OF IZ4
FIR
OF
TAORLOR
by
HAROLD JAMES RAPBAEL
A THESIS
submitted to
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
!ASTER OF SCIENCE
July 1949
APPROVED:
Signature redacted for privacy.
Professor of Forest Products
In Charge of Major
Signature redacted for privacy.
Ilea of Department of Forest Products
Signature redacted for privacy.
Chairman of Sohoo17aduate Committee
Signature redacted for privacy.
Dean of Graduate School
PREFACE
The best possible protection against insect and deal damage to wooden structures is obtained through the
use of approved wood preservatives applied by pressure,
and for certain types of installations pressure treatment
the only recommended method.
Although pressure treated wood reduces the ultimate
cost of a structure, the high initial cost has certain
disadvantages for use by small-home owners and builders.
A less expensive product, if adequately treated, will
supply a much needed item for the small-home building
industry.
Non-pressure methods such as cold soaking, hot
and cold bath, and vacuum treating processes, may lower
the cost of treated wood materially. If adequate protection can be obtained by these methods, it should be
possible to expand the market for treated lumber.
Although certain species may be treated easily
by non-pressure methods, coast type Douglas fir
(Pseudottataxifolia (Poir.) Britt.) is relatively
difficult to treat even when a pressure process is
employed (30, p. 273).
These investigations have been limited to coast
Douglas fir heartwood because it is one of the
principal species used for construction purposes
p.
(3
231 9# 1)* 475-476).
The usual practice in treating Douglas fir heartwood is to incise the material, even where pressure
processes are employed. An adequate treatment of such
material might be obtained by the more economical cold-
soaking or hot and cold bath processes if the wood is
incised and the hydrostatic pressure increased. This
increase in hydrostatic pressure can be accomplished by
increasing the depth or immersion of the material in the
treating solution.
Satisfactory treatment of incised material deponds upon the longitudinal penetration from the
incisions. The penetration from a single incision is
comparable to the penetration obtained through the ends
Of a piece of wood. To simplify these investigations,
it was decided to make a study of end penetration as
influenced by various depths of immersion. These data
are necessary to establish the spacing of incisions
for Douglas fir heartwood.
An attempt was made to correlate the study of
end penetration with the effect of certain growth
eheracteristics; namely, specific gravity, rate of
The influence of
interne "creep" was considered as a secondary factor.
relatively new chemical pentachlorophenolt
growth, and per cent summerwood.
was chosen for these investigations. Because it can be
used with low viscosity oils, which will penetrate nonrefractory woods rapidly and deeply, it has become
increasingly popular for those items where non-pressure
methods of treating are employed. The properties of
pentachlorophenol are summarized in the review of
literature.
ACKNOWLMG11 T
The writer wishes to express his appreciation to
the Dow Chemical Company for providing the fellowship
which made these investigations possible* to the
various staff numbers of the Oregon Forest Products
Laboratory for their kind assistance; to Professors
Zohn B. Grant am and William I. West of the School of
Forestry for their technical advice and helpful sugOstions in preparing this paper, and to Dr. George
Barnes for his assistance relative to the statistical
analysis of the data presented in this thesis.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
I
Page
REVIEW OF LITLMATURE
Development of pentaohlorophanol
as a wood. preservative
Application to wood preservation
.
Volume used
41
2
it
Service tests
Properties of pentachlorophenol
Properties desired in an ideal
preservative . a.
Physical and chemical properties
Toxicity to fungi and insects
4
Toxicity to man
Effeot on the use of wood . .
Some factors affecting the pen
of non-pressure treated wood
EX ERIMMTALPROOEDME
A.
Materials
Species used
Preservative
Solvent
Indicator
Ind-coat pa
Paraffin
Treating equipment
hap tar
Page
Preparation of material
11
Cutting and marking samples
Storing of samples and data blocks
Data relative to samples
Rings per inch
12
2
Per cent summerwo
13
Specific gravity
1
4. Moisture content
End coating
17
Preparation of treating solution
17
Experimental treatment
18
Controlled factors
1. Moisture content
1
erature of treating solu-
on .
Treating time
Drain period
Treating procedure
Method of measuring penetration
6
18
1
18
19
19
20
III EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
A.
Depth of immersion
Results
25
Conclusions
29
Growth characteristics
Results
Conclusions
0
4
34
hapter
ag
Internal "creep
study-
35
Results
35
Conolusions
37
Compression wood
38
Results
41
Conclusions
IV
3
S1JITjRy AND CONCLUSIONS
SummaryA.
Conclusions
Influence of depth of immersion
Growth characteristics
43
Internal "creep"
46
Compression wood
46
Recommendations for further study on
end penetration when cold soaking
Douglas fir heartwood in yentaohlorophenol solutions
47
BIBLIOGRAPHY
9
APPEND
53
Statistical analysis of data collected
in the depth of immersion experiment
53
Average minimum end penetration
55
.
Maximum and 50 per oent-line average
end penetration
LIST OF TABUS
Table
1
Page
Method of cutting end marking samples
Ring count of data blocks and average
ring count of each strip
11
13
Per cent summerwood of data blocks and
average per cent summerwood of each strip
6
Results of speoific gravity determinations
Results of moisture content determinations
Samples treated at each level of immersion
Summary of average end penetration values
as influenced by depth of immersion, which
include: raw data averages, standard
deviations of raw data averages, and
calculated averages .
The relationship of specific gravity to
individual strips
The relationship of specific gravity to
per cent summerwood and ring count;
based on the average values of the three
specific gravity classes
.
Influence of specific gravity on a
50 per cent-line penetration values
16
17
19
6
per cent summerwood and ring count of the
1.
..
10
12
various levels or immersion
End penetration values of suf1s5 soaked
at a depth of 10 feet; sho
original
values compared with those obtained after
a 60 day "creep" period .
Values obtained from data blooks of
strip I showing the difference between
certain growth characteristics in norma
wood and compression wood
9
Table
page
The 50 per osnt1ine penetration of the
individual samples of strip
39
Comparison of average end penetration of
strip I and the average end penetration
of all other strips; based on 50 per oentline raw data values . . .
