Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(3): 337-344, 2012
ISSN:
© Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012
Submitted: October 05, 2011
Accepted: November 15, 2011
Published: April 05, 2012
Socio Demographic and Health Related Determinants of Over Weighted
Diabetic Patients in Bangladesh
Obaidur Rahman and Rafiqul Islam
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development Rajshahi
University, Bangladesh
Abstract: The purpose for this study is to assess the socio-demographic and health related determinants of over
weighted diabetic patients in Bangladesh. To fulfill this objective, chi square and logistic regression analysis
have been performed using the data extracted from 300 diabetic patients attending Rajshahi Diabetes
Association, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The assessment of this study shows that 29.7% of all diabetic patients have
over weight of which female diabetic patients (19.0%) are more over weighted than male diabetic patients
(10.7%). Also, peoples have a higher risk to develop abdominal obesity and diabetes with increasing their age
especially older age. The majority of over weighted diabetic patients (15.3%) is sleeping more than normal
hours (>6 h) and 10.7% have over weight with high blood pressure. Poor control of diabetes is one of the main
reasons to develop over weight. It has been found that age, sex, controlling diabetic through exercise, increasing
diabetes because of food habit, low blood pressure and high blood pressure are significantly associated with
the over weight of diabetic patients. Also, it is identified that age, sex, education, duration of sleeping,
controlling diabetic through exercise, increasing diabetes because of food habit, low blood pressure, normal
blood pressure and high blood pressure have significant effect on over weight.
Key words: Bangladesh, blood pressure, chi square test, diabetes, logistic regression, over weight
death certificates in 2006 (American Diabetes
Association, 2007). An estimated 23.6 million people in
the United States have diabetes which is about 7.8% of
the total population (American Diabetes Association,
2007). In Australia, 7.4% of the adult population has
diabetes (Dunstan et al., 2002). Studies in various
populations in Bangladesh have reported a prevalence of
diabetes from 4% to 13% among adults with some
variations by urban and rural settings (Rahim et al., 2007;
Sayeed et al., 2004; Rahim et al., 2004). Most of them are
over weighted including obesity. Over weight as well as
obesity is a major public health concern, with more than
40% of adult population in the industrialized world being
over weight or clinically obese (Sobal, 2001). Although
the baseline body mass index (BMI) was found to be
associated with the development of microvascular
complications (Zhang et al., 2001), the impact of BMI
was apparent only at higher values (Fares et al., 2010).
Excess body weight including over weight during midlife
is associated with an increased risk of death (Adams
et al., 2006). Obesity, glucose intolerance and
hypertension in childhood were strongly associated with
increased rates of premature death from endogenous
causes in the population (Franks et al., 2010). The reasons
for the dramatic increase in obesity are complex and
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease
having serious health, economic and social consequences.
It is a group of disease characterized by high levels of
blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production,
insulin action and both. Also, it is a major, rapidly public
health care problem with increasing incidence and long
term complications and a leading cause of illness and
death across the world which is associated with
continuing damage, dysfunction and failure of various
organs, including lungs (Meo, 2010). It is an incurable
life-long disease with devastating complications which
ends up in severe disability and death (James et al., 2002).
Globally, diabetes is the fourth biggest cause of death
affecting countries of all income groups (IDF, 2007).
Wild et al. (2004) estimated that the number of people
with diabetes globally will increase from current 171
million to 366 by 2030. Worldwide, the number of people
with pre-diabetes in the age group 20-79 years was 308
million in 2007, and is expected to increase to 418 million
by the year 2025 (IDF, 2009). In developed countries like
United States which is one of the most vulnerable places
in terms of number of diabetic patients in which diabetes
was the seventh leading cause of death listed on U.S.
