Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 1(3): 144-149, 2009
ISSN: 2041-0778
© M axwell Scientific organization, 2009
Submitted Date: July 29, 2009
Accepted Date: September 02, 2009
Published Date: October 20, 2009
Recent Technology for the Seed Quality Management of Commercially
Important Shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius)
N. Madh ukiran, P.Soundarapandian, N. John Samuel and G.K. Dinakaran
Centre of Advanced Stud y in Marine Biology , Annam alai University,
Parangip etttai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, In dia
Abstract: Commercial culture of shrimp involves stocking of shrimp seeds (post larvae) in the ponds rearing
them to a marketable size and harvesting. Shrimp seeds for stocking are mostly procured from the commercial
shrimp hatcheries as the availability and quality of wild seeds varies. The num ber of shrimp hatcheries in In dia
has increased rapidly since the late 1980s. The total production of PL in India has increased w ith this hatchery
development to approximately 10 billion per year in 2002–2003, requiring up to an estimated 200000
broodstock per year. The poor m anagem ent of the bro odsto ck in the hatcheries and also the farms led to the
outbreak different diseases. In order to prevent this Pl quality will be improved. The present study was
conducted in a leading commercial hatchery situated at Mukkam, Vizianagarm (dist).A.P. The following
information are very much useful for hatcheries to produce high quality shrimp seeds. The broodstock quality
was checke d by using amplification of D NA and PC R test. The w ater qualities such as healthy status of the
larval, microbial load . The length a nd size variation, effect of fouling org anism s, M BV , necrosis and
endoaparasites in seeds. Stress test was also done for active and healthy seeds in the tanks by using formalin.
The general conclusion obtained from the present study is that the healthy and daily monitoring of the seeds
plays a vital role for giving quality seeds throughout the year. The present study is an association with a leading
shrimp hatchery and the results obtained are highly beneficial to other hatchery operators to produce high
quality shrimp seeds for a sustainable and ecofriendly aquaculture in India.
Key w ords: Penaeus monodon, PCR test, PL an d eco friendly
INTRODUCTION
Globally, shrimp farming has been a significant agrobased econ omic activity since the early 1970s. Because it
offered a huge immediate economic return, shrimp
farming showed a booming expansion and soon became
a multimillion dollar industry (Islam et.al., 2004). Shrimp
culture, especially the culture of tiger shrimp (Penaeus
monodon) (Fabricius1798), is considers as highly
profitab le business. This species constitutes 65% of the
global production of shrimps (D e Silva, 1998 ). But there
are also many risks and challenges, especially in the
culture techniques and the degradation of environmental
quality, biodiversity, and natural broodstocks. In India,
especially the coastal state of Andhra Pradesh witnessed
the maximum growth in shrimp farming. The area under
culture, which was 65,000 ha in 1990, expanded to about
1, 52,000 ha in 2002–2003. In 1994-95, 50 % of the
shrimps produced by aq uacu lture in India came fro m this
state (Sudhakara Ra o, 1997).
In the wake of this development, the sector also
generated a large demand for shrimp po st larvae (PL),
which could not be served from the existing hatcheries in
the country. For accelerating the tempo and to bring under
shrimp farming atleast 10 % of the area to achieve 0.1
million farmed shrimp production target, an nually 40,000
million shrimp seeds will be required. The number of
shrimp hatcheries in India has increased rapidly since the
late 1980s. Ev en the shrimp hatchery technology has
advanced over the decades; the hatchery production is
more often ham pered by severe mortalities caused mostly
by bacteria, viral and fungal diseases. It is unfortunate that
the production of aquacultured P. monodon has been
seriously affected due to the outbreak of infectious
diseases, mainly from viruses, white-spot syndrome virus
(WSSV ) and yellow-head virus (YHV), and luminescent
bacteria, Vibrio species (Saulnier et al., 2000;
Soowannayan et al., 2003; W ongteerasupaya et al., 2003).
The most prevalent bacterial disease is Vibriosis which
causes a mass mo rtality both in larval cultures and shrimp
production (Saulnier et al., 2000). The major virulent
strains of vibrios in shrimp are Vibrio alginolyticus,
V. anguillarum, V. harveyi and V. parahaem olyticus.
In recent times, shrimp culture all over the world has
been frequently affected by viral and bacterial diseases
inflicting huge loss. Pathogenic microorganisms
implicated in these outbreaks were viruses, bacteria,
rickettsia, mycoplasma, algae, fungi and protozoan
parasites. For preventing and controlling diseases,
antibiotics, pesticides and other chemicals were used
possibly creating antibiotic resistant bacteria, persistence
of pesticides and other toxic chem icals in aquatic
environment and creating human health hazards. Thus,
refusal of shrimps with antibiotics, steroids, chemicals,
Corresponding Author: P. Soundarapandian, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University,
Parangipetttai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
144
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 1(3): 144-149, 2009
pathogens etc., by the importing countries. This has
compelled the hatchery owners of shrimp seeds to
produce high quality seeds for sustainable aquaculture.
