International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2014
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Effect of Cylinder Air Pressure and Fuel
Injection Pressure on Combustion
Characteristics of Direct Injection (DI) Diesel
Engine Fueled with Diesel and Gasoline
Meisam Ahmadi Ghadikolaei
Department of Mechanical Engineering, A. M. U., Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of cylinder air pressure and fuel injection pressure on combustion
characteristics of direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The combustion characteristics in this experimental study were measured in
terms of ignition delay, combustion duration and injection duration at varying cylinder air pressure (10-15-20 and 25 bar) and
fuel injection pressure (100-200 and 300 bar) based on diesel and gasoline. The tests have been performed in a constant
combustion chamber with single-hole pintle nozzle which the conditions were similar to real DI engine conditions. The results
showed that with increase in cylinder air pressure from 10 to 25 the ignition delay and Combustion duration decrease for diesel
and gasoline. And the duration of injection gradually decreases for diesel and gasoline irrespective injection pressure of 100 bar
for gasoline with increase in cylinder air pressure. Also minimum values of ignition delay, burn duration and injection duration
were observed at the fuel injection pressure of 300 bar for both fuel at varying cylinder air pressure. It was also found that the
combustion duration increases with increase in ignition delay for both fuels, due to more time to mix the fuel and air. And
combustion duration increases with increase in duration of injection for diesel. But that increases until approximately 61 ms of
injection duration and then decreases for gasoline.
Keywords:combustion characteristics, cylinder air pressure, direct injection (DI) diesel engine and fuel injection pressure
1. INTRODUCTION
It is well known that NOX emission of indirect injection (IDI) engine is lower than direct injection (DI) engine. But the
IDI engine is less efficient than the DI engine. This is because the high velocity air motion in the combustion chamber
causes high heat transfer rates resulting in greater loss of fuel energy. The lower efficiency of the IDI engine has resulted
in it being out-of-favor and although there are a large number of these engines currently being produced, virtually all new
engine designs use direct injection technology [1].
The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines depends on various factors like fuel quantity injected,
fuel injection timing, fuel injection pressure, shape of combustion chamber, position and size of injection nozzle hole, fuel
spray pattern, air swirl, ambient air temperature, compression ratio, cylinder air pressure and etc. The fuel injection
system in a direct injection diesel engine is to achieve a high degree of atomization for better penetration of fuel in order
to utilize the full air charge and to promote the evaporation in a very short time and to achieve higher combustion
efficiency. The fuel injection pressure in a standard diesel engine is in the range of 200 to 1700 atm depending on the
engine size and type of combustion system employed [2]. The objective of present experimental work is an aim to
investigate the effect of cylinder air pressure and fuel injection pressure on combustion characteristics of DI diesel. The
experiments performed at different fuel injection pressures (100-200-300 bar) and cylinder air pressures (10-15-20 and 25
bar) fueled with diesel and gasoline. The combustion characteristics in present work include the ignition delay, duration
of burn and duration of injection.
Earlier several experimental studies have been investigated the effect of fuel injection pressure on performance, emission
and combustion characteristics for the format of DI diesel engine[3]-[23].from those study it was found that high injection
pressures decreases the injection duration thus maximizing the time available for fuel/air mixing prior to ignition. It was
also reported that the implementation of injection pressure has a great effect on the mixture formation, ignition delay,
flame pattern, turbulence, then affects to the flame development, combustion characteristics and emissions elements. Low
ignition delay and combustion duration were observed at high fuel injection pressure.In a research [20], the effects of
mixture formation on ignition and combustion of a multi-hole diesel spray were investigated. The results of testing
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Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2014
ISSN 2319 - 4847
showed that increasing injection pressures makes spray tip penetration longer and promotes a greater amount of fuel-air
mixing occurs during ignition delay as compared at lowest injection pressure (Pinj=100 MPa). In another work [21], the
combustion duration was decreases by 2-30 with increase in compression ratio due to less ignition delay and maximum
amount of charge was burnt in the first 200 of crank angle rotation during combustion stage. In addition a few studies
have been investigated the effect of cylinder air pressure and boost pressure on performance of diesel engine [21]-[25].
2. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
The present study involves the effect of cylinder air pressure and fuel injection pressure on combustion characteristics of
DI diesel engine. The experiments were carried out in a constant combustion chamber whose length is 30 mm, 95 mm
and 7.5 mm are its diameter and thickness respectively which is small sample of DI diesel engine. A heating coil was
used for increasing the temperature of air with maximum temperature of 1400°C. For entering compressed air (air
compressor provides the compressed air) to combustion chamber, one inlet valve is fitted in the combustion chamber. And
one exhaust valve is fitted for releasing of exhaust gas. An injector with single-hole nozzle is used for injecting the fuel
into the combustion chamber. For measuring the combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, duration of injection
and duration of burn, a digital storage two channel Scope Meter is used. The Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of present
experimental set-up.