Corresponding Author: Dr. Rafiqul Islam, Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development Rajshahi
University, Bangladesh
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Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 4(3): 337-344, 2012
larger than the diabetic population, it offers an
opportunity for primary prevention. Since environment is
dramatically changing in the last decade, it is important to
to assess the socio-demographic and health related
determinants of over weighted diabetic patients in
Bangladesh and recommend some appropriate policy for
primary prevention.
include life style change as well as demographic and
political factors (Sobal, 2001). The patients who have
over weight or obese with metabolic syndrome have
higher insulin requirements (Orchard et al., 2003). It has
reported that medical expenditure for patients with
diagnosed diabetes is, on average, up to three times higher
than in patients without diabetes (Zimmet, 2009). But
diabetes is affecting more people in low income than high
income countries (Wild et al., 2004). So, diabetes poses
a serious threat to developing countries like Bangladesh
because the income of the most of the people in
Bangladesh is very low. It is estimated that Bangladesh
currently has over three million people with diabetes and
this number will reach 11 million by the year 2030 (Wild
et al., 2004). If this situation continues, Bangladesh will
face a crisis. As a developing country, it does not have the
sufficient resource to tackle. So, it is important to identify
the risk factors and to prevent of this epidemic. Studies in
various populations reported that age, hypertension and
body mass index (especially overweight and obesity) were
significantly and independently associated with an
increase in type 2 diabetes (Sanchez-Viveros et al., 2008;
Kim et al., 2006; Bener et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2003).
Also, Kasim et al. (2010) found that the related risk
factors were older age, duration of diabetes, poor control
of diabetes and hypertension. Besides this, age, sex,
higher income and waist to hip ratio appeared to be
important risk factors for the occurrence of type 2
diabetes in Bangladeshi population (Hussain et al., 2007;
Sayeed et al., 2004; Rahim et al., 2004). Again, Hussain
et al. (2007) concluded that the risk factors for type 2
diabetes are likely to differ in different population.
Despite advances in diabetes treatment, management
and self-care, the number of diabetic patients is increasing
day by day with rapidly increasing total population in
Bangladesh. In this situation, it would be difficult to
ensure basic needs including food, cloth, education,
shelter, health and communication for a large number of
populations within the limited geographic area. Because
of poor economy they do not get proper health service.
Not only the illiterate person but also most of the literate
person are not conscious about their health. Most of them
don’t know about their diabetic situation. But
undiagnosed pre-diabetes and diabetes is a major public
health problem (Gossain and Aldasouqi, 2010). Also,
ICDDR (2009) found that diabetes and pre-diabetic
conditions exist as a significant but hidden public health
problem in Matlab and suggested that primary prevention
may reduce the burden of diabetes in the community.
Studies in Finland, the United States and China
demonstrated that diabetes can be prevented in more than
half of the individuals with pre-diabetic conditions
through interventions to modify lifestyles (Li et al., 2008;
Tuomilehto, 2005; Knowler et al., 2002). Also, the
population with pre-diabetic conditions is always much
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a cross-sectional study involving 300 diabetic
patients (140 male and 160 female) of all ages taken from
Rajshahi Diabetes Association in Rajshahi City
Corporation (RCC), Bangladesh during 13th August 2009
to 29th October 2009. Data on some selected socioeconomic, demographic, diabetic disease and health
consciousness related factors were collected using
questionnaires. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated
by dividing weight (kg) to height squared (m2) and
categorized using WHO guidelines as under weight:
<18.5 kg/m2; normal: 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; over weight: 25.029.9 kg/m2; obese $30 kg/m2 (WHO, 2000). Data were
analyzed using SPSS version 16.0.
The bivariate analysis and logistic regression analysis
have been used for this objective. Bivariate analysis is
used to test the association between the categorical
variables by applying chi square test in the present study.
