake ecology, cladocernas, copepods, protozoans, rotiferans, zooplankton
Zooplankton includes a varied assemblage of
taxonomically unrelated micro organisms. The
prevalence and abundance of zooplankton depends on
the productivity, which in turn is influenced by the
physical and chemical parameters and the level of
nutrients in the aquatic ecosystem. Further, changes in
the season indirectly influence the physico-chemical
conditions of freshwater bodies which in turn influence
the dynamics of the plankton (Sarkar and Sen, 1995;
Bhoumick et al., 1993; Kumar et al., 2007). Fluctuation
of zooplankton in space and time are regulated by a
combination of physico-chemical and biological
factors. The knowledge of zooplankton abundance,
species diversity and specific distribution is helpful in
understanding the trophodynamics and trophic
progression of water bodies (Verma and Dutta Munshi,
1987). Since, the zooplankton in the aquatic food chains
are consumed by variety of secondary consumers
including economically important groups of crustaceans
such as prawns, lobustures, crabs and fishes, hence they
play a key role in indicating the presence and absence
of various species of such freshwater bodies.
Numerous ecological aspects of zooplankton have
been a subject of extensive study in India notably (Babu
Rao, 1997; Prasad, 2003; Vaishali and Madhuri, 2004;
Mandloi et al., 2004; Pawar and Pulley, 2005; Kamble
and Meshram, 2005; Srivastava et al., 2006; Kumar
et al., 2007; Tripathi et al., 2008a, b). Present study has
been carried out to study the zooplankton population
and diversity and their correlating with some physico-
INTRODUCTION
India has an extensive freshwater wetlands,
reasonably known as Tals, Beels, Mauns, Chauri, Pats
and Jheels situated mainly in the state of UP, Bihar,
West Bengal and Assam. These natural resources are
the integral part of the river complex and as a result of
diversions in river or course of strengthens of
embankments for flood control. Many of these aquatic
bodies are permanently disconnected with the parent
river (closed beels), while some of them still mentain
their connection (open beels). The state of Uttar
Pradesh alone possesses an area of 1,52,000 ht.
wetlands (Anon, 1996; Singh et al., 2003). Majority of
most of them are situated in eastern part of this state in
the basin of Ganga, Ghaghra, Gomti, Rapti and
Manorma Rivers. The study on the ecology and
productivity of the beels in the efferent parts of the
country has been studied by Vass (1977), Pathak (1989,
1990), Suganan (1995, 1997), Jha (1989, 1997), Kumar
et al. (2006, 2007) and Tripathi et al. (2008a, b).
However, no attempt has yet been made to record the
zooplankton diversity in relation to the hydrological
status of Chando, an oxbow lake of river Manorma
which is a vast wetland area covering about 650 ha.
Zooplankton constitutes one of the most fascinating
groups of microorganisms found in the aquatic
environment. They play a key role in transference of
energy at the secondary trophic level in the aquatic
ecosystem.
Corresponding Author: Anuradha Shukla, Department of Zoology, M.L.K.P.G. College, Balrampur (U.P.), India
690
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 4(6): 690-695, 2012
chemical parameters of hydrobiologicaly untouched
large aquatic lake “Chando” of Basti, (U.P.).
For the estimation of zooplankton, 25 L of water
samples was filtered through plankton net of bolting
silk no. 25. The samples were preserved in 5% formalin
solution. The samples were taken into Sedgwick Rafter
Cell and identification of zooplankton was carried out
and counting was done according to the procedures
outlined by Pontin (1978), Tonapi (1980), Pennak
(1989) and APHA (2005). The abundance of
zooplankton was expressed as organism/L using
following formula:
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location of lake: Chando Lake is located in Basti
district, (U.P.) nearly 12 Km. away from the city
headquarter and 10 Km. south east away from National
highway no. 27 near Manorma River, south to Kalwari
(Bahadurpur Block) near Nagar to Tonda road. This
wetland has a large area of about 650 ha and may
increase up to 800 ha during rainy season due to the
flood of water of Manorma River which comes through
a canal. This lake is surrounded by various villages of
Basti district namely Goriya, Phulwariya, Pokharni,
Jasaipur and Hathiya. Chando Lake provides permanent
ground for fishing by local fisherman as it harbors
various types of commercially important food fishes.
