International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
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Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Measurement of Radon and Uranium
Concentrations and Background Gamma Rays
at the University of Baghdad -Jadiriyah Site
Shafik S. Shafik1, Aamir A. Mohammed2
1, 2
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad -Baghdad-Iraq
ABSTRACT
Radon is a radioactive gas produced by uranium decay chain. The concentration of this gas in indoor is higher than that of
outdoor. An indoor radon survey of a total of 112 locations with one dosimeter per site was carried out at the university of
Baghdad- Jadiriyah site. In this study, the concentrations of radon and uranium, radon exhalation rate and background of
gamma rays were estimated, and the dose due to indoor radon concentrations was calculated. The minimum, maximum and
average of indoor radon concentrations were 22.399±2.182
, 66.447±1.98
and 45.487±1.157
respectively. Radon mass exhalation rate ranged from 2.851±0.1874
to 4.240±0.3797
with an average
value of 3.31±0.13
. The average concentrations of radon and uranium in soil samples were 66.73±2.62
and 18.672±0.457
respectively. The average indoor inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose in the buildings
was 0.8058
and the background dose rate of gamma rays was 0.0328
Keywords: Radon, Exhalation Rate, Uranium, Gamma ray, CR-39 detector.
1. INTRODUCTION
The exposure to natural radiation may be due to external or internal according to the body radiation source geometry.
External exposure comes mainly from the γ- emitter in man's surrounding environment which impacts the body and
can be harmful to different organs due to the high penetration property of γ- rays. There has been interest in the
determination of the average gamma radiation dose to which the population is exposed. The environmental radiation is
composed of natural radiation, found in the ground, plus the cosmic radiation together with the contribution to
background radiation from nuclear weapons tests and accidents which, eventually, will come down to the ground level.
On the other hand, internal exposure comes from swallowing or inhaling radioactive materials as in the case of
inhaling radon and its daughters (Saleh, 2007).[1] Radon is radioactive noble inert gas and very mobile gaseous
daughter of uranium 238U which is found in all rocks and soil. Radon is very soluble in water (Misdaq et al., 2000). [2]
There are three natural isotopes of the radioactive element radon: 222Rn originate in the 238U decay series and has a
half-life of 3.82 days, 220Rn (thoron) is in the 232Th chain with a half-life of 55.6 sec and 219Rn (actinon) is in the 235U
series with its half-life of 4 sec. The chemical element radon with atomic weight 86 is the heaviest among of the inert
gases, which include neon, argon, krypton and xenon as well (Wilkening, 1990).[3] The exposure to radon gas is the
most signification element of human exposure to natural sources. It is distinguished from the other three elements of
basic background because exposure varies markedly in ordinary circumstances, and because high exposure may be
avoided with comparative ease. The most important mechanism of exposure is the inhalation of the short-lived decay
products of the principal isotope, 222Rn, with indoor air. Concentrations of 222Rn and its progeny are usually higher in
indoor air than in outdoor air, exceptions are in tropical regions, where 222Rn concentrations in well- ventilated
dwellings are essentially the same as in outdoor air (UNSCEAR 1993).[4] Sources of radon include soil, water, outdoor
air, and building materials, but transport of radon – bearing gas from soil is generally the most predominant source of
indoor. The concentration of radon is expressed as Becquerel per cubic meter (
) or picocuries per liter (
)
(Nagda, 1994).[5] The exposure to high level of radon gas through breathing of air increases the risk of lung cancer
(Ramadhan, 2012).[6]
When radon gas is inhaled, densely ionizing alpha particles emitted by deposited short- lived decay products of radon
(218Po and 214Po) can interact with biological tissue in the lungs leading to DNA damage (WHO, 2009). [7]
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The technique used in this work is based on CR-39 nuclear track detectors (Pershore Mouldings which was made in
England). The passive radon dosimeter geometry consists of a closed chamber into which radon diffuses (Al-Jarallah et
al., 2003).[8] It is made from plastic cup with a hole at the top cover which is covered with a 5
thickness of soft
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Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013
ISSN 2319 - 4847
sponge layer. The radon dosimeter containing CR-39 (with an area 1 x 1
and 500
at its bottom. The
design of the chamber ensures that the aerosol particles and radon decay products are deposited on the sponge from
outside and that only radon diffuses through it to the volume of the chamber (Al-Jarallah et al., 2008).[9] The radon
dosimeter was used to determine the indoor radon concentrations as shown in the figure (1). The exposure time was 90
days. At the end of the exposure time, the radon dosimeters were collected and the detectors were removed, and then
treated using etching solution NaOH with 6.25N in water bath at 70±1°C for 7 h. Then, the CR-39 detectors were
washed with distilled water and dried. The tracks produced were counted using optical microscope with 400x
magnification as shown in figure (2).
Figure 1 The Radon dosimeter.
Figure 2 The tracks counting system..
The radon concentrations were calculated using the following equation (Ajaj, 1999): [10]
CRn=
------- (1)
where
represents the track density resulting from all alpha particles which are present inside the container,
represent the time exposure radon and the calibration factor is given by:
where is the critical angle, R is the alpha particle range and is the radius of container.
