International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
ISSN 2319 - 4847
The Survey Of Carbon Footprint In Industrial
Zone And Commercial Zone
1
1
T.Subramani , R.Vasanthakumar2
Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engg. College, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, India
2
PG Student of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engg. College,
Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, India
ABSTRACT
The most important greenhouse gas, arising from human activity, is carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost all human activities cause
the CO2 emissions that lead to climate change. By using electricity generated from fossil fuel power stations, burning gas for
heating or driving a petrol or diesel car, every person is responsible for CO2 emissions. Besides every product or service that
humans consume indirectly creates CO2 emissions; energy is required for their production, transport and disposal. These
products and services may also cause emissions of other greenhouse gases. Understanding and addressing the full range of our
impact is crucial for the effects of climate change to be minimised. This publication is aimed at helping businesses and
organisations establish their carbon impact and introduces some of the key issues faced in the calculation of a carbon footprint.
Calculating an organisation’s carbon footprint can be effective tool for ongoing energy and environmental management. If this
is the main reason that an organisation requires a carbon footprint, it is generally enough to understand and quantify the key
emissions sources through a basic process, typically including gas, electricity and transport.
Keywords: Survey, Carbon Footprint, Industrial Zone, Commercial Zone
1.INTRODUCTION
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a chemical molecule consisting of one carbon atom covalently bonded to two oxygen atoms.
At atmospheric pressure and temperature, carbon -dioxide is a colourless , odourless gas that exists naturally as a trace
gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a fundamental component of the Earth's carbon cycle, with a considerable number of
sources, both natural and man-made. Carbon dioxide s an important greenhouse gas produced by human activities,
primarily through the combustion of fossil fuels; however, methane, chlorofluorocarbons and other gases are more
potent greenhouse gases. Its concentration in the Earth's atmosphere has risen by more than 35% due to industrial
revolution.
1.1Sources Of Co2 And Its Effects
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) has been entering the atmosphere from many sources for millions of years. One of these sources
the burning of fossil fuels by humans began with the Industrial Revolution. It is now a big source of carbon dioxide and
is having a major effect on the balance of the carbon cycle.There are both natural and human sources of carbon dioxide
emissions. Natural sources include Decomposition, ocean release, plant and animal respiration, volcanic eruptions.
Human sources come from activities like Cement production, deforestation, transportation sector, and industrial
process, land use changes, burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. The more concentration of CO2 in air
can cause headaches, dizziness, confusion and loss of consciousness, impaired hearing, and nausea and also affects the
circulatory system.
1.2 Carbon Footprint
"The carbon footprint is a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly and
indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a product."This includes activities of
individuals, populations, governments, companies, organisations, processes, industry sectors etc. Products include
goods and Services.
1.3 Carbon Footprint- Need For Carbon Footprint- Managing The Carbon Footprint
A Carbon footprint is made of the sum of two parts: the Primary footprint and the Secondary footprint.
 The Primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels including
domestic energy consumption and transportation. We have direct control of these emissions. The Secondary
footprint is the measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use- those
associated with their manufacture and eventual breakdown. There are typically two main reasons for the need of
calculating the carbon footprint. To manage the footprint and reduce emissions over time. To report the footprint
accurately to a third party.
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
Page 173
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Calculating an organisation’s carbon footprint can be effective tool for ongoing energy and environmental
management. If this is the main reason that an organisation requires a carbon footprint, it is generally enough to
understand and quantify the key emissions sources through a basic process, typically including gas, electricity and
transport. This approach is relatively quick and straightforward. Having quantified the emissions, opportunities for
reduction can be identified and prioritised, focusing on the areas of greatest savings potential.
2.METHODOLOGY
2.1 Carbon Footprint
According to the primary resource for carbon foot printing, the GHG protocol, there are specific boundaries that need to
be drawn around each inventory. Those decisions include:[1]
2.2 Project Work Done In
I . Tamilnadu College Of Engineering, Coimbatore.
Ii. M/S Craftsman Automation Pvt Ltd, Coimbatore.