1. Constant Volume Combustion Chamber
5. Fuel Injector (Single-hole Pintle Nozzle)
2. Centrifugal Air compressor
6. Photo sensor
3. Fuel injection pump
7. Scope Meter (Two Channel)
4. Piezoelectric sensor
8. Temperature Indicator
Figure 1: Block Diagram of Present Experimental Set-Up
2.1 METHODOLOGY OF EXPERIMENT
1. Temperature of the combustion chamber is increased by means of heating coil and then compressed air is sent to the
combustion chamber by air compressor.
2. Fuel injection pump is used to inject the fuel into the combustion chamber through injector (with a single-hole pintle
nozzle).
3. The injection timing is varied and controlled by handle of fuel injection pump through pintle nozzle and vaporized fuel
is injected into the cylinder and after completion of ignition delay, combustion is started. The event is recorded on the
digital Scope Meter.
4. The event of injection is recorded by using piezoelectric sensor which is fitted on the line of injection system and the
event of combustion is recorded by using of photo sensor which is placed in front of optical window.
5. Ignition delay is measured in ms by noting the difference between event of injection and that of combustion.
6. Duration of injection is measured in ms by noting the difference between the start and the end of injection.
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Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2014
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7. Duration of burn is measured in ms by noting the difference between the start and the end of combustion.
The ignition characteristics can be observed in the Scope Meter screen by noting the two pulses of photo and
piezoelectric sensors.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Ignition delay is very important parameter in combustion phenomenon [26]. The delay period in the compression ignition
engine exerts a very great influence on both engine design and performance. It is of extreme importance because of its
effect on both combustion rate and knocking and also its influence on engine starting ability and the presence of smoke in
the exhaust. The fuel does not ignite immediately upon injection into the combustion chamber. There is a definite period
of inactivity between the time when the first droplet of fuel hits the hot air in the combustion chamber and the time it
starts through the actual burning phase. This period is known as the ignition delay period [27]. In the present study this
period is counted from the start of injection to the start of combustion in ms.
Figs. 2 and 3 show the ignition delay with cylinder air pressure from 10 to 25 bar for diesel and gasoline respectively. The
pressures are gauge pressure. It is clearly observed from Figs. 2 and 3 that with increase in cylinder air pressure the
ignition delay decreases due to the reduction in the physical delay. When the air pressure inside the combustion chamber
increases the mixing of fuel and air improves due to increase in turbulence and oxygen concentration. Another reason for
the reduction in the ignition delay is the temperature of compressed air inside the combustion chamber. It is known that
with increasing the air pressure, air temperature increases due to increasing the kinetic energy (air impingement) of air
molecules. Self-ignition temperature is another reason for reduction of ignition delay with the increase in cylinder air
pressure. The self-ignition temperature of a fuel is a very important ignition quality. If the self-ignition temperature of a
fuel is low, the delay period is reduced [27]. The self-ignition temperature reduces with the increase in cylinder air
pressure. This is due to the increased density of the compressed air, resulting in closer contact of the molecules which
thereby reduces the time of reaction when the fuel is injected.
As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the ignition delay of gasoline is longer than diesel. Because the self-ignition temperature of
gasoline is more than diesel. Due to the higher resistance of gasoline to auto ignition, this fuel has greater ignition delays
than diesel mid-distillate fuel [28].
Definition of duration of burn is the difference between the start of combustion (SOC) and the end of combustion (EOC)
which was measured by using a light sensor in this study. Figs. 4 and 5 show the duration of burn versus the cylinder air
pressure at varying injection pressure for diesel and gasoline. The combustion duration decreases as the compression ratio
increases. This is because of the increase in the end-of-compression temperature and pressure and decrease in the fraction
residual gases. This creates a favorable condition for the reduction of ignition lag and increase in the flame speed [29].
Another reason for reduction of combustion duration is the amount of oxygen inside the combustion chamber. With
increasing the cylinder air pressure the amount of oxygen which enter to combustion chamber increases. Therefore the
fast combustion occurs and rate of combustion increases. It was found that fuel oxygen enrichment results in an increase
of brake specific consumption and a reduction of combustion duration [30]. From the tabulated results [31] an average
decrease of 8 % in combustion duration (deg) can be arrived for the enrichment level of 24% of oxygen. Similarly a
maximum of 23% of reduction in the combustion duration can be obtained for the enrichment level of 28% of oxygen.
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Injection duration and the intake air temperature, play a vital role in the improved better vaporization of the fuel
[32].Figs. 6 and 7 represent the duration of injection versus the cylinder air pressure for diesel and gasoline. It can be
observed that duration of injection gradually decreases for diesel and gasoline irrespective injection pressure of 100 bar
for gasoline. The results show that the injection duration of gasoline is more than diesel due to property differences of
these fuels such as viscosity, density and bulk modulus. Due to these properties, the amount of injected gasoline (in
milliliter) per stroke inside the combustion chamber was more than diesel in present study.