The radon and uranium dosimeters for soil are shown in figures (3) and (4) respectively.
Cover
CR-39
Detector
15
cm
Plastic
Container
Soil
6cm
Figure 3 The radon dosimeter for soil.
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Cover
CR –
3
cm
Soil
Sample
5 cm
Figure 4 The uranium dosimeter for soil.
The uranium concentration CU can be determined using a procedure similar to used to determine radon concentration,
one can write (Ajaj, 1999, Salama et al., 2006):[10,11]
CU KU T
------- (2)
CTh KTh T
------- (3)
+
------- (4)
total=CU KU T + CTh KTh T ----- (5)
= CU Ku+ CTh KTh
----- (6)
CUKU [1+ (CTh / CU) (KTh / KU)] - - - - (7)
The ratio CTh / CU = 4
/ T = CU KU [1+ 4 (KTh / KU)] -- (8)
KU =0.25 AU cos2
--- (9)
KTh is given by a formula similar to eq. (9).
where
is the density, ei is the branching ratio, and AU is the radioactivity concentration of 1 ppm (one part per
million ) of Uranium.
The mass exhalation rate is given by the following equation (K. Kant et al., 2010):[12]
Ex=
--------- (10)
where Ex is the mass exhalation rate of radon, CRn is the integrated radon exposure (Bq m-3h-1) , M is the mass of the
sample, V is the effective volume of radon dosimeter can (figure 1), is the decay constant of radon and T is the
exposure time. The annual exposure to potential alpha energy EP (effective dose equivalent) is then related to the
average radon concentration CRn by the expression:
EP [WLM.Y-1] =
--- (11)
3
where, CRn is in Bq/m ; n is the fraction of time spent indoors; 8760, the number of hours per year; 170, the number of
hours per working month and F is the equilibrium factor for radon and was taken as 0.4 as suggested by UNSCEAR,
(2000). Radon progeny equilibrium is a very important quantity, where dose calculation are to be made on the basis of
the measurement of radon concentration, it may have value 0 < F < 1.Thus, the values of n=0.8 and F=0.4 were used in
the present research. From radon exposure the indoor inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose was estimated using
the conversion factor of 3.88
by ICRP, (1993) (Mahur, 2012).[13]In addition to the radon and uranium
measurements, gamma rays were measured in 75 locations of the University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah site using digital
hand-held gamma spectrometer.
3. Results and Discussion
A summary of the results are shown in Table (1), it is observed that the concentration of indoor radon and the indoor
inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose inside the buildings at the university of Baghdad-Jadiriyah site. The
concentrations of indoor radon were varied from 22.399±2.182
to 66.447±1.98
with an average value of
45.487±1.157
. From the results listed in Table (2), it is observed that the average concentrations of indoor
radon in the campus of the university of Baghdad – Jadiriyah site were lowest at the Institute of Genetic Engineering
with value of 30.008±1.46
while the highest value was 61.168±1.48
in the College of Khwarizmi
Engineering because all college buildings located has lacked of ventilation. The indoor radon concentrations are much
lower than the recommended ICRP action level of 200- 600
(ICRP 1993).[14] The average indoor inhalation
exposure (radon) effective dose in the buildings was 0.8058±0.0205
. Table (3) shows the concentration of
radon in soil and mass exhalation rate of radon in Jadiriyah site. The average radon concentration in soil samples was
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Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013
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66.73±2.62
. The radon concentrations in the soil are lower than the allowed limit (800
) from WHO
(WHO,1993).[15] The mass exhalation rate of radon ranged from 2.851±0.1874
to 4.240±0.3797
with an overall average value of 3.31±0.13
Table (4) shows the concentrations of uranium in
soil samples taken from the university of Baghdad - Jadiriyah site . Its values varied from 17.145±0.623
to
21.496±1.153
with an overall average value of 18.672±0.457
. The uranium concentration in soil s
samples are less than the allowed limit (40
) from UNSCEAR (UNSCEAR1993).[16] Also the background gamma
dose rate was measured in Jadiriyah site, it is equal to 0.0328
. It is lower than the recommended Ministry of
Environmental in Iraq action level of 0.08±0.008
(Ministry of Environment/Iraq).[17]
Table 1: Radon concentrations, EP and indoor inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose in buildings.
No.