Besides, this lake is historically famous at the name of
Chandra Nagar, the king Chandrika Singh. Also, this
lake attracts various migratory birds especially in the
month of mid December to mid February.
N = n×v/V
where,
N = Total no. of organism/L of water filtered
n = No. of organism counted in 1 mL of plankton
sample
v = Volume of concentrated plankton sample (mL)
V = Volume of total water filtered (L)
Physico-chemical characteristics of Chando Lake
as well as quantitative variations in zooplankton
abundance were recorded during three seasons namely
Premonsoon, Monsoon and Postmonsoon.
Sampling stations: Following four sampling stations
were selected in the present study
Pokharni, it is south east near
Station 1st (S 1 ):
village Jasaipur
Ramvapur, it is north east to this
Station 2nd (S 2 ):
lake
It is located north east, near the
Station 3rd (S 3 ):
bird sanctuary, 2.5 km. before
Ramvapur
Phulvariya, located in south west
Station 4th (S 4 ):
near Nagar Bazar
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of various physico-chemical parameters
have been shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1. The biological
parameters (zooplankton diversity) qualitatively and
quantitatively have been tabulated in Table 2 to 4.
The ecology of zooplankton diversity in aquatic
bodies of different part of the country has been studied
by a number of workers viz., (Pathak, 1989, 1990;
Suganan, 1995, 1997; Jha, 1997; Kumar et al., 2007;
Tripathi et al., 2008a, b). However, the studies are not
so exhaustive. Present study has, therefore, been
undertaken to record the zooplankton diversity in large
wetland of eastern UP (Chando Lake) where no such
study yet has been undertaken in relation to physico-
Collection and analysis of samples: Water samples
from Chando Lake, Basti (UP) India, were collected in
the laboratory for analysis. Physicochemical parameters
were analyzed using the standard methods given by
APHA (2005). Zooplankton abundance (qualitative and
quantitative) was recorded from June 2010-May 2012.
Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters of Chando Lake during pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon
Water parameters
Pre-monsoon
Monsoon
Post monsoon
Temperature (°C)
31.22
27.84
26.32
PH
7.340
7.480
7.320
Transparency (cm)
52.20
72.44
50.94
Dissolved O 2 (mg/L)
5.680
6.720
6.340
Free CO 2 (mg/L)
3.640
4.120
3.360
T.D.S (mg/L)
134.10
166.24
156.25
Total hardness (mg/L)
166.74
150.12
144.22
Calcium hardness (mg/L)
26.80
32.84
30.12
Nitrate (mg/L)
7.640
6.660
7.020
Chloride (mg/L)
31.14
36.66
31.10
Phosphate (mg/L)
0.800
0.960
0.740
Sulphate (mg/L)
64.26
78.24
46.62
Fluoride (mg/L)
0.580
0.540
0.660
Total alkalinity (mg/L)
272.20
276.66
268.48
BOD (mg/L)
4.120
3.660
3.040
COD (mg/L)
48.28
60.20
53.26
S.D.: Standard deviation
691
Mean±S.D.
28.46±1.34
7.380±0.32
58.52±2.28
6.240±0.18
3.700±0.11
152.20±3.36
153.69±3.28
29.92±1.84
7.110±0.28
34.63±2.84
0.830±0.06
63.04±3.42
0.590±0.12
272.44±4.34
3.600±0.12
53.91±2.34
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 4(6): 690-695, 2012
300
Pre mansoon
Monsoon
Post mansoon
Average
250
200
150
100
50
0
Fig. 1: Showing variations in physico-chemical parameters of Chando Lake during three seasons with averages (June 2010-May
2012)
Table 2: Quantitative seasonal variation in zooplankton population (Org/L) during different seasons at four stations
S2
S3
S4
Season
S1
Pre monsoon
228±12.42
228±18.84
306±21.22
318±22.24
Monsoon
168±24.42
228±28.24
216±24.44
248±32.22
Post monsoon
198±14.24
276±22.66
288±26.42
316±32.23
Average
285±18.68
215±27.33
269±23.88
Table 3: Seasonal variation in zooplankton population of different groups during pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon
Zooplankton group
Pre monsoon
Monsoon
Post monsoon
Cladocerans
294±42.46
106±32.46
226±34.12
Copepods
238±24.46
192±34.48
174±28.46
Protozoans
162±26.42
272±32.24
304±38.42
Rotifers
494±52.22
362±44.14
426±32.16
Average
208±36.34
201±27.28
246±32.36
427±42.84
Table 4: Record of zooplankton from chando lake, Basti (UP) during June 2010 to May 2012
Cladocerans
Copepods
Protozoans
Bosmina longirostris
Diaptomus sp.