The present study is designed to pro duce high quality
seeds by using various advanced techniques (Total length,
Size variation , MBV test, Detection of Fouling
Organisms, PCR test, MGR test, Necrosis (IHHN V),
Endoparasites and Stress test) from CP hatchery at
Mukkam village in Vizianagaram (Dist.) Andhra Pradesh
for sustainable shrim p farm ing.
W ater Quality Param eters:
Monitoring of water quality param eters: W ater quality
parame ters such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen, amm onia and alkalinity were monitored daily in
the morning hours.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Exp erime nt 1
Total length and Size variation: To know the size
variation the length of at least 50 postlarve was measured
individually. The m ean length and standa rd deviation was
calculated. The coefficient of variation (CV) was obtained
by dividing the standard deviation by the mean. If the CV
was equal to or less than 6 %, the size variation was
considered low (score 15); if the CV w as between 6 %
and 8 %, a score of 10 was given; if the CV was between
9 % and 10 %, the size variation w as mod erate (score 5);
and if it was greater than 10 % the size variation was high
(score 0). When post larvae moulted, it was normal that
the CV was increa se, so the time at which the CV w as
determined had taken into consideration. If the CV was
found to be high, the test was repeated after a day to give
time for the w hole p opulation to comp lete the m oult.
Hea lth assessment in larval stages: Postlarvae w hich are
examined using low- and high-power light microscopy.
The scoring system detailed in Table 1 was then used to
score the quality of each batch of postlarvae produced.
The present study was carried out in CP (Charion
Pockphand) Aquacu lture India Pvt. Ltd., hatchery located
at Mu kkam village in Viziana garam (D ist)., Andhra
Pradesh. This hatchery is well designed, equipped and
maintained for comm ercial production of P. monodon
seeds for the past five years. There are six production
units operating simultaneously and the annual production
is aroun d 300-500 million seeds, and had 4 laboratories
for water quality, physical quality control, microbial and
biotech lab.
Water intake and treatment system: Seawater for the
hatchery purposes was pumped from the sea directly
using a 7 HP motor. The suction point is located about 20
meters from the shore line. The water was filter through
several filters like sand-gravel filter, sand filter then
chlorination was done with 20ppm chlorine. After that
again filter by carbon filter, cartridge filter (0.5 – 1.0:m
mesh size) and UV filter before filling into tanks.
Continuous supply of air was provide d by a 15H P air
blower and a 7.5HP standby.
Exp erime nt 2
Monodon Bacu lo Virus (M BV ): Baculoviruses was
detected in wh ole or squashed (stained with m alachite
green for Monodon baculovirus) preparations of
hepatopancreas or feacal strands from larger-sized larvae,
using a high pow ered light microsco pe to spot the
chara cteristic viral occlusion bodies (which, in the case of
MBV are dark coloured and tetrahedral). The expression
of Bacculoviruses was often mediated by stress, and if
seen, a reduction in levels of stress was to reduce
prevalence and the asso ciated problem s of growth
depression; where baculoviruses were absent, a score of
10 was given; if mild infection baculovirus, a score of 8
was given; and if mild – moderate infection baculovirus
a score of 5 was given, if moderate infection baculovirus
a score of 0 was given.
Induced maturation, spawning and larval rearing:
Maturation and spawning in P. monodon female is
attained through unilateral eyestalk ablation. After
spawning, females were removed and eggs were filtered
and transferred to hatching tank s after treatmen t with
20ppm Iodine solution. Larval rearing was done in 3.5 ton
capa city circular FRP tank s. Filtered seaw ater was
pumped into the rearing tanks and 0.1ppm Treflon (antifungal agent) and water probiotic Superbiotic (CP
Aqu aculture Pvt. Ltd.) @ 10ppm w as added. First nau plii
stocked in larval rearing tanks @ 4 lakhs per 2 ton
seawater before stocking na uplii w ere given a dip in
10ppm Iodine. First zoea stage was fed with Chaetoceros
calcitrans @ 1x10 5 cells /ml twice daily. From second
zoea stage, knock Artem ia (10 – 15 g) mixed with gut
probiotic Zym etin @ 4gm / 100g . Artem ia was fed tw ice
daily along with Chaetoceros. Mysis I stage w as fed with
Chaetoceros (@5x 10 4 cells/ml) and Artem ia (20g) per
feeding schedule. Postlarval stages w ere fed exclusively
on freshly hatched live Artem ia nauplii @ 5 nos per PL
per feeding according to consumption by post larvae.