Uhweighted data ayeraes nd statistical
factor values for calculating a
minimum and penetration curve
16
Weighted data averages and statistic
factor values for calculating average
minimum end penetration curve
17
56
36
Formulae, calculations, and results of
means and correction terms used in
Table 16
57
Analysis of variance of curvilinear
regress ton formula for the average
minimum end penetration values .
59
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph
Page
Influence of depth of immersion on the average end penetration of coast type Douglas
fir heartwood
.
.
.
.
Relationship of three spscXtio gravity
classes to average end penetration and
depth of immorsion
Comparison of average
penetration between str
strips
.
27
33
ant-line end
and all otholr
Scatter diagram of raw data average end
penetration values obtained by increasing
he depth of immersion
54
LIST OF PLAT-10
ae
Plate
Treating tank and lows ortion of stand
ible in
pipe; three level-tauge are
the photograph .
15
Penetration outline of
illustrating the position of the 5
per cent-line. The treated area above
the line is approximately equal to the
treated area below the line .
Illustrating the difference in growth
characteristics between the data block
of strip II% tho block on the left
taken from a region containing c
wood, the block on the right was
from a region of apparently noraal
0
TEE INFLLflOZ OF D PH OF
ON END PZUTRATION IN DOUGLAS F
WIMI COW-SOAKED IN PJiTAOHLQRP
I
0
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pontachlorophenol was first described by Erdman
However, its preservative value was not considered until 1935, and it was not manufactured on a
ommercial scale until 1936 (19).
Chapman (16) reports
hat only in recent years has the cost
been low enough
attract large-scale commercial attention.
AP lioation,to woodyreservation
Pentaohlorophenol has been
recommended for every
preservative use except for the treatment of material
to be exposed to the attack of salt water marine
borers
4)
The chemical was first accepted by the millwork industry and is used extensively in a quick-dip
process.
Recommended oil solvents, methods, and
formulae have been adequately described by Hubert
(220 24).
The hot and cold bath treatment of poles in
the Northwestern states and the cold-soak treatment
of timbers also have been reported by Hubert (21, 23).
Colley 17) has described methods of preserving poles
by means of hot and cold bath treatments employing
pentachlorophanol. It has been used, in a cold-soak
eatment, to prevent shell rot of the sapwood in the
posed, above ground areas of western red cedar poles.
Pentachlorophenol has been used successfully to
treat standing poles, and numerous methods have been
recommended (5, 27, 33).
t has been recommended by many investigators
8, 36, 37, 38), as a readily available, reliable
preservative for extending the life of fence posts.
Volume used
The volume of pentachlsrophensl used for all
of wood preservation has increased steadily in
years, as shown in the following statistics
d by the American Wood Preservers Association
p
24):
279,881 lbs. used in 1945
5,289,843 lbs. used in 1946
6,909,146 lbs. used in 1947
47
re than one-fifth of all the poles treated
in e United States were treated with pentachlorophenol solutions, either alone or in combination with
creosote (20).
Service tests
The effectiveness of pentaohlorophenol has not been
definitely proven due to the relatively short length of
time that it has been used as a wood preservative.
How-
ever, records of material in use and accelerated Barytes
tests conducted during the past 12 years indicate that
its toxicity and permanence are comparable to ooalu4er
creosote
(7
S
15
29, 35).
Properties of oentachlorophenol
EX.222E1121.122111:21-112.24.-kaaLREVATIRSIii. Min
and Gerratt (25, p. 84) describe the requirements of an
ideal preservative as follows:
"A wood preservative, in
commercial use, should be toxic
to wood destroyers, permanent,
highly penetrative, safe to handle
and use, harmless to wood and metal,
lentiful, and economical. For the
reatmsnt of building lumber or
manufactured articles, or for other
special purposes, it may also need
order to be suitable for general
to be clean, colorless, odorless,
resistant, or moisture repelling,
have certain combinations of these
properties."
paintable, =swelling, fire
mj.I :prqperties. The physical
Physical
and chemical properties of pentaohlorophenol have been
described in detail by various investigators (13, 14,
19)
Pentaohlorophenol is readily soluble in oils but
slightly soluble in water, ranging from 5 parts
per million at 0 degree centigrade to 35 parts per
million at 35 degrees centigrade. Vapor pressure of the
chemical is extremely low; 0.00017 mm. of mercury at 20
degrees centigrade. The combination of these two
insures a high degree of permanence for wood
uses.
Toxioitir-S2.119LUEOLIPASAE.
It has been es i-
mated that the toxicity of pentaohlorophenol is 10 to
100 times that of coal-tar creosote, depending upon the
methods of testing and the type of creosote used (16).
The concentration of pentaohlorophenol required to kill
a transplant of the fungus, Madison No. 517, in nutrient
has been reported as being 0.002 per cent (6).
Toxic ity to man. 1xperinients on numerous small
totals indicate that pentaohlorophenol, if administered
ge enough doses, will cause death. However,
ed sub-lethal doses carried out over a period of
months showed no evidence of chronic poisoning (26 31).
Pentaohlorophenol in contact with the skin, for a
ufficiently long period of time will cause edema an
and loss of hair.
This condition is temporary and ap-
Parently no permanent injury to the deeper structure
of the skin or hair follicles results (18).
Thorough
ing with soap and warm water will prevent any
The addition of 1 per cent
to 4 per cent of borax to solutions of pentachlorophenol
irritation to the skin (4).
has been reoommended to reduce skin irritation (3).
Bffeot on the ue of wood.
Wood treated with
pentachlorophenol, in a suitable oil carrier, is nonbleeding, odorless, and paintable. Baechler (4)
reports that pentachlorophenol apparently does not have
a noticeable affect on the corrosion of commonly used
builders hardware. Be further states that although there
not been very many strength testa conducted, large-
usage of wood treated with pentachlorophenol has
not indicated any reduction in strength properties.
Preservative solutions penetrate wood more
readily in a longitudinal direction than in a tangential
or radial direction. In softwoods, the wood tracheids,
unobstructed resin canals (when present), and =aspirated
bordered pits are the principal structural elements
facilitating this longitudinal movement of preservative
solutions within the wood..
Summerwood of certain softwoods treats more readhen does the springwood. This is especially true
species having clearly differentiated bands of
epriagwood and summsrwood, such as Douglas fir.