In the present study, the influence of different fuel injection pressure is also investigated. The fuel injection pressure was
changed by adjusting the fuel injector spring tension. From the data as shown in Fig. 8, it can be seen that with increasing
fuel injection pressure from 100 bar to 300 bar, the ignition delay decreases for diesel. But reduction of ignition delay for
gasoline is in the order of 300-100 and 200 bar (Fig. 9). The reason of reduction of ignition delay is the reduction in the
physical delay. The physical delay is the time between the beginning of injection and the attainment of chemical reaction
conditions. During this period, the fuel is atomized, vaporized, mixed with air and raised to its self-ignition temperature.
This physical delay depends on the type of fuel, i.e., for light fuel the physical delay is small while for heavy viscous fuels
the physical delay is high. The physical delay is greatly reduced by using high injection pressures, higher combustion
chamber temperatures and high turbulence to facilitate breakup of the jet and improving evaporation[27]. Fuel droplet
diameter is an another reason or ignition reduction.When the fuel injection pressure increases as a result the fuel droplet
diameter decreases and longer penetration of fuel helps in better mixing which results in more complete combustion. It
can be seen from Figs. 8 and 9 that the minimum values of ignition delay approximately observed at the fuel injection
pressure of 300 bar for both fuel at varying cylinder air pressure in the present experimental work.
As shown in Fig. 10 and 11, the duration of burn increases from injection pressure of 100 to 200 bar and then decreases
at point of 300 bar for both fuels. Increasing the injection pressure aims to decrease the fuel particle diameters to enhance
faster and more effective vaporization and penetration of the fuel particles. Therefore, higher injection pressure initially
generates a faster combustion rate [33]. So duration of burn decreases due to faster combustion rate with increase the
injection pressure in the order of 300-100 and 200 bar as shown in Figs. 10 and 11. Another reason for reduction of the
duration of burn can be attributed to the improved atomization of fuel, turbulence and mixing with the increase in
injection pressure. From Figs. it can be seen that maximum and minimum values of duration of burn achieved at the
injection pressure of 300 and 200 bar respectively for both fuels.
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The results in Figs.12 shows that increasing the injection pressure from 100 to 200 bar causes in increasing the duration
of injection and then decreasing at point 300 bar far diesel. But the duration of injection decreases with increase in fuel
injection pressure from 100 to 300 bar gasoline (Fig. 13). The injection duration of gasoline is observed more than diesel.
The amount of injected gasoline (in milliliter) per stroke inside the combustion chamber was more than diesel in present
study due to differences of viscosity, density and bulk modulus.
Figs. 14 and 15 show the effect of ignition delay on duration of burn for diesel and gasoline. It can clearly be observed
from FigS. that the duration of burn increases with increase in ignition delay for both fuels. The duration of burn
increases due to more time to mix the fuel and air and complete combustion takes place.
Figs. 16 and 17 represent the effect of injection duration on duration of burn for diesel and gasoline. The Figs. show that
duration of burn increases with increase in duration of injection for diesel. But that is increased until approximately 61
ms of injection duration and then decreased for gasoline.
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4. CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of present experimental work was to study the effect of cylinder air pressure and fuel injection pressure on
combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine. The range of injection pressure was from 100 to 300 bar and cylinder air
pressure from 10 to 25 bar. The experimental set-up which was fabricated for this study was a constant combustion
chamber. The set-up employed was a small sample of DI diesel engine. The results lead to the following conclusions:
 With increase in cylinder air pressure the ignition delay decreases due to the reduction in the physical delay for diesel
and gasoline.
 Ignition delay and fuel injection duration of gasoline are longer than diesel.
 Combustion duration decreases as the cylinder air pressure increases. This is because of the increase in the end-ofcompression temperature and pressure and decrease in the fraction residual gases.
 Duration of injection gradually decreases for diesel and gasoline irrespective injection pressure of 100 bar for gasoline.
 With increasing fuel injection pressure from 100 bar to 300 bar, the ignition delay decreases for diesel. But reduction of
ignition delay for gasoline is in the order of 300-100 and 200 bar. The reason of reduction of ignition delay is the
reduction in the physical delay.
 Minimum values of ignition delay, burn duration and injection duration were observed at the fuel injection pressure of
300 bar for both fuel at varying cylinder air pressure.
 Duration of burn increases from injection pressure of 100 to 200 bar and then decreases at point of 300 bar for both
fuels.
 Increasing the injection pressure from 100 to 200 bar causes in increasing the duration of injection and then decreasing
at point 300 bar far diesel. But the duration of injection decreases with increase in fuel injection pressure from 100 to
300 bar gasoline.
 Duration of burn increases with increase in ignition delay for both fuels, due to more time to mix the fuel and air.
 Duration of burn increases with increase in duration of injection for diesel. But that is increased until approximately 61
ms of injection duration and then decreased for gasoline.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author is thankful to Prof. Khalid Zaidi (Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim
University,Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh,India) for his counsel and guidance during progress of this work.
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MeisamAhmadiGhadikolaei, received the B.Sc. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Islamic Azad University, Sari
branch, Iran in 2011, and received the M.Tech. degree in Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Sciences) under supervision
of Prof. Khalid Zaidi, from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India in 2014.The author published 1
paper in International Journal.
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