W ater probiotic Super PS (CP Aqu aculture Pvt. Ltd.) was
added daily @ 5-10ppm from zoeal stage onwards.Once
they reached to PL12-14 is ready for sale to the farmers.
Exp erime nt 3
Fouling organisms: The larvae was became host to a
range of fouling organisms ranging from bacteria and
fungi through to protozoans of many species (usually had
protozoans such as Zoothamnium, Vorticella, Epistylis or
Acineta, filamentous bacteria or dirt and organic m atter).
They were typically attached to the exoskeleton on the
head and b ody, and particularly aroun d the gills of the
larvae. W here the infections w as slight, the nex t mou lt
was removed the fouling witho ut further problems, but in
severe cases, the fouling was persisted or reoccured in the
next stage, indicating poor water quality and necessitating
action. If fouling organisms >50% was fouled
continuously, a quality said to be not pass.
145
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 1(3): 144-149, 2009
Tab le 1: Stan dard d ocum ent of w ater qua lity in hatche ry
Section
Type of samples
Parameter
Maturation
Stocking seawater
Salin ity
pH
Am mo nia
To tal alka linity
Rearing water
Salin ity
pH
Am mo nia
To tal alka linity
Nu rsery
Np. Stocking water
Salin ity
pH
Am mo nia
To tal alka linity
Rearing water
Salin ity
pH
Am mo nia
To tal alka linity
Frequency
100%
50%
100%
20%
Detection method
Refractometer
pH meter
Standard method#
Titration1
Refractometer
pH meter
Standard method#
Titration
Refractometer
pH meter
Standard method
Titration
Refractometer
pH meter
Standard method
Titration
Qu antity
250 ml.
250 ml.
250 ml.
250 ml.
Stand ard
30 - 32 p pt.
7.5 -8.5
# 0.2 ppm.
40-160 ppm.
30 - 32 ppt
7.5 -8.5
#1.0 ppm.
140-160 ppm.
30 - 32 ppt
7.5 -8.5
# 0.2 ppm.
140-160 ppm.
30 - 32 ppt
7.5 -8.5
# 2.0 ppm.
140-160 ppm.
given; if necrosis was between 12 % and 24 %, a sco re of
8 was given, if necrosis wa s betw een 2 6 % and 4 8 % , a
score of 5 was given; and if it was greater than 50 %
showed necrosis, indicating a severe infection was
present, a score of 0 was given.
Exp erime nt 4
PCR Test for WSSV and MBV: The one-step PC R kit
supplied from Shrim p Biotechnolog y Business Unit,
Thailand was used for PCR amplification tests and the
protocol was follow ed as per the kit instructions. The kit
primers were developed based on a WSSV-specific DNA
fragment described by Wongteerasupaya et al.
(1996).These primers yielded 294 bp fragment specific for
WSSV DNA. The DNA was extracted from P. monodon
brooders, eggs and P L. O ne micro liter containing
template DNA of 20–40 ng was placed in 0.2 ml
microfuge tubes. For amplification, 50:L of PCR reaction
mixture was added (PCR buffer pH 9.0; 1.5 mm MgCl2 ,
1 mm of each deox ynucleotide triphospha te, 1:m of each
primer and tw o units of Taq DNA polymerase). The PCR
mixture was overlaid with 50 :l of mineral oil to prevent
evaporation. The reaction was then carried out for
35cycles of denaturation, annealing and polym erization in
a thermal cycler (Perkin Elmer, London, UK). The first
cycle was heat denaturation at 90/C for 3 min, annealing
at 60/C for 30 sec and polymerization at 72/C for 30sec.
The next cycle used heat denaturation at 90/C for 30sec;
annealing at 60/C for 30sec and polymerization was 72/C
for 5 min (Kanchanaphum et al., 1998). The PCR
amplified products were analyzed in 1.5% agarose gels
containing ethidium bromide at a con centration of 0.5 :g
mlG1 and visualized under UV illumination and amplified
product size was determined by comparison with a 1kb
DN A ladder.