In bivariate analysis, it is found that a complex set of
relationship exists between socio-economic, demographic
and health consciousness related characteristics which
affect the over weighted diabetic patients in this study
area. But bivariate analysis does not allow for
quantification or testing the strength of the risk factors of
diabetic patients among selected variables. For that
reason, it is essential to perform multivariate technique
(logistic regression) to identify the risk factors of over
weighted diabetic patients. Logistic regression analysis is
very useful for identifying various risk factors in case of
qualitative variables. Cox (1970) has developed linear
logistic regression model. Furthermore, Lee (1980) also
developed logistic regression model. The logistic
regression model can be not only to identify the risk
factors but also to predict the probability of success. This
model expresses a qualitative dependent variable as a
function of several independent variables, both qualitative
and quantitative (Fox, 1984). In this analysis, over weight
is considered as dependent variable and classified in the
following way:
1, if the respondentshaveover weight
Y =  0, otherwise

The explanatory variables which are used in this
model are presented in the respective table.
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diabetic patients, 51.0% respondent’s diabetes is
increasing because of food habit where 18.0% are over
weighted. There are 63.0, 9.3 and 27.7% diabetic patients
whose blood pressure is normal, low and high
respectively and of which 18.0, 1.0 and 10.7% are over
weighted, respectively. It is similar to the result of other
study. There were 9.3 and 27.4% diabetic patients who
had obesity and hypertension respectively (Ghosh et al.,
2010), 22.0% (Harzallah et al., 2006), 23.0%
(Weerasuriya et al., 1998) and 58.5% (Heydari et al.,
2010) had hypertension.
From the Table 1 it has been found that age, sex,
controlling diabetic through exercise, increasing diabetes
because of food habit, low blood pressure and high blood
pressure are significantly associated with the over weight
of diabetes patients. This is similar to the other studies.
Kim et al. (2006) found that diabetes is associated with
age, BMI, blood pressure, education, exercise and family
history of diabetes. Various studies reported that age,
hypertension and BMI (especially over weight and
obesity) were significantly and independently associated
with an increase in type 2 diabetes (Sanchez-Viveros
et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2006; Bener et al., 2005; Gupta
et al., 2003). In another study, older age, duration of
diabetes, poor control of diabetes and hypertension are
significantly associated with an increase in diabetes
(Kasim et al., 2010). On the other hand, other variables
are insignificantly associated with the over weight of
diabetic patients.
The Table 2 represents the effects of various
explanatory variables on dependent variable named “Over
Weight” where regression co-efficient with their
corresponding significance level, the odds ratios and the
confidence interval of odds ratio are disclosed. According
to the fitted model, there are nine variables out of fourteen
variables appear as the significant predictors of over
weight of the diabetic patients. In accordance with their
importance, respondent’s age, sex, education, duration of
sleeping, controlling diabetic through exercise, increasing
diabetes because of food habit, low blood pressure,
normal blood pressure and high blood pressure have
statistically significant effect on over weight. This result
is supported by other studies (Kasim et al., 2010;
Sanchez-Viveros et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2007; Kim
et al., 2006; Bener et al., 2005; Habori et al., 2004; Gupta
et al., 2003). On the other hand, others are insignificant.
The regression coefficient of middle age and older
age are 1.382 and 1.789, respectively and the
corresponding odds ratio is 3.983 and 5.985, respectively.
It indicates that the middle aged and older aged diabetic
patients are 3.983 times and 5.985 times more in risk to
develop the over weight than that of earlier aged diabetic
patients respectively. This result is also reflected by
the study of Kasim et al. (2010), Hussain et al. (2007),
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of association between over weight
among some selected socio-economic, demographic,
diabetic disease and health consciousness related
characteristics of diabetic patients have been
demonstrated in Table 1. Table 1 reveals that most of the
diabetic patients (89.7%) are belonged in the middle (3550 years) and older (>50 years) age group and 29.7% of
all diabetic patients have over weight of which middle
(35-50 years) and older (>50 years) age group contains
12.3% and 16.0% over weighted diabetic patients. It’s
also demonstrated that over weighted diabetic patients are
more in middle (35-50 years) and older (>50 years) age
group than early (<35 years) age group (1.3%). This result
is fully supported by Ramachandran et al. (2002). They
found that the prevalence of diabetes was associated with
increasing age. Of 29.7% over weighted diabetic patients,
10.7 and 19.0% diabetic patients are male and female
respectively. So, it is clear that female diabetic patients
are more over weighted than male diabetic patients.