This
may be explained in part by the fact that a greater
percentage of bordered pits remain unaspirated in the
ummerwood (25, p. 232-233
The primary forces influencing the penetration
of preservative solutions in a cold-soak method are
capillary action, and the hydrostatic pressure as
exerted by the head of the treating solution (12).
Penetration and absorption may be increased by
incising pre-heating the wood, employing a hot and
Old-bath, and increasing the depth of immersion
10)
A combination of pre-heated wood and 1n
ad depth of immersion has been found to give
=talent results when used in certain investigations
employing pentachlorophenol in oil solutions (11).
aRIM1NTAL PR0C2DURE
Materials
Species used. Coast type Douglas fir was used in
these investigations, In order to eliminate the influenoe of defects, and to have material with approximately the same moisture content, B and better, kiln-dried,
surfaced four sides, heartwood lumber was purchased
locally. Twenty strips, 2 by 2 inches by 18 feet were
selected to include a representative range in specific
gravity, rate of growth and per cent summerwood.
Preservative. A 1-to-10 liquid concentrate
pentaohlorophenol, manufactured by the Dow Chemical Co.
of Michigan ma used. The liquid concentrate, rather
than crystals, was used beoause of the ease of dissolving in a cold oil solvent.
rent. The solvent used for the pentachiorophenol was number 2 Diesel oil, manufactured by the
Union Oil Co. of California. This oil conformed to
Pacific Specifications 200 as follows:
Gravity 33 at 60 deg.
Viscosity 39 seconds at 100 deg. F.
Flash point 180 deg. F. (Closed cuP
Distillation range 400 deg. F. g. 700 de
SO
Indicator, Sudan Bed, BBA oil soluble dye No.
55886, manufactured by the General Dyestuff Corporation
of California, was used in these experiments to color
the preservative solution. This dye went into solution
with the solvent and did not filter out.
End coat paint. FUllerglo No. 320 white paint
was used to coat one end of each sample, as explained
under experimentalprocedure.
Paraffin Ordinary preserving paraffin was used
prevent absorption of water by the blocks during the
specific gravity determinations.
Treatiss !guikment
staking
rtical treating cylinder was constructed b
necessary alterations to a paint spray-tank,
Pla
The tank was approximately 12 inches in
ter and 14 inches high. A. removable cover was
kept tightly sealed during treatments by means of thumb
screws and a rubber gasket.
A stiff wire screen was welded to the inside of
the tank, at a point 12 1/8 inches from the top, and a
flat perforated plate was attached to the underside
the cover. By ans of the screen and the plate,
is ends to be treated were kept at the s
1 throughout the treating period.
loy rg the principle of hydrostatic paradox
(32,p 774), eliminated the necessity of building a
ge tank. The required depth of immersion was obtained by threading a stand pipe, 1.25 inches in diameter
11 feet high to the cover. Glass level-indisators
a attached to the pipe at two-foot intervals so that
a constant depth of solution could be maintained.
0
.4
4
44.
44,
3.0
-
:
1F
t
4
c
1:-.0
-
4go iatia3
WW2 IOW
lat NOM
wurriffor,
Ma Mil
VI= MM:
iat ions
moo
me ow
Now
I SW'S
!
SO Nan
IED Mat
Plate, 1. . Treating tank and lower portion of
stand pipe; three level-gauges are
Visible in the photograph.
/
11
Preparation of Material
es. Initiall
stripe were out into fifteen 12 inch samples.
Cutting and nark
s
The
samples from each strip were marked with lumber crayon
as illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1
Method of cutting and marking samples
Cutting order of Samplez
Two data blocks, 2 inches longs were taken from
strip for the determination of specific gravity,
ure contents ring count, and per cent summerwood.
blocks were out at approximately five feet from
end of the strip.
Storing of saqples and data blocks. In order to
vs all samples at approximately the same moisture
content, they were stored in a controlled humidity room
set at 12 per cent. The data blocks were stored in the
12
same room so that they would represent the true value of
the samples when the moisture content determinations
were made. The samples and blocks were stored in this
room for approximately three months before being subjected to the actual experiments.
Data relativ to,*
ingsjoer inch. The ring count for
each data block was determined by measuring off a
distance of one inch in a line perpendicular to the
rings. Care was exercised to choose an area representative of the average growth conditions. The
rings through which this line passed were counted as.Ourately by using a reading glass. The average of the
two blocks, rounded to the nearest whole number,
-
used as the ring count figure for the strip they
represented. The ring count of each block and the
average of each strip is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Ring count of data blocks and average
ring count of each Astrip
Data Block
umbers
Strip
liumFer
R
per
Xnaph
Average Nwnber of
nue.p.e.za_noh
$ee page 4, second paragraph.
2. Per cent summerwood. The per cent
sUmmsrwood was determined on the same rings that were
used for the ring count. The width of each band of
ummerwood VVA measured with a pair of adjustable
dividers and the measurement marked on a piece of paper.
The markings formed a continuous line which was then
measured to the nearest 0.01 inch. The resulting fig
represented the per cent sums:mood for the block. The
average figure of the two blocks, rounded to the nearest
number, was again used as the representative figure for
the strip These data are shown in Table 3.
of data blocks and
erwood of each
Data Block
Numbers
otriP
page 24,
oond paragraph.
5
Specific gravity. The average specific
gravity of each strip was determined by using the same
data blocks as described above. The specific gravity
determinations were based on oven-dry weight and oven-dr
volume.
The blocks were weighed immediately upon being
*moved from the controlled humidity room. The determinations were made by following the procedure as
outlined in section 10, paragraphs (o) through (j) of
the American Society for Testing Materials standards
1, p, 348). Only those portions pertaining to
specific gravity were utilized. Computations were made
according to Brown, Panshin and Forsaith (9, p. 60-61)
The results of the specific gravity determinepresented in Table 4.
16
Table 41 Results of specific gravity determinations
Bair
Block
Number:Strip:
nron:6777
o
t of Dlo-:
t placed Water
as: injeams
41.8
A
79.7
Gray
0151
0158
0.47.
41
r
*Ma
o
0256
6.
6
6.7
5:17
39:)
0.60
0.66
0156
02.50
o,d5i
44 page 24, second paragraph.