During the Academic year 2014-2015
2.3 About The Industry
Craftsman Automation is a leading engineering firm engaged in manufacturing of precision components and in the
design, development and the production of world class components. Craftsman Automation is committed to Creating
world-class products, with the highest quality, without compromise in safety and reliability. It is believed in providing
state-of-the-art engineering services to our customers along with a safe working environment for everyone here at Team
Craftsman Automation
2.4 Powder Coating Process
The powder coating process is very similar to a painting process except that the “paint” is a dry powder rather than a
liquid. The powder sticks to the parts due to electrostatic charging of the powder and grounding of the parts. Any
substrate can be used that can tolerate the heat of curing the powder and that can be electrically grounded to enhance
charged particle attachment. The powder flows and cures during the application of heat.
2.4.1Steps involved in powder coating process for metal parts:
 Phosphating Oven, Powder Coating, Cleaning Rinsing Part, Dry off Oven, Rinsing
2.4.2 Drying And Curing
The energy intensive operations in the powder coating operation are drying and curing. Typical drying and curing
operations are with the use of convection ovens. Essentially the whole part must be hot enough to cause the part surface
to either dry or the powder coat to cure. Therefore, large volumes of air need to be heated and exhausted from the
convection oven to effectively dry or cure the parts. (Figure.2.1)
Figure. 2.1: Curing oven
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
Page 174
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
ISSN 2319 - 4847
2.4.3 Diesel Tank
Diesel tank supplies fuel to the dry off oven and curing oven. Due to usage of diesel the carbon emission will
occur.(Figure.2.2)
Figure.2.2: Diesel Tank
Zone Wise Separation Of Tce Campus
Zones
1- A block 2-Techno park 3-Canteen 4-Mens hostel 5-C block 6-Power house
7-Ladies hostel 8-Lab-1,2,3 9-B block 10-Ice block 11-Pd room, admin office, placement cell
2.5 Ghg Ineventory Parameters
 Pick out relevant emission inventories at each site
 Select data keepers for each emission inventory detail required[6]
2.6 Quantifying The Carbon
2.6.1 Collection of source data and determination of data gaps
 Collection of emission source data from identified data keepers .this is a time consuming process
 Assembling the collected data
 Determination of data gaps in the collected area[6]
2.6.2Estimate the model missing data
 If there are information gaps after uploading a database, again filling the data’s by going back to source
documents, making a second request of data holders, and checking for additional data sources.[6]
2.6.3 Conduct quality assurance procedures
 Double checking and verification of data to assure quality and accuracy of the project[6]
2.6.4 Calculate GHG emissions
 Collect all relevant unit conversion factors and emission factors for scorage in the emissions inventory database
 Convert the consumption quantities for each source to a common unit that is compatible with the emission factors
available[6]
2.6.5 Create inventory management plan
 Use the database to report emission data at varying levels of granularity and in various format
 calculate zone wise value of carbon foot print[6]
2.7 Suggestions of measures to reduce carbon footprint
 Identify the inventories contributing to high emission
 Suggest viable measures to reduce CO2 emissions into atmosphere[6]
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
Page 175
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
ISSN 2319 - 4847
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSUION
Carbon footprint analysis was done by suitably combining data collected with respective emission factor of the selected
inventories.
3.1 Emission Inventory Survey At Tce Campus And In Craftsman Automation Pvt Ltd
3.1.1 Emission inventory survey at TCE campus
Feasible emission inventories were selected to analyze the carbon footprint of the campus. The selected inventories
were: Human factor,Transportation, Electricity, Solid waste ,Production and consumption of food, LPG, Natural gas,
Buildings, Diesel engine, vegetation.(Figure.3.1).
3.1.2 Emission inventory survey at craftsman automation Pvt Ltd
Feasible emission inventories were selected to analyze the carbon footprint of the Craftsman Automation Pvt Ltd. The
selected inventories were: Emission From Human Factor, Emission From Vehicles, Emission From Other Vehicles
From Food Transport, Emission From Buses, Built Up Area, Emission From Buildings Emission From Electricty,
Emission From Generators. (Figure.3.2). Total Carbon Footprint Of Industrial Area is given in Table 3.1.