Amoeba proteus
Cerioaphnia sp.
Diaptomus sp.
Acrella sp.
Cypris
Helidaptonus
Centroysis
Daphnia sp.
Macrocyclops
Paramecinm
Moina mircura
Nauplius sp.
Macrothris sp.
Vidumus
Total
6
6
Rotifers
Slanchna sp.
Branchionus angularis
Distimus sp.
Filinia opiwensis
Keratella tropic
Nothoica acuminatea
Flurcularia sp.
7
4
chemical conditions. Transparency was 58.52 cm. The
DO ranged between 5.68 to 6.72 mg/L, TDS 152.20
mg/L. The total alkalinity and chloride fluctuated
between 268.48 to 272.20 mg/L and 31.10 to 36.66
mg/L, respectively.
Members belonging to Protozoa were observed
highest in post monsoon where as cladocerans,
copepods, a rotifies were recorded highest in pre
monsoon i.e., summer season. Site wise distribution of
total zooplankton population has been produced in
Table 2. Persual data revealed that Site (S4) has
maximum no of zooplankton/L. while, Site (S1) has
lesser no of zooplankton in all seasons.
It is an established fact that water is the key
component in fish culture. Therefore, its specific
properties as culture medium are of great significance
in productivity of lake. Pandey and Shukla (1982)
reported that hydrobiological parameters represent the
biological status of any aquatic body. Also the unity of
organism and its environment is a fundamental
principle of aquatic body. Any organism or species
lives at the expense of its environment and without
interaction, its survival become ceased. The aquatic
lives of Chando Lake reveal direct influence with the
ecology of water.
Temperature is regarded as an essential factor in
the production of any freshwater body (Welch, 1952).
The level of dissolved O 2 depends on various factor
like temperature, concentration of dissolved solids and
biological activity of all forms of life (Khatovakar
et al., 2004). In our study the DO revealed significant
inverse relationship with temperature. Such relationship
R
692
R
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 4(6): 690-695, 2012
has also been recorded by various workmen viz., (Jain
et al., 1996; Bahura, 1998; Srivastava et al., 2003;
Kumar et al., 2007).
The inverse relation of DO with temperature is due
to the fact that at high temperature the rate of oxidation
of organic matter in the aquatic body increases and
secondly the water at higher temperature possesses less
O 2 holding capacity.
This observation is in confirmation with the
findings of Monawar (1970), Palluvi and Jha (2003),
Pandey et al. (2006), Kumar et al. (2007) and Tripathi
et al. (2008a, b). High value of correlation has been
observed between water temperature, pH, free CO 2 and
Chloride. A significant negative correlation of free CO 2
was observed with total alkalinity and dissolved
oxygen. It exhibited positive relationship with chloride
and zooplankton belonging to phylum protozoa. The
TDS ranged between 134.10 to 166.27. The fluctuation
of pH lies in slightly alkaline range and more or less
similar observations have been recorded by Bagde and
Verma (1985), Khanna and Bhutani (2003) and Kumar
et al. (2007).
Alkanity revealed a decreasing tendency from post
monsoon to monsoon (Khanna, 1993; Surve et al.,
2004; Kumar et al., 2007). Transparency ranged
between 50.94 to 72.44 cm. More or less similar results
have been reported by Khanna (1993), Kumar et al.
(2007) and Tripathi et al. (2008a, b).
Hardness showed an increasing tendency during
course of study as also reported by Paka and Rao
(1997), Khan (2005), Ray et al. (2006), Kumar et al.
(2007) and Tripathi et al. (2008). The chloride ranged
between 31.10 to 36.66 mg/L with higher concentration
in pre monsoon and lower concentration in post
monsoon. Lendhe and Yeragi (2004), Chavan et al.