44
Moisture content. The average moisture
content values of each strip are given in Table 5.
The
moisture contents were computed in conjunction with the
specific gravity determinations, as a check on the
controlled humidity room.
17
Table 5, Results of oisture content determinations
iP
Average Werg
Before Drying
in grams
IVeragi'Oiren-
dry Weight in
grams
*AO WO
C
X
M.M.
0.0 *NW *NW
40.63
43.60
37.45
37.70
41.25
45.55
30.90
41.80
42.20
45.70
45.43
48.53
53.50
40.
43.93
47.93
52.15
44.10
40.20
46.05
5743
4440
49.20
31.52
Terme
Moisture
Content in
er
12.05
11.62
11.61
11.93
10.78
11.39
10.48
11.57
10.35
11.56
11.19
11.29
page 24 second paragrap
xad Coating.
One end of each sample was coated
Fullerglo No. 520 white paint to prevent penetraof the preservative through that end. The ends
were dipped carefully to give a uniform coating and then
allowed to dry thoroughly before beginning the treating
process.
Preparation
tx'eatinj s ution The treatin
solution was prepared by mixing 1 gallon of 1-to-10
liquid concentrate of pentachlorophenol with 10 gallons
of No. 2 diesel oil. This ratio produced a treating
solution containing approximately 5 per cent, by weigh
at entachlorophenol.
The resulting solution was too light in color to
permit visual measurement of the amount of penetration
obtained. To overcome this difficulty, the solution
was given a dark red color by adding an oil-soluble
dye at the rate of 2 grams per gallon of treating
solution,
Experimental treatment
Controlled factors
content. A constant moisture
content was maintained throughout the experiment by
storing the samples in the controlled humidity room.
The average moisture content of all the samples used was
11.32 per cent.
1
2, Tariperature of trqpting solution. The
Lag solution was used at room temperature, which
varied between 65 deg. F. and 70 deg. F.
Treating time. The investigations
conducted on a 30 minute treating schedule.
amples were allowed to remain in the treating solution
for 27 minutes after the desired depth was reached. It
took approximately 3 minutes to rill and drain the tank
19
for each charge.
Drain period. Hach charge of samples
was placed on a reek and allowed to drain for 2 hours.
Immediately after the draining period, the samples were
ripped and the penetration measured.
Treating procedure. Five levels of immersion war
the investigations. They were at 2 foot interd ranged from 2 feet to 10 feet, inclusive.
Thirty samples were treated at each immersion
This total consisted of 3 samples from each of
the ten strips. The samples for the various levels were
lected according to the schedule shown in Table 6.
6Samples treated at each level of immersion
tE of
in Feet
Immers ion
charges of 15 samples each, selected at
random, were used for each level. The samples were
stood in a vertical position with the unpainted ends
resting on the lower screen in the tank. The charge was
20
bound together with heavy string to prevent separation
of the samples.
The covers with stand-pipe attached, was next
clamped in place. The preservative solution was admitted
/op pouring into the top of the stand-pipe from a platform. From this position it was possible to observe the
level-gauges and determine when the desired depth was
attained. Preservative solution was added during the 30
minute treating period, as needed, to maintain the level
in the gauge, thus balancing the absorbed solution.
The pressure of the treating solution caused the
samples to float against the top plate of the cover and
allowed approximately 1/8 inch clearance between the
bottom screen and the ends of the samples. This space
insured unhampered absorption of the preservative into
the ends being treated. The samples maintained a
vertical position throughout the treating period because of the limited clearance between the sample ends
and screen, and because they were bound together.
Upon completion of the 30 minute treating period,
the solution was drained off by means of a petcock at
the bottom of the tank. The samples were allowed to
drain for 2 hours before being measured for penetration.
Method of measuring penetration. Immediately
21
after the draining period, the penetration of each sample
was determined. Bach sample was ripped, approximately
hrough the center, in such a manner that radial faces
e exposed on the two halves. One-half of the ripped
ample was discarded and the other half used to determine penetration. Samples were prepared in this manner
in order that variations in penetration occurring in
springwood and summerwood of contiguous growth rings
could be analyzed.
The saw blade had a tendency to carry the pre-
ive with it as it passed through the material,
thus indicating a greater depth of penetration than
actually was the case. TO eliminate this condition,
the radial face was surfaced on a jointer. The
chipping action of the jointer knives eliminated the
oarrY over effect of the saw blade and presented a
e accurate pattern of penetration.
The penetration pattern of each sample was outlined with crayon after it had been surfaced. The
penetration of each sample was measured to ihe nearest
0.05 inch by means of dividers and a scale calibrated
to 0.01 inch.
The minimum, maximum, and 50 per cent points
were measured on each sample. The 50 per cent point
22
mem determined by drawing a straight line at right
angles to the vertical axis of the samples so that the
treated areas below and above the line were approximately equal. The position of this line was determined
by eye and the method employed is illustrated in
Plate 2.
23
Plate 2* Penetration outline of sample J-15;
illustrating the position of the 50
per cent-line. The treated area
above the line is approximately
equal to the treated area below the
line,
24
EAPERIMLMTAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
III.
This phase of the investigations was originally
based on five levels of immersion and samples from ten
strips of wood.
Mini and
It was found, however, that the mini-
50 per cent line average raw data values for
the 8 foot and 10 foot levels were almost identical,
neoessitating the establishment of an additional point
to determine the proper slope of curve for the data.
Each strip, with the exception of strips A and
contained enough material for 2 additional s
Accordingly, samples numbered 16 and 17 were prepared
from each of the remaining eight strips for the 12
foot level.
Samples from two substitute strips. (Y and
Z) were used in place of strips A and 3, making a total
of 20 samples treated at the 12 foot level.
Strips Y
and Z. were selected to approximate strips A and ;
the basis of growth characteristics.
When the strips were ripped to
determine
enetration it was discovered that certain samples
cm strip I contained compression mood and gave very
erratic penetration patterns.
Consequently this strip
was eliminated from the depth of immersion experiment
and has been considered separately in section D of this
25
chapter.