According to Knowles et al. (2011), on the basis of BMI
values, men tended to be overweight (43.6% versus
35.6% of women), but women were more commonly
obese (21.3% versus 15.9%). Again, most of the diabetic
patients have completed primary level of education which
is 40.7% of which 11.0 % have over weight, and 31.0%
and 28.3% diabetic patients have completed secondary
and higher level of education of which 9.0% and 9.7%
have over weight respectively. Also, it is clear that non
professional respondents (21.3%) are more affected by
over weight than professional respondents (8.3%). It
occurs because generally, more educational respondents
are professional and they earn more. They have no enough
time to exercise regularly. As a result, they are affected
more. It is similar to the study conducted by Sayeed et al.
(2004). They reported that higher income is a significant
risk factor of diabetes. The majority no. of diabetic
patients (36.3%) have been suffering from diabetic less
than one year in which 8.7% has over weight but most of
the over weighted diabetic patients (11.0%) have been
suffering from diabetic 1-5 years. Again, about half of the
diabetic patients (47.3%) are sleeping more than normal
hours (>6 h) where the majority no. of over weighted
diabetic patients (15.3%) is belonged. Besides this, 28.3
and 24.3% diabetic patients are sleeping less than normal
(<6 h) and normal (6 h) hours respectively in which 9.3%
and 5.0% have over weight respectively. There are 97.7%
diabetic patients who are controlling their diabetic
through dieting, of which 28.8% have over weight. Again,
77.7, 46.3 and 20.7% diabetic patients are controlling
their diabetic through exercise, taking medicine and
taking insulin respectively and of which 21.0, 14.7 and
5.3% are over weighted, respectively. Among the total
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Table 1: Association between over weight and some selected socio-economic, demographic, diabetic disease and health consciousness related variable
of diabetic patients
Over weight
---------------------------P2cal, P2tab and D value Significance level of association at 10%
Variables
No
Yes
Total
Age group
P2cal = 4.829
Significant
Early age (<35 years)
27 (9.0%)
4 (1.3%)
31 (10.3%)
Middle age (35-50 years)
85 (28.3%)
37 (12.3%)
122 (40.7%)
df = 2
Older age (>50 years)
99 (33.0%)
48 (16.0%)
147 (49.0%)
P2tab = 4.61
D = 0.089
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
Sex
P2cal = 5.834
Male
108 (36.0%)
32 (10.7%)
140 (46.7%)
df = 1
Significant
P2tab = 2.71
Female
103 (34.3%)
57 (19.0%)
160 (53.3%)
D = 0.016
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
Education
P2cal = 1.226
Insignificant
Primary
89 (29.7%)
33 (11.0%)
122 (40.7%)
Secondary
66 (22.0%)
27 (9.0%)
93 (31.0%)
df = 2
P2tab =4 .61
Higher
56 (18.7%)
29 (9.7%)
85 (28.3%)
D = 0.542
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
Occupation
P2cal = 0.395
Non professional
144 (48.0%)
64 (21.3%)
208 (69.3%)
df = 1
Insignificant
P2tab = 2.71
Professional
67 (22.3%)
25 (8.3%)
92 (30.7%)
D = 0.530
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
Duration of suffering from diabetic
<1 year
83 (27.7%)
26 (8.7%)
109 (36.3%)
P2ca l = 4.847
Insignificant
1-5 years
68 (22.7%)
33 (11.0%)
101 (30.7%)