(2003), Garg et al. (2006), Palluvi and Jha (2003),
Kumar et al. (2007) and Tripathi et al. (2008 a, b) held
more or less similar view regarding seasonal variation
of chloride in the freshwater. The higher value of CO 2
during pre-monsoon may be due to less photosynthetic
activity of phytoplankton population and more
respiratory activity of zoopkanton and other aquatic
fauna of this lake.
Zooplankton is primary consumer and principal
food of fishes. Their fluctuation in occurrence and
abundance may be regarded as a major indicator of the
environmental status of any water body. Zooplankton
population may also be used to estimate the fishery
potential of any aquatic body since, these respond
quickly to environmental changes.
In the present study, the zooplankton population is
high in pre monsoon except protozoan’s which might
be due to the presence of higher population of
microbe’s viz. bacteria. In the present study the
members belonging to a wide array of taxonomic
group’s viz. cladocerans, copepods, protozoans and
rotifers have been observed.
Further rotifers have been found to be dominating
group which were recorded highest in pre monsoon and
lowest in monsoon. Similar observations have also been
reported by Kohli et al. (1998), Pawar and Pulley
(2005) and Kumar et al. (2007). Total 7 species of
rotifers have been observed in our study. Cladocerans
were represented by six genera. In our study, these were
recorded highest in pre monsoon and lowest in post
monsoon. Among copepods six genera were recorded
which were highest in count during pre monsoon while,
lowest in post monsoon.
Among protozoan’s, four genera were recorded.
The highest count was recorded in post monsoon while
lowest in pre monsoon.
In present study, zoopklanton population was
found to be passively correlated with physico-chemical
parameters like total hardness, total alkalinity, PH and
chloride. Cladocerans population revealed positive
correlation with pH, water temperature, total hardness,
TDS and chloride while negative correlation with other
parameters. Protozoans population revealed positive
correlation with water temperature, DO, free CO 2 and
transparency while negative correlation with other
parameters. Rotifers population showed positive
correlation with pH, temperature, total hardness and
chloride while negative correlation with other abiotic
factors. Our observations closely resemble with the
findings of Surve et al. (2004), Kambley and Meshram
(2005), Kumar et al. (2007) and Tripathi et al.
(2008a, b).
When compared to four selected stations of survey,
zooplankton was found to be low during monsoon
season in general (Table 2). However, it was higher
during pre monsoon and post monsoon i.e., summer and
winter months respectively.
It is apparently not any right trend to consider that
which of the two seasons could be considered as the
best one. It appears that the nutrient status of the
Chando Lake, is moderate and it is more or less
environmentally less polluted.
Very high values in zooplankton diversity have
been reported by Murugesan et al. (2003) in reservoir
of Tamilnadu which is an inductive of high level
nutrient inflow. Kholi et al. (1998) reported the
zooplankton diversity in the range of 240-900 mg/L in
Powai Lake, Mumbai. It was observed that zooplankton
population enhanced during post monsoon month which
are very close to our observation. A more or less similar
trend of zooplankton diversity has been observed in the
Ramgarh lake Gorakhpur by Srivastava et al. (2006)
and Khanna et al. (2007).
CONCLUSION
Zooplankton diversity observed in two years (June
2010-May 2012) in a vast lake chando of eastern UP
(India) reveals the presence of 23 species. Out of 23
693
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 4(6): 690-695, 2012
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species, six species are cladocerans, six of copepods,
four of protozoan’s and seven of rotifers. Maximum
diversity amongst zooplankton was of rotifers, followed
by protozoans, cladocerans and copepods respectively.
Since rotifers abundance is maximum and these
constitute several links in the food web of many
freshwater ecosystems hence this lake may be indexed
in productive category.
Physico-chemical conditions stand in standard
normal range revealing low deviation. Quantitative
decline in zooplankton population was recorded during
monsoon (rainy days) and increase during post
monsoon and pre monsoon. Further, productive
potential of this lake may be boosted by applying
proper aquaculture devices.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
One of us (JPS) thanks to UGC New Delhi for
providing minor research grant vide letter no. F. No. 81(134) /2010 (MRP/NRCB) dated 25 march 2010 and
to Dr. K. Gopal I.T.R.C., Luck now (U.P.) for technical
assistance regarding the analysis of few parameters of
water and zooplankton identification.
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