Results. The results of the de th of immersion
experiment are presented in Table 7 d Graph 1. Table
7 presents the average minimum, maximum, and 50 per ()out-
line end penetration values by depths of immersion. The
table shows the average raw data values, the standard
deViation of these values, the computed average values,
and the number of samples treated at each immersion
level The computed values were obtained by employing
Curvilinear regression formula to the average raw
data points. The regression eurves, based an the
uted values, are shown in Graph 1. The average raw
data points are not plotted on Graph 1 owing to possible
(Infusion resulting from their close agreement with
the computed values.
A statistical analysis of these data is presented
appendix.
Summary of average end penetration values as influenced by
depth of immersion", which includes row data averagss"
standard deviations of raw data averages, and calculated
VI. AM.
ors 41..
Average Snd Penetration in Inches
Depth of
'aversion
inlet
11.
.111.
IVO WO
$
Number
Minimum
Wenof
: Raw Standard
: _Sastlee : Data Deviation lated
:
Raw
Maxims
Standard Calms-
: Data Deviation lated
50
: Paw
Per cent-line
Standard
Calstt-b.-
:Data Deviation lated
27
0.1407
0.0899
0,1320
1.3592
0.2528
1.3430
0.3685
0.0786
043760
27
0.2203
0.1755
0.2410
1.8129
0.3874
1.6440
0.4925
0.0968
044800
6
27
0.3351
0.13141
0.3220
2.2740
0.4554
2.2560
0.5481
0.1253
0.5670
8
27
0.3703
0.2364
0.3750
2.5536
0.6311
2.5790
0.6592
0.1854
046360
27
0.4111
0.2977
0.4000
2.8574
0.6911
2.8130
0.6703
0.1483
046850
0.3888
0.3007
0.3980
2.9277
0.8427
2.9580
0.7222
0.1526
047150
2
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28
minimum curve shown in Graph 1 illustrates an
increase in average end penetration up to and including
the 10 foot lave
The largest increase in penetration
was associated with an increase from the 2 foot to the
4 foot depth of immersion. Increase in penetration was
slight between the 8 and 10 foot levels. The 12 foot
level shows a slight drop in penetration. This decrease
of 0.002 inch is not statistically significant and may
be due to unexplained error. If more samples were
treated at the 12 foot level the results might show a
value equal to or slightly higher than the 10 foot
From the data obtained, there seems to be no
Justification in going to a depth greater than 10 feet
when considering minimum penetration.
The 50 per cent-line curve exhibits an almost
uniform increase in end penetration up to the 10 foot
level with a slight tapering off between the 10 and 12
foot levels. This continued increase in penetration
was probably influenced by the maximum penetration
values which tended to pull the 50 per oent-line up a
the higher immersion levels even though the minimum
values showed a slight drop.
The maximum curve shows the most influence due
to increased depth of immersion and the least tapering
off at the higher levels. This probably was due to the
feet that the long streaks of maximum penetration were
awe/1 associated with the bands of summerwood. The
sUmmerwood of Douglas fir, as explained elsewhere in
this paper, treats more readily than the springwood.
It seems reasonable, therefore, to expect the greater
pressure resulting from increased depth of immersion to
have the most influence in the treatment of summarwood.
Oonolusions.
On the basis of the data obtained,
tag the 50 per cent-line as a criterion of adequate penetration, an increase in depth of immersion
up
10 feet seems justified. Any increase in depth
greater than 10 feet apparently will result in only a
slight increase in penetration.
The minimum penetration influences thepositioning of the 50-per cent line more than does the maximum
etration. This may be explained by the fact that
the 50 per cent-line was positioned according to the
otal amount of treated material above the line and the
total amount below the line. The minimum values represented 100 per cent treatment across the face of the
sample, whereas the maximum values were confined to
ong, narrow streaks of material which did not include
great a treated area.
0
Any increase in depth of immersion greater than
10 feet apparently will not result in an appreciable
increase in minimum penetration. Hence, there probably
would be only a slight increase in the 50 per cent-line
tration.
The greatest influence of depth of immersion was
found in the bands of summerwood. This is borne out by
the high values of the maximum penetration curve which
were, based solely on long, narrow streaks associated
with these zones of tissue.
owth characteristics observed in these
investigations were specific gravity, per cent summerod, and number of rings per inch. The data obtained
were based on the original strips used up to the 10
foot level in the depth of immersion experiment.
Strips Y and I were not considered because they had been
used in the 12 foot level only. Strip I was not considered because it contained compression wood.
To simplify the results, the strips were grouped
into the following specific gravity classes: 0.45-0.50,
0 0.0.55, and 0.55-0.60. Table 8 shows the relationship among the growth characteristics of the individual
strips and Table 9 represents the average values of the
stripe when grouped into the three peoitio gravity
e asses.
Table 8. The relationship of spealfic gravity to
per cent summermvod and ring count of
the individual strips
Iverage
Strik
Sp so if to
Gray itL
0.467
047
C.
Om rem
0.561
0.575
0.606
Table 9. The relationship of spool:
per cent summerwood and ring count;
based on th varage values of the three
specific gravity classes
Xpeortro
Gravity
Classes or* our or*
0.45-0.50
0.50-0.55
0.15-0.60
Averag
Per Pent
S
rwood
34
28
22
12
Table 10 shows the influence of the three
speoifio gravity classes on average end penetration at
various levels of immersion. The penetration values were
based on the raw data average for 50 per cent-line values.
32
Table 10.
Influence of specific gravity on a
50 per cent-line penetration value
various levels of immersion
50.65
NOR. . .G. IT.r5-0.5:147G7 5.: SG
Average end
1 Average and
of
: Average end
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0.308
0.425
0.400
0.516
2
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:Penetration
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0.389
0.515
0.588
0.767
0.250
0.383
0.504
0.591
0.650
so*
OW*
IthIpt,
Graph 2 presents the free hand curves obtained by
plotting the values of Table 10. tio attempt was made to
run a statistical analysis of these data because of the
small number of values involved. The results are preented here as indications only and are in no way
intended to offer conclusive proof of the relationship
of the various growth characteristics to end penetration.
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Graph 2- Relationship of three specific gravity classes to average
end penetration and depth of immersion.
10
34
Results. Table 9 demonstrates an apparent relationship among the growth characteristics of the three
specific gravity classes. These data indicate lower
specific gravity values are associated with a low parentage of summerwood and a high ring count.