Exp erime nt 7
End opara site (Intestinal peristalsis): A high-power
micro scopic examination of the intestinal tract of the post
larvae was conducted in ord er to asc ertain the peristaltic
activity of the intestinal muscles. Strong gut peristalsis, in
combination with a full gut, was an indication of good
health and high nutritional status.
Exp erime nt 8
L.B (Isolation of Vibrio sp): Raw sea water and water
samples from various points in the hatchery such as
chlorine-treated water, UV-treated water and water from
tanks rearing variou s larval stages (i.e. eggs, naup lii,
zoea, My sis and post larvae) were collected from 30 cm
below the surface using sterile bottles. Total plate count
(TPC) was performed by plating serial ten-fold dilutions
in Tryptic Soy Agar containing 1% NaCl (TSAS) by the
spread plate m ethod . Each sample w as plated in duplicate.
The plates w ere incubated at 29.1/C and observed after 24
h. To determine the luminous bacterial counts the plates
were observed in a dark room.
Exp erime nt 9
Stress test: A Stress test was conducted once they
reached PL12 – 15. Randomly selected sample of about
100 animals were taken in a beaker containing rearing
water salinity with 20 pp m forma lin and allowed for 60
min.
Exp erime nt 5
M uscle Gut Ratio (MG R): A microscopic examination
of the relative thickness of ventral abdominal muscle and
the gut in the 6th abdominal segment of the tail of the post
larvae was conducted to determine the muscle to gut ratio.
It was provided useful indication of the nutritional status
of the animal. High muscle to gut ratios was preferable.
RESULTS
Water quality parameters: A standard document of
quality contro l and w ater quality was maintained in
hatchery to check the quality of seeds and w ater in every
stage (Table 1-2). The w ater quality param eters were
maintained as per Table 2.
Exp erime nt 6
Necrosis (IHH NV ): Necrosis of the larval body and
limbs, which is an indication of canniba lism or p ossible
bacterial infection, was observed by light microscope
under low power. If necrosis < 10 % a score of 10 was
146
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 1(3): 144-149, 2009
Table 2: M ukk am w ater qua lity report
R.O. Water
Fresh Water
-----------------------------------------------------------------Hard ness
Alka linty
Hard ness
Alka nity
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
Salinty
R.O
0%
40
0
0
F. W
0
0
600
380
30ppt
5200
150
0
0
25ppt
5000
135
4500
200
20ppt
3200
115
3750
220
15ppt
2900
100
3000
250
10ppt
1800
90
2000
270
5ppt
1200
60
1100
320
R.O W ater (7 50m l) + F resh W ater (3 50m l)---------- 15 0 alk alinty
After adjusting
30ppt
5400
150
25ppt
4600
170
20ppt
4000
160
15ppt
2200
160
10ppt
1900
160
5ppt
1400
140
In Mukkam area the hardness and alkanity of fresh
water was very high when compared to other areas. To
reducing this hardness and alk anity R everse Osmosis
(R.O) water w as added. The Standard alkanity for larval
culture was 150ppm.For maintaining the stand ards R .O
water was used to maintain the stability of the alkalinity
along the culture time (Table 2).
Hea lth assessment in larval stages: Several diseases
have been encountered during the hatchery operation.
Regular checking shown the presence of three viral, two
bacterial and one fungal disease prevalent among the
cultured larvae and some physical tests which are also
consider in hatcheries during culture.
Total Length and Size variation: To observ e grow th rate
of the shrimp using len gth as an indicator. For this
checking was started from naupli to PL1 (Table 1)
•
•
•
•
•
for PCR . Simila rly M BV infestation was also found.
Those larvae affected with these two viruses were killed
and disinfec ted im med iately. Ne crotizin g
hepatopancreatitis, vibriosis and larval mycosis were
treated chem ically
A number of factors influence the microflora in
shrimp hatcheries. The natural flora present in raw
seawater may be altered by filtration, chlorination and
other treatment methods adopted in the hatcheries.
Microflora present in the ch lorinated water represents
those which survived the treatment and those derived
from biofilms formed in the water pipes and tank surfaces
(Otta et al., 2001).
The Pacific white shrimp larvae from broodstocks
raised in earthen ponds that were infected with IHHNV
began to show signs of abnormalities, i.e., bent or
deformed rostrum s, wrinkled w alking legs, cu ticular
roughness, and other cuticular deformities, 30 days after
stocking. This is a n agre eme nt with the resu lts of a study
by Lightner (1996), who reported that IHHNV caused
90% mortality in the blu e shrim p, P. stylirostris.