Figure: 3.1 Co2 Emission Of Each Sector In Institution
Figure: 3.2 Co2 Emission Of Each Sector In Industry
Table 3.1: Total Carbon Footprint Of Industrial Area
S. NO
EMISSION INVENTORY
TOTAL (METRIC TONNES)
1
Human factor
1158.07
2
Transportation
3,11,562.19
3
Electricity
24,46,380.00
4
Machineries
3,29,400.01
5
Wastage of food
0.3
6
Buildings
3,466.64
Total = 30,91,967.21 (Metric Tonnes)
3.2 Discussions
From the analysis of carbon foot print in the TCE campus and in Craftsman Automation Pvt. Ltd , the emission rate is
higher in the Institution. The reason is the industry is running under the pollution control norms . Average amount of
Carbon dioxide emission is also under as per norms of Pollution Control Board. (PCB) Emission inventory survey for
feasible GHG emission factors in the TCE campus revealed that GHG emissions were directly or indirectly linked to
human activities. The feasible emission inventories sited were human factor. Transportation, Electricity, Food
consumption and production, LPG, natural gas, Buildings, Machines used in laboratories which consume fuel. The
Carbon footprint of TCE campus were found to be 56,97,755.11(Metric Tonnes) The Carbon footprint in Craftsman
Automation Pvt. Ltd. is found to be 30,91,967.21(Metric Tonnes)So the suggestion measures are provided in order to
reduce the emission in the Institution.
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
Page 176
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
ISSN 2319 - 4847
4.CONCLUSION
The carbon foot print of the TCE Campus and Craftsman Automation were calculated. In calculating the Carbon
emission the feasible inventories were Human factor, Transport, Electricity sector, Machines used in lab, Food
transport, Buildings, Paper waste, LPG etc. These factors were considered and in industry the four factors which used
to calculate the Footprint is human factor, Transport, Electricity, and monitoring of machineries used in the industry.
The emission in the institution is more and in industry is less, because the industry is functioning as per the norms and
the emission test suggests that all the emission rates were under permissible limits in accordance with Tamilnadu
Pollution Control Board (TNPCB).
Refereneces
[1]. Allen 2009. Warming caused by cumulative carbon emission: the trillionth tone, Nature, 458 (7242), p.11631166.
[2]. Ernest. Worrell , 2001. Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry, Annual review of energy and
the environment, 26: p.303-329.
[3]. Graham Sinden, 2009. The contribution of PAS2050 to the evolution of international greenhouse gas emission
standards, The international journal of life cycle assessment, 14:p.195-203.
[4]. H.Scott. Mathews, 2008.The importance of carbon footprint, Environmental science technology, 42(16):p.58395842.
[5]. Krister Anderson , 2009. National forest carbon inventories: policy needs and assessment capacity, Climate
change, 93: p.69-101.
[6]. Kyle Tanger, 2010.How to calculate carbon footprint- part 2, EHS journal.
[7]. Matthias Finkbeiner, 2010. Carbon footprinting-opportunities and threats, The international journal of life cycle
assessment, 14: p.91-94.
[8]. Meinshausen et al., 2009. Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2°C, Nature; 458
(7242): p.1158-1162.
[9]. Per-Anders Hansson et.al, 2010. Uncertainties in carbon footprint of food products: a case study on table potatoes,
The international journal of life cycle assessment, 15:p. 478-488.
[10]. Wright.L et.al, 2011. ‘Carbon foot printing’: towards a universally accepted definition, Carbon management, 2(1):
p.61-72
[11]. Subramani,T, and Krishnan.S. “Study of Air Pollution Due to Automobile Emission in Ooty”, International Journal of Modern
Engineering Research,Vol.2, No.3, pp 974-984, 2012.
AUTHOR
Prof. Dr.T.Subramani Working as a Professor and Dean of Civil Engineering in VMKV
Engg. College, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India. Having more than
25 years of Teaching experience in Various Engineering Colleges. He is a Chartered Civil
Engineer and Approved Valuer for many banks. Chairman and Member in Board of
Studies of Civil Engineering branch. Question paper setter and Valuer for UG and PG
Courses of Civil Engineering in number of Universities. Life Fellow in Institution of
Engineers (India) and Institution of Valuers. Life member in number of Technical Societies
and Educational bodies. Guided more than 400 students in UG projects and 150 students in
PG projects. He is a reviewer for number of International Journals and published 102
International Journal Publications and presented more than 25 papers in International
Conferences.
R.Vasanthakumar Completed his M.Sc., (Environmental science) in P.S.G. College of
Arts and Science, Bharathiar University ,Coimbatore, TN. He also did his Ph.D
(Environmental science) in P.S.G. Coimbatore, Bharathiar University, TN. Currently
working AS An Assistant professor in Department of Environmental Engineering, Park
College of Technology, Coimbatore. Now, he is doing M.E in the branch of Environmental
Engineering in the division of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, TN.
Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
Page 177