Converse-
ly, the high specific gravity values are correlated with
high percentage of summerwood and a low ring count.
The intermediate specific gravity values are associated
th corresponding medial values of per cent summerwood
and ring count.
The values of Table 10, as presented in Graph 29
indicate a definite increased average and penetration
those strips having higher specific gravity values.
The highest specific gravity class does not give the
highest penetration values but this may be due to the
small number of data involved.
Conclusions.
The results indicate that, in
general, a relationship apparently exists among certain
growth characteristics of Douglas fir. It appears that,
within certain limits, material having a high percentage
of summerwood and a low ring count will have a high
speoific gravity oontent.
Due to the position of the two higher specific
ourves in Graph 2, and the small number of da
that determined the basis for the curves, it is not
possible to state with certainty whether or not the highoat specific gravity values will always give the best
average penetration. However, the spread between the
two high value curves and the low value curve seems large
enough to indicate that material having a low specific
gravity definitely will give poor penetration results.
Likewise, it appears that, within certain limits, Douglas
fir having a high ring count and a low percentage of
summerwood will give poor penetration results since
these growth characteristics can be associated with
specific gravity values as presented in Table 9.
The samples treated at the 10 foot level were
chosen for the study of internal"creep" of the
pentachlorophenol-diesel oil solution. After the
original penetration measurements had been made, they
were allowed to stand for 60 days. At the end of the
60 day period they were run through the Jointer and
again measured for penetration. A comparison of these
measurements with the values obtained in the original
penetration experiment is presented in Table 11
Results. The data Obtained from these samples
36
show that the average minimum penetration due to internal
"creep" of the preservatives was extended 0.046 inch,
Average maximum and 50 per cent-line penetration showed
decreases of 0.008 and 0.018 inch, respectively.
ed
d ponotration values of
a depth of 10 feet showing or
values compared with those obtained after
Imp period
a 60 day
afire
Ifita3
1.0.
A5
0
15
5
0
5
5
10
15
5
10
15
5
10
F
5
5
10
15
5
10
5
5
10
5
5
10
0.10
0.15
0.10
0.50
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.70
0.30
0.50
1.00
0.60
0.75
0.60
0.55
0.55
0.30
0.25
0.90
0.80
0.75
0.30
0.50
0.20
3.30
3.85
4.70
2.20
2.85
3.30
1.45
2.50
2.00
2.45
2.15
2.30
2.45
3,05
2.85
2.50
2.55
2.75
3.85
2.60
2.65
2.50
2.95
3.05
3.10
4.10
0.60
0.80
0.95
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.30
0.45
0.45
0.65
0.65
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.70
0.80
0.70
0.70
0.80
0.65
0970
0.80
0.80
0.95
0.63
0.70
0
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.45
0.30
0.30
0.15
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.85
0.60
0.50
0.55
0.85
0.40
0.25
0.33
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.60
0.50
0
0
3.90
4.35
3.80
2.70
2.50
2.93
1.75
1
1.95
2.35
2,50
2.55
2.65
2.45
2.85
2.70
2.50
2.70
3.20
1.95
2.35
3.80
3.53
3.15
3.05
3.80
00
0.70
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.55
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.50
0.50
0.70
0.55
0.65
0.65
0.85
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.70
0.45
0.60
0.95
0.85
0.95
0.60
0.53
0.60
37
On the basis of the results obtained,
appears that the oil used as a carrier in these investigations does not have a tendency to produce internal
"creep" to any appreciable degree.
The fact that the minimum values did indicate a
certain amount of "creep" may be due to the concentration
of oil at the ends of the samples. This concentration of
oil probablydiffuses for a certain distance into the
Conclusions.
mood.
The original measurements for maximum. and 50 per
cent-line penetration gave higher values than those obtained after the 60 day period. It is possible that
the concentration of oil at the end of the long streaks
was very light and therefore did not have much of a
tondenoy to diffuse over a period of time. It
be expected that, even if no "creep" did take place,
the same values would be obtained after the 60 day
eriod. However, when the penetration was measured
iginally, the treated portions of the wood were in
a damp condition and the extent of penetration could
be ascertained quite readily. This condition did not
hold after the samples had been allowed to stand for
60 days. At the end of this time the wood had become
bproughly dried and it was very difficult to establish
ent openetration. This was especially true
38
at the ends of the maximum streaks where the original
concentration of preservative had been extremely light.
is possible that the penetration extended to a
ightly greater depth but could not be detected.
It was also necessary to plane off approxima
0.23 inch to be certain that the influence of surfac
"creep" did not interfere with the measurements. This,
of course, exposed a slightly different penetration
pattern than had been measured originally and would not
oduce identical results.
Upon investigation, it was found that samples
through I-15 contained compression wood.
Data block number I was taken between samples
d 1-6 and was, therefore, taken from a region of
y normal wood. Block number 2 was taken fr
samples 1.40 and I-11 and was typical of the
ion wood area, see Plate 3. The values obtained from the two blocks are presented in Table 12.
39
Table 12, Values obtained from data blocks of
strip I sho
the difference between
certain growth characteristics in
normal wood and compression wood
MU:"
Block
Numb
0.606
0.712
=we .00 misio
of
:Rings per Inch
Specific
Grayly
36
33
225
.1.14
The actual 30 per cant-line penetration values
ch sample of strip I are shown in Table 13.
on of the
Table 13. The 30 per con
individual
/WAR' of
Immersion,
tration.
in Feet
2
2
2
4
4
6
6
6
a
a
a
3.0
10
0
6
.13
.10
10
35
10
.10
.20
.25
.20
4,20
23
40
Plate 3. Illustrating the difference in growth
characteristics between the data
blocks of strip '19; the block on the
left was taken from a region contain-.
ing compression wood, the block on the
right was taken from a region of
apparently normal wood.
A oomparison of the average end penetration of
strip I and the average end penetration values of all
other strips is shown in Table 14 and Graph 3. The
values are the average raw data values of the 30 per
eent-line for the various levels of immersion.
Table 14. Comparison of average end
of strip I and the average end pen
tration of all other strips; based on
50 per cent-iiap raw data values
114 fE of
Immersion,
in Feet
0.368
0:492
0.548
0.659
0.020.