df = 3
P2tab = 6.25
6-10 years
35 (11.7%)
22 (7.3%)
57 (19.0%)
D = 0.183
>10 years
25 (8.3%)
8 (2.7%)
33 (11.0%)
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
Duration of sleeping
P2cal = 3.852
Insignificant
Less than normal (<6 hours)
57 (19.0%)
28 (9.3%)
85 (28.3%)
Normal (6 hours)
58 (19.3%)
15 (5.0%)
73 (24.3%)
df = 2
P2tab = 4.61
More than normal (>6 hours) 96 (32.0%)
46 (15.3%)
142 (47.3%)
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
D = 0.146
Control diabetic (by dieting)
P2cal = 0.588
No
4 (1.3%)
3 (1.0%)
7 (2.3%)
df = 1
Insignificant
P2tab = 2.71
Yes
206 (68.9%)
86 (28.8%)
292 (97.7%)
D = 0.443
Total
210 (70.2%)
89 (29.8%)
299 (100%)
Control diabetic (by exercise)
P2cal = 3.453
No
41 (13.7%)
26 (8.7%)
67 (22.3%)
df = 1
Significant
P2tab = 2.71
Yes
170 (56.7%)
63 (21.0%)
233 (77.7%)
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
D = 0.063
P2cal =0.491
Control diabetic (taking medicine)
No
116 (38.7%)
45 (15.0%)
161 (53.7%)
df = 1
Insignificant
P2tab = 2.71
Yes
95 (31.7%)
44 (14.7%)
139 (46.3%)
D = 0.484
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
P2cal = 0.558
Control diabetic (taking insulin)
No
165 (55.0%)
73 (24.3%)
238 (79.3%)
df = 1
Insignificant
P2tab = 2.71
Yes
46 (15.3%)
16 (5.3%)
62 (20.7%)
D = 0.455
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
P2cal = 4.739
Increasing diabetes because of food habit
No
112 (37.3%)
35 (11.7%)
147 (49.0%)
df = 1
Significant
P2tab = 2.71
Yes
99 (33.0%)
54 (18.0%)
153 (51.0%)
D = 0.029
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
P2cal = 5.316
Low blood pressure
Significant
No
186 (62.0%)
86 (28.7%)
272 (90.7%)
df = 1
P2tab = 2.71
Yes
25 (8.3%)
3 (1.0%)
28 (9.3%)
D = 0.021
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
P2cal = 0.294
Normal blood pressure
Insignificant
No
76 (25.3%)
35 (11.7%)
111 (37.0%)
df = 1
Yes
135 (45.0%)
54(18.0%)
189 (63.0%)
P2tab = 2.71
D = 0.588
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
High blood pressure
P2cal = 4.344
No
160 (53.3%)
57 (19.0%)
217 (72.3%)
df = 1
Significant
P2tab = 2.71
Yes
51 (17.0%)
32 (10.7%)
83 (27.7%)
Total
211 (70.3%)
89 (29.7%)
300 (100%)
D = 0.037
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Table 2: Logistic regression for the effects of selected independent variables on over weight as a dependent variable
95.0% C.I. for EXP($)
-----------------------------------Variables
Coefficient ($)
Age
Early age (<35 years) [ref.]
……………
Middle age (35-50 years)
1.382
Older age (>50 years)
1.789
Sex
Male [ref.]
……………
Female
0.869
Education
Primary [ref.]
……………
Secondary
0.226
Higher
0.948
Occupation
Non professional [ref.]
……………
Professional
0.053
Duration of suffering from diabetic
<1 year [ref.]
…………
1-5 years
0.184
6-10 years
0.183
>10 years
-0.330
Duration of sleeping
Less than normal (<6 hours) [ref.]
……………
Normal (6 hours)
-0.731
More than normal (>6 hours)
0.103
Control diabetic (by dieting)
No [ref.]
……………
Yes
-0.258
Control diabetic(by exercise)
No [ref.]
……………
Yes
-0.556
Control diabetic (taking medicine)
No [ref.]
……………
Yes
-0.063
Control diabetic (taking insulin)
No [ref.]
……………
Yes
-0.098
Increasing diabetes because of food habit
No [ref.]
……………
Yes
0.626
Low blood pressure
No [ref.]
……………
Yes
2.245
Normal blood pressure
No [ref.]