IHHNV has caused significant losses for shrimp farmers
(Lightner et al., 1983; Tang et al., 2000). It causes slow
growth, small size, a low survival rate and ru nt-defo rmity
syndrome or RDS (Kalagayan et al., 1991). The shrimp
that came from SPF broodstocks did not have any
abnormalities. Result from this study indicated that
shrimp farmers should choose postlarvae from SPF
broodstocks that have tested negative for IHHNV in PCR
tests in order to achieve a good yield, wh ere as in
Mukkam area IHHN V is highly positive. It was not
affected during collection of broodstock, but when larval
rearing it was affected most of the cu lture tanks. This was
controlled by using some chem icals in Mukkam hatchery.
Simp le binocular microscope and compound monocular
microscope with CC TV are used for checking the
necrosis.
For MB V infection (L ightner et al., 1983) and
protozoan epicommensal gill fouling (Lightner, 1996) and
as a result of a nonspe cific depression of normal preening
behavior, moulting and feeding. The changes associated
with MB V and the tissue distribution of the virus w ere
Nauplii to PL-1 within 10 days.
Conversion was checked from mysis3 to PL 1 and
then length was calculated.
The length of the se eds w ere 11 .2mm at PL 12.
After PL 12 the size variation was not exceed ed mo re
than 6%.
The 50 pcs of seed samples were placed on a slide
and the length was measured by using scale
DISCUSSION
The com merc ial production of pen aeid shrimps seed
has been compan ied by the occurrence of infectious and
non-infectious diseases. One of the major problems faced
by shrimp hatcheries is the mortality caused by diseases.
A number of microbial agents are involved in causing
mortalities. Bacterial diseases are considered to be a
major cause of mortality in shrimp hatcheries (Wyban and
Sweeney, 1991; Wilkenfeld, 1992). They are also a
constraint in consistent larval production (Grisez and
Ollev ier, 1995).
Regular health checks and ex amin ation of animals
were carried out in the hatchery at various stages of
rearing. Post larval stages w ere exam ined regularly for
necrosis, luminous bacteria, WSSV, MBV, endoparasites
etc. Stress tests were also cond ucted . Only healthy larvae
which passed the health limits were sold to the farmers.
Diseases in larvae are caused mo stly by viral,
bacteria, protozoan and fungi. Even though disease
spreading organisms are always present in the water, they
attack larvae on ly when the larvae are weak du e to
environmental stress or nutritional deficiency. Bacteria,
particularly Vibrio spp have been reported to cause larval
mortalities in southern an d sou theastern A sia. V. harveyi,
a luminous species, has been implicated in a number of
cases causing mass mortalities (Sunaryanto and Mariam,
1986; Karunasagar, 1994). In the present topic, two viral,
two bacterial and one fungal disease were observed.
W SSV , a common and deadly virus, w as observed in
brooders, eggs and larval stages during regular sampling
147
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 1(3): 144-149, 2009
essentially identical to those described by (Lightner
et al.,198 3). Addition ally degenerating stage 4
hepatopancreatocytes (distinct eosinophilic intra nuclear
occlusion present in the nuclei) possessing large clear
cytop lasmic vacuoles were frequently noted. In their
detailed study (Lightner et al., 1983) concluded that the
lethality of MBV infection is increased by the presence of
the other pathog ens. Simp le binocular m icroscope and
compound monocular microscope with CCTV is used for
checking the MBV.
The effects o f age on resistance to low salinity and
formalin stress were determined in early P. vannam eipost
larvae (PL) with acute static bioassays. Two-hour median
lethal concentrations (2 h-LC 5 0 ) of formalin were 274,
288, 298 and 293 ppm for PL ages of 1, 2, 3 and 4 days
(PL 1 –PL 4 ), respectively. After PL 4 , resistance to formalin
increased with age to 374, 497 and 598 ppm for PL 5 , PL 6 ,
and PL 7 respectively. For exposure to low salinities, 2 hLC 5 0 , decreased from 16.8 ppt for both PL1and PL2to
14.3, 10.3. 8.3, 4.5. and 3.0 ppt for PL 3 , PL4 , PL5 , PL6 and
PL 7 , respectively. Based on salinity decreases or
differentials, 2 h-LC 5 0 increased from 12.9 and 11.8 ppt
for PL1and PL2, respectively to 14.2, 18.8, 19.5, 23.3 and
24.9 ppt for PL3 , PL4 , PL5 , PL6 , and PL 7 respectively. A
practical stress test to evaluate the hard iness of a hatch ery
produced P. vannamei PL w as proposed, using ex posure
to a single concentration of formalin or single reduced
salinity as a stressor. B ecause resistance to formalin and
reduced salinity increased with age, different stressor
concentrations are recommended for PL ages with
different sensitivities. The proposed stress tests, which are
rapid, inexpensive and simple, can be used by shrimp
hatcheries as a quality con trol procedu re (Tzachi et al.,
1981).