0.116
0.183
0.216
0.266
0.216....
Results. The average end penetration obtained
from Strtp I was very low at all depths of immersion as
d to the average values of all other strips.
42
111.1En
/71
Strip
0.6
III
All other-strips
MEM
f
F 11
0.14
43
43
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Depth of immersion in feet
Graph
3-
Comparison of average 50 percent-line end penetration
between strip III and all other strips.
OEM
Ell
10
43
Although time did not permit a
thorough study of the compression wood areas and the
Concluslons
apparent normal wood of strip I, the results indicate
that the effect of compression wood extends for a considerable distance into the adjacent normal wood areas
This conclusion is supported by the consistently low
sad penetration values for all levels of immersion,
and all samples of strip
as presented in Tables 13
and 14 and Graph 3.
SUMar AND CONCLUSIONS
A
The purpose of these investigations was to determine the influence of depth of immersion on and penetration in coast type Douglas fir heartwood using a
pent hlorophenol-diesel oil solution.
Maximum, minimum, and 50 per cent-line enetrations were measured on each sample. The curves of the
three penetration measurements were computed from the
rage raw data values by employing a curvilinear
regression formula
The influence of certain growth characteristics,
*creep", and compression wood were considered as second-
ary factors influencing end penetration.
Conclusions
Influence of depth of immersion
Considering the 50 per cent-line as a
criterion of adequate penetration, increasing the depth
of imam* an up to 10 feet appears to be justified.
Immersion to depths greater than 10 feet results in on
a alight increase in average end penetration.
1
The minimum penetration has more
45
influence on the positioning of the 50 per cent-line than
the warifaum penetration.
3. On the basis of the data obtained, any
inerease in depth of immersion greater than 10 feet will
result in very little, if any, increase in minimum end
penetration. Because of the influence of minimum penetration on the 50 per cent-line, it appears that only a
slight increase in 50 per cent-line penetration could be
obtained at depths greater than 10 feet
4
The maximum penetration curve displayed
the greatest influence owing to increased depth of immersion. Due to the fact that the maximum penetration
is based solely on long penetration streaks associated
with the summerwood, it seems evident that summerwood
is more responsive than springwood to increases in the
depth of immersion.
Growth oharaoter
Within certain limits, high specific
gravity content is associated with a high percentage
1
of summerwood and a low ring count.
Conversely, 1
specifio gravity values are associated with a low
percentage of summarwood and a high ring count. Inter-
mediate values of specific gravity are identified with
46
intermediate values of per cent summerwood and ring coun
2.
Wood possessing a law specific gravit
will apparently give inferior end penetration results
when eoppared with wood containing a
gravity content.
high specific
Compression wood should be considered
an exception to this rule.
Internal "creep"
The oil used as a carrier in these investigations displayed very little tendency to "creep"
during a period
or 60
days.
The only increase in penetration duo
to
creep
was associated with the average minimum pene-
tration values.
3
The long streaks of penetration,
associated with the summerwood bands, showed a slight
decrease in and penetration when examined after the 60
day "creep" period.
It is thought that this may be due
the difficulty in determining the exact limits of
penetration after the wood has become thoroughly dried.
Compression wood,
Compression wood, and the
apparent normal wood in the immediate vicinity, seems
to possess poor penetrability characteristics.
This
47
formation is of interest inasmuch as it bears out the
=manly accepted contention that compression wood is
various properties.
Recommendations for
SflCO
80
CYR, 4WD
80 n opx ;
I-LA-A
tic
/A
An a-
investigate more thoroughly the oil soluble
dyes available to find a more accurate indicator for
measuring depth of penetration of the treating solution
where summerwood is involved;
Investigate the influence of the following
variables on end penetration and correlate with depth of
immersion
a. Length of treating time
Temperature of preservative solution
icy the information obtained under point 2
to the development of an inconspicuous incising pattern
to be recommended for use with Douglas fir heartwood
when treated with this process, the pattern to insure
the most uniform penetration possible for the depth
*Sired; and
Suggested investigations involving carrier
oils to be used with pentaohlorophenol
48
COarison of penetration obtained
by using different oils to determine
the influence of oil characteristics
Imes igate the possibility of employing wetting agents in the
treating solutions to irove
penetration
tudy the concentration of proserv
tilt* at different depths of
penetration. Perhaps the solvents
involved would exhibit different
oarr
capacities for pante
ohlorophenol
Further studies as to the factor of
internal "creep" which may be
variable with the oils considered
Paintability of the various oils may
be another factor worthy of attention from the standpoint of
drying t
before
abill
colored paint to
adequately cover
treated surfaces
service tests to
determine paint
holding ability
treated surfaces.
49
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American society or testing matsria s. Tests for
small olear timber fpecimens (D 14348) 1947
Supplement to Book of A.S.TA. atsndai'de, Part
Nommstallio materials - constructional. hila-
delphia American society for testing materials
1947.
463 p
A new treatment for cedar poles.
Electrical World 116 (4):296 ;uly 26, 1941.
onymous. Pentaohlorophenol for wood preservation.
Anonymous.
Chem. Eng. 54 (10 ) I 260 $ Oat
1947
Baschler, R. H et. al
t of committee
Pres. Assoo.
preservatives. Proc. Am
4308-93, 1947.
Barmack, B. J. Repairing top heart rot of standing
poles. Electrical World, 122 (25):77 Dec. 23, 1944
Bateman, Ernest and Baechler, R. H. Some toxicity
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12 p
Blew, J. Oscar. Conarison of pr servatives in
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service. Pros
1947.
Auer
WoodPres. Assoc:. 43:26-41
Blew, ;. Oscar. Treating wood in pante hlorophenol
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of Ag., Revised. Madison, Wis. Forest Products
Lab., miogrpb R 1445, Mareh 1945. 9 p*
Brown, H. P. Pans in, A. ;. and Forsaith, C.
Textbook of wood technology. Vol. X.
N. T., Toronto, London, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
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10. Buckman, Stanley J., Browne Robert Y and
Walter H. Nompressure tree
t of wo
Solvents, equipment, and methods for the tr a nt
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Sept. 1945.