……………
Yes
3.237
High blood pressure
No [ref.]
……………
Yes
3.464
Cox & snell R square = 0.259
ref.: reference category; C.I.: Confidence Interval
Relative risk or
S.E. of estimates ($) Significance (D) odds ratio {Exp($)} Lower
Upper
…………..
0.617
0.644
……………
0.025
0.005
1.000
3.983
5.985
1.189
1.693
13.343
21.150
……………
0.346
……………
0.012
1.000
2.385
1.211
4.696
……………
0.338
0.377
……………
0.502
0.012
1.000
1.254
2.581
0.647
1.233
2.431
5.403
……………
0.383
……………
0.889
1.000
1.055
0.498
2.235
……………
0.345
0.402
0.527
……………
0.593
0.649
0.531
1.000
1.202
1.201
0.719
0.611
0.546
0.256
2.365
2.639
2.017
……………
0.404
0.326
…………
0.070
0.752
1.000
0.482
1.109
0.218
0.585
1.063
2.099
……………
0.833
……………
0.757
1.000
0.773
0.151
3.952
……………
0.321
……………
0.083
1.000
0.573
0.306
1.076
……………
0.326
……………
0.847
1.000
0.939
0.496
1.779
……………
0.400
……………
0.807
1.000
0.907
0.414
1.986
……………
0.293
……………
0.033
1.000
1.871
1.053
3.326
……………
0.994
……………
0.024
1.000
9.441
1.346
66.220
……………
1.188
……………
0.006
1.000
25.459
2.481
261.266
……………
1.140
……………
0.002
1.000
31.940
3.422
298.151
Sayeed et al. (2004) and Snehalatha et al. (2003). So,
middle and older aged population are more in risk i.e.
peoples have a greater chance to develop over weight as
well as diabetes with increasing their age after 35 years.
As far as the sex factor is concerned it is seen that
females are more in the over weight category than the
males. The regression coefficient of females is 0.869 and
the corresponding odds ratio is 2.385 which implies that
the risk of over weight for female diabetic patients are
2.385 times higher than that of male diabetic patients.
Studies in various population reported that sex is one of
the major risk factors and female are more vulnerable
(Hussain et al., 2007; Habori et al., 2004; Sayeed et al.,
2004; Rahim et al., 2004). It occurs because most of the
females in Bangladesh are mostly used to do the domestic
work inside of the home and they are not interested to
hard work. Their physical movement is very slow. Thus
due to lack of sufficient movement and physical activity,
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women become more and more bulky and have more and
more fat in their body. For that reason various diseases
like diabetes and some other chronic and acute disease are
griped to their body. So it may suggest that women have
to work hard and increase more physical exercise.
The odds ratio of secondary and higher educated
diabetic patients are 1.254 and 2.581, respectively. It
indicates that respondents who completed secondary and
higher level of education have 1.254 and 2.581 times
respectively higher probability in risk of over weight than
respondents who completed primary level (including
illiterate person) of education. It is similar to the study of
Kim et al. (2006) because they found that educational
levels were associated with diabetes. Generally the
respondents who completed secondary and higher level of
education, most of them involve to various government
and non-government services. They earn more. But
various studies identified that higher income is a
significant risk factor of type 2 diabetes in Bangladeshi
population (Hussain et al., 2007; Sayeed et al., 2004;
Rahim et al., 2004). It occurs because most of the times
they have to spend in doing various official jobs
occupying inside of the office. As a result they do not get
enough time for exercise which is the main cause to
develop their obesity.
The odds ratio of the respondents who are sleeping
normal (6 h) and more than normal (>6 h) are 0.482 and
1.109, respectively. It implies that the risk of the over
weight of the respondents who are sleeping normal and
more than normal hours are 0.482 times lower and 1.109
times higher than that of the respondents who are sleeping
less than normal (<6 h).