Stress tests are commonly applied in shrimp
hatcheries to estimate the quality of postlarvae to be
used during growout (Raj and Raj, 1982) found poor
grow th at 5 ppt or 45 ppt and that optimal salinity
was between 15 and 25 ppt for Indian strain of
P. semisulcatus. Num et al. (1977) obtained 100%
mortality with the Philippines shrimp population at
55 ppt, whereas Samocha. (1980) and Harpaz and
Karplus. (1991) had 1 00% survival even at 60 ppt.
antibiotics as prophylactic agents to prevent the bacterial
infection in larvae (Baticados et al., 1990). Indescrimate
use of antibiotics results in the development of resistant
strains of bacteria. Mass mortality in P. monodon larvae
due to antibio tic – resistant, V. harveyi have been reported
by various researchers (Lavilla and Pitogo et al., 1990;
Karun asagar, 1994). The result of the study indicates that
antibiotic – resistant V. harveyi could be involved in the
development of SHG in the po st larvae of P. monodon.
Hence there is a need to reduce the use of antibiotics and
also to use the appropriate antibiotics in their minimum
effective levels in shrimp hatcheries.
At present most of the countries are rejecting the
antibiotic food which cause human hazards. By
introducing probiotics, usage of antibiotics is reduced. By
using probiotics we can control the spread of disease. In
Mukkam hatcheries they use to sell 100% of non infected
Vibrio seeds. This is due to regular monitoring and proper
maintenance from the beginning to end. It starts from the
water pumping, filtering and pumping in larval tanks.
Before that from naup li to Pl stages it can be checked for
vibriosis sps. Once after stocking, twice a day larval
stages and water samples are tested for microbes for
clearance of no vibriosis.
Fouling organisms like filamentous bacteria and
Zoothamium spp are frequently seen in hatchery. But it
was not much severe when compared with other diseases
because it will be washed when it undergo moult. In some
cases it spread for all tanks, in that case we need to use
chemical treatment for removal of fouling organisms
(Formalin). Experimentally prevented from grooming the
antennules by ablation suffered fouling of the olfactory
hairs of the antennules with their subsequent breakage and
loss, antennules of controls remained clean and
undamaged in Tidepool shrimps (Hep tacarpus p ictus)
(Bauer, 1977). Antennules preening, a frequent and
widespread behavior of caridean shrimps and other
decapod crustaceans is suggested as having high adaptive
value in keeping sensory sites free of epizoic and
sedimentary fouling which might render them inoperative.
The species are those affected rarely with filamentous
bacteria are P. aztecus, P. duorarum, and P. setiferus.The
filamentous bacteria commonly found attached to the
exoskeleton, particularly fringe areas beset with setae.
W hen infestation is heavy bacteria of this type have been
seen attached to the gill filamen ts in large numb ers
(Johnson, 1989).The present stud y is an assoc iation w ith
a leading shrimp hatchery and the results obtained are
highly beneficial to other hatchery operators to produce
high quality shrimp seeds for a sustainable and
ecofriendly aquaculture in India.
The highest larval survival rate during cu lture and in
shrimp stress tests has been reported in our hatchery when
specimens are offered a diet containing high levels of
highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Also vitamin C
has positive effect to resistance and survival of larvae.
The stress test done here in above the PL12 stages
because seed can not adjust for sudden environmental
changes in water. The test will continu e upto sale of seed.
The salinity for stress test should maintain depends upon
the farmer’s pon d salinity. During larval rearing salinity
maintained is depend s upon the farmer’s required salinity.
Before the day of selling the salinity maintained as per
required. Then only seed will not affect with sudden
environmental or thermal shock.
Vibrio species have been reported to cause serious
diseases of larval and post larval stages of P. monodon
(Ma ri et al., 1988). Many shrimp hatcheries use
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Lacierda, L.D. de Lapena and N.A. Sunaz, 1990.
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diseased Penaeus monodon larvae and rearing wa ter.
Dis. A quat. Orga n., 9: 133-139.
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Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 1(3): 144-149, 2009
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