30
U. Buckman, S. Z., Pere, Z. D., and Browne,
Nonpressure treatment of wood II. South*
Lumberman 167(2105):156-158 Dec. 1943
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pine sapwood with entaehlorophenol. Southern
Lumberman 165(2081):223'226, Dec. 1942
Carswell, T. S. and Hatfield, Ira. Pentaoh1orob
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Properties an
Carswell, T. 5. and Nasau
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30(6):622426, Zune 1938.
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Chapman Chemical Co.
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20,
21.
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22*
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1943
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.
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53
APP2NDIX
STATISTICAL ANALT3IS OF DATA COLLZOTZD IN
DIWTH Of
ON BIETRIMENT
As stated elsewhere in this paper, the curves of
the depth of immersion experiment were based on the
average raw data values rather than the individual data
points. The pattern obtained by plotting the raw data
averages (Graph 4) suggested a curvilinear tendency.
Accordingly, a formula was selected which seemed to
best fit the pattern.
Originally, the experiment WAA based onimmer-
sion levels from 2 feet through 10 feet, at 2 foot
intervals. Thirty samples were treated at each immersion level. The raw data averages for the 8 foot and
10 foot levels were almost identical necessitating the
establishment of a 12 foot point. A total of 20 samples
was used for this point.
The values of strip 'I' were eliminated from the
results when it was found to contain compression wood.
This resulted in a total of 27 samples treated at
depths 2 through 10 feet and 1.8 samples treated at the
12 foot level.
To compensate for the fewer number of samples
treated at the 12 foot level, it was necessary to weight
54
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12
10
Depth of immersion in feet
Graph hm Scatter diagram of raw data average end penetration values
obtained by increasing the depth of immersion.
all the averages before applying the Curvilinear formula.
To simplify caloulations, the number of samples at each
level of immersion was divided by nine. This resulted
weighted average of three for the values obtained
2 feet through 10 feet and a weighted average of
two for the 12 foot value.
A.
Air rate minimum end penetration
The unweighted average values of the minimum end
netration as well as the various statistical factors
necessary to compute the regression formula, are presented in Table 15. The weighted averages and correoted
totals are presented in Table 16. Table 17 shows the
formulae, sample calculations, and results necessary to
obtain the means and correction terms used in Table 16.
istica3. factor values
Table 15. there
for calculating average minimum end penetration curve
4Inr age NW
ow* oo om
Ole 14. omo
4
2
0
0
6
8
10
12
oo ow .W AW
x
16
36
614.
100
144
WW.
2ce,
.4 40 .14 4/4 114
0.341
0.220
0.335
0.370
0.411
0.389
4
16
36
614
100
..
04 MOW..
M.
8
64
216
512
1000
1726
OPP .. W011t
Ea ..
*MY
0.282
0.880
2.010
2.960
4.110
14 668
44/44 ..
WO .1. 44
VOM
IMO
16
256
1296
0.5614
3.520
12.060
23.680
10000
20736
141.100
.016
OW
4740
NOW 44
0.020
0.0148
0 .112
0.137
0.169
011
Table 16. Weighted data averages and statistical factor values
for calculating average minimum end penetration curve
wx'
3
3
3
6
12
18
.3
211
3
30
7
2
Sint
Meaning of symbo
1.005
1.110
1.233
0.778
5.209
wx,xi
12
24
148
192
£48
1536
108
192
300
6
wxa
0
2.
6.030
8.880
3.2.330
9.336
!FAX148
768
3888
12288
30000
1431472
1.692
10.560
36.180
71.040
123.300
Ut.OU
0.060
0.114
0.336
0.411
0.507
0
feet
on, raw data value., in inches
57
d results of
Table 17. Formulae
means AU
Table 16
used in
ulat ion
6.706
55.765
0.306
764.471
0.11,
Correction
of wx, xA
Correction term
6357.176
Correction term
2864.941
34.931
of wxl_y
o wxt.
Correction tOr
vorxx_y
(948) (5.2011
Correltion term
of viz_
ing of symbols used in above table:
S
sum of
n
weight of test samples
290.478
58
The normal equations necessary to oompute the ren equation for the average minimum end penetrashown below
Normal Equations
(xl
The curvilinear regression equation is presented
below. The substituted values were taken from the normal
equations and from Table 16.
Mression, FAluations
T
my *
T
0406 * 0 0753( - 6.706) - 0.00348(x, 55.765)
0.306 .0.0753x, - 0.5049 - 0.00348 Z. 0.19406
0.752; 0.00348; 040484
Y
in the
By substituting the values of xi and
above formula, from Table 16, the average end penetration values for each two-foot immersion level were oalouted. The sample calculations below illustrate the
nits obtained for the average minimum and penetration,
59
0.1506
0.01392 - 0.00484 eir 0.13184
Y
0.3012
0.05568 - 0.00484
Y
0.4518
0.6024
0.12528 - 0.00484
0,22272 - 0.00484
(2 foot level)
0.24068 (4 foot level)
0.32168 (6 foot level)
0,37484 (8 foot level)
0.7530
0.34800 - 0.00484
0.40016 (10 foot love
0,9036
0.50112
0.39764
0.00484
( 2 toot level)
Analysis of variance of curvilinear
regression formula for the average
Table 1
minimum end penetration values
Due to
:Degrees:Swa
:Mean
:of
rr
:Freedta:Sqlares. %area:
Regression on x
1
0.1411
0.
:
mow aft .0%
of :of
:Tabulated
of:Velue of
4imik
Added effect of x1
0.0214 0.0214
Regression on
and x?.
Error
Total
0.1625 0.
0.0015 0.0001
14
4.110 eV*
8.86
8.86
...**
16
The high observed values of 'Ft as compared with
the tabulated values, shows a high degree of significance
for all portions of the regression formula. This shows
that there is very little error between the computed
curve and the average raw minimum data values.
should be noted that this analysis of variance
lies only to average values and merely indicates a
satisfactory curve fit based on those values. For a
60
check on the dispersion of the individual raw data points
about the mean, the reader is referred to the standard
deviations presented in Table 10.
Maximum and 50 per
n
The formulae and sample calculations presented in
receding section are identical to those used for
and 50 per cent-line values. Both the
maximum and 50 per cent-line analysis of variance dislayed degrees of significance comparable to that of
minimum average and penetration analysis.