The regression coefficients of the respondents who
are controlling their diabetes through exercise is -0.556
and the odds ratio is 0.573, respectively. It indicates that
the risk of the over weight of the respondents who are
controlling their diabetes through exercise are 0.573 times
lower than that of respondents who are not controlling
their diabetes through exercise. It is fully supported by
Kasim et al. (2010) because they found that poor control
of diabetes is one of the major risk factors.
The regression coefficients of the respondents whose
diabetes increases because of food habit is 0.626 and the
odds ratio is 1.871 which implies that the risk of the over
weight of the respondents whose diabetes increases
because of food habit is 1.871 times higher than that of
the respondents whose diabetes does not increase because
of food habit.
The regression coefficient of the respondents who
have low blood pressure is 2.245 and the odds ratio is
9.441 which imply that the risk of over weight of the
respondents who have low blood pressure is 9.441 times
higher than that of reference category (respondents who
have no low blood pressure). It is similar to the study of
Tian et al. (2006).
The regression coefficient of the respondents who
have normal blood pressure is 3.237 and the odds ratio is
25.459 which imply that the risk of over weight of the
respondents who have normal blood pressure is 25.459
times higher than that of respondents who have no normal
blood pressure. It occurs because diabetic patients with
normal blood pressure are not taken balanced diet.
Besides, they do not exercise regularly.
The odds ratio of the respondents who have high
blood pressure is 31.940 which imply that the risk of over
weight of the respondents who have high blood pressure
is 31.940 times higher than that of reference category who
have no high blood pressure. This result is similar to the
other studies. They also identified that hypertension is an
independent risk factors for the abnormalities in glucose
tolerance (Ghosh et al., 2010; Kasim et al., 2010;
Sanchez-Viveros et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2006; Bener
et al., 2005; Habori et al., 2004; Gupta et al., 2003). So,
it is clear that hypertension is one of main risk factors of
over weight and diabetes.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Most of the diabetic patients (89.7%) are belonged in
the middle (35-50 years) and older (>50 years) age group.
Of all diabetic patients, 29.7% have over weight of which
middle (35-50 years) and older (>50 years) age group
contains 12.3 and 16.0% over weighted diabetic patients.
So, peoples have a higher risk to develop abdominal
obesity and diabetes with increasing their age especially
older age. Also, female diabetic patients (19.0%) are more
over weighted than male diabetic patients (10.7%). Most
of the diabetic patients (40.7%) have completed primary
level of education (including illiterate) of which 11.0%
have over weight. The majority of over weighted diabetic
patients (11.0%) has been suffering from diabetic 1-5
years. Again, about half of the diabetic patients (47.3%)
are sleeping more than normal hours (>6 h) where the
majority no. of over weighted diabetic patients (15.3%) is
belonged. There are 10.7% over weighted diabetic
patients who have high blood pressure and it is also found
that poor control of diabetes is one of the main reasons to
develop over weight. Again, it is found that age, sex,
controlling diabetic through exercise, increasing diabetes
because of food habit, low blood pressure and high blood
pressure are significantly associated with over weight of
diabetic patients. Also, from the logistic analysis, it is
identified that age, sex, education, duration of sleeping,
controlling diabetic through exercise, increasing diabetes
because of food habit, low blood pressure, normal blood
pressure and high blood pressure have statistically
significant effect on over weight.
342
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 4(3): 337-344, 2012
Since diabetes is a chronic non-communicable
disease having serious health, economic and social
consequences which is not curable, it can be controlled. In
the light of this study, we would strongly suggest that
development and implementation of public health
programs which promote healthful behaviors including
exercise with increased physical activity, eating balanced
diets with high fiber, controlling blood pressure, normal
sleeping and avoidance of adult weight gain are needed to
help to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases.
Also, community-based interventions are being
undertaken to lessen the excessive rate of illness.
Gupta, A., R. Gupta, M. Sarna, S. Rastogi, V.P. Gupta
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Habori, A.M., A.M. Mamari and A.A. Meeri, 2004. Type
2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in
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