Symbol
1
A1
Radon
concentration
(
)
64.625±1.808
2
A2
29.580±1.503
0.1351
0.524±0.0266
3
A3
49.514±0.380
0.2261
0.8772±0.0067
4
A4
34.188±1.068
0.1561
0.6057±0.0189
5
A5
59.266±1.302
0.2706
1.05±0.0231
6
A6
48.335±0.269
0.2207
0.8563±0.0048
7
A7
37.617±0.744
0.1718
0.6664±0.0132
8
A8
59.481±1.322
0.2716
1.0538±0.0234
9
A9
59.159±1.292
0.2701
1.0481±0.0229
10
A10
31.401±1.331
0.1434
0.5563±0.0236
11
A11
60.660±1.434
0.277
1.0746±0.0254
12
A12
53.479±0.755
0.2442
0.9474±0.0134
13
A13
53.050±0.715
0.2422
0.9398±0.0127
14
A14
36.653±0.835
0.1673
0.6493±0.0148
15
A15
36.010±0.895
0.1644
0.6379±0.0159
16
A16
53.801±0.785
0.2456
0.9531±0.0139
17
A17
36.224±0.875
0.1654
0.6417±0.0155
18
A18
29.044±1.554
0.1326
0.5145±0.0275
19
B1
38.689±0.642
0.1766
0.6854±0.0114
20
B2
43.512±0.187
0.1987
0.7709±0.0033
21
B3
56.373±1.029
0.2574
0.9987±0.0182
22
B4
26.579±1.787
0.1213
0.4708±0.0316
23
B5
43.941±0.146
0.2006
0.7784±0.0026
24
B6
62.696±1.626
0.2863
1.1107±0.0288
25
B7
57.873±1.17
0.2642
1.0253±0.0207
26
B8
48.228±0.259
0.2202
0.8544±0.0046
27
B9
56.587±1.049
0.2584
1.0025±0.0186
28
B10
62.053±1.565
0.2833
1.0993±0.0277
29
B11
32.259±1.25
0.1473
0.5715±0.0221
30
B12
60.338±1.403
0.2755
1.0689±0.0249
31
B13
29.365±1.523
0.1341
0.5202±0.027
32
B14
54.122±0.816
0.2471
0.9588±0.0144
33
B15
58.516±1.231
0.2672
1.0367±0.0218
34
B16
59.695±1.342
0.2726
1.0576±0.0238
35
B17
38.796±0.632
0.1771
0.6873±0.0112
36
B18
46.941±0.137
0.2143
0.8316±0.0024
Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013
Ep
(
)
0.2951
Indoor Inhalation exposure (radon)
effective dose (
)
1.1449±0.032
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Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013
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37
B19
57.659±1.150
0.2633
1.0215±0.0204
38
B20
60.767±1.444
0.2775
1.0765±0.0256
39
B21
33.438±1.138
0.1527
0.5929±0.0202
40
B22
51.443±0.563
0.2349
0.9114±0.00997
41
B23
57.980±1.180
0.2647
1.0272±0.0209
42
B24
56.158±1.008
0.2564
0.9949±0.0179
43
B25
28.722±1.584
0.1311
0.5088±0.0281
44
B26
42.547±0.278
0.1943
0.7538±0.0049
45
B27
60.767±1.444
0.2775
1.0765±0.0256
46
B28
58.730±1.251
0.2682
1.0404±0.0222
47
B29
24.971±1.938
0.114
0.4424±0.0343
48
B30
60.231±1.393
0.275
1.067±0.0249
49
C1
52.407±0.654
0.2393
0.9284±0.0116
50
C2
33.545±1.128
0.1532
0.5943±0.01999
51
C3
65.161±1.859
0.2975
1.1544±0.0329
52
C4
30.330±1.432
0.1385
0.5373±0.0254
53
C5
29.687±1.493
0.1355
0.5259±0.0264
54
C6
48.763±0.309
0.2226
0.8639±0.0055
55
C7
50.478±0.472
0.2305
0.8943±0.0083
56
C8
23.578±2.070
0.1076
0.4177±0.0367
57
C9
27.329±1.716
0.1248
0.4842±0.0304
58
C10
29.472±1.513
0.1346
0.5221±0.0268
59
C11
50.049±0.431
0.2285
0.8867±0.0076
60
D1
29.258±1.533
0.1336
0.5183±0.0272
61
D2
23.364±2.090
0.1067
0.4139±0.037
62
D3
35.796±0.916
0.1634
0.6341±0.0162
63
D4
23.256±2.101
0.1062
0.412±0.0372
64
D5
35.796±0.916
0.1634
0.6341±0.0162
65
D6
22.613±2.161
0.1032
0.4006±0.0383
66
D7
66.447±1.980
0.3034
1.1772±0.0351
67
D8
38.475±0.662
0.1757
0.6816±0.0117
68
D9
22.613±2.161
0.1032
0.4006±0.0383
69
D10
48.871±0.32
0.2231
0.8658±0.0057
70
D11
33.223±1.159
0.1517
0.5886±0.0205
71
D12
31.830±1.290
0.1453
0.5639±0.0229
72
E1
60.231±1.393
0.275
1.067±0.0247
73
E2
58.838±1.261
0.2686
1.0424±0.0223
74
E3
53.372±0.745
0.2437
0.9455±0.0132
75
E4
61.731±1.535
0.2819
1.0936±0.0272
76
E5
56.158±1.008
0.2564
0.9949±0.0179
77
E6
58.409±1.221
0.2667
1.03478±0.0216
78
E7
32.473±123
0.1483
0.5753±0.0218
79
E8
43.405±0.197
0.1982
0.769±0.0035
80
E9
25.721±1.868
0.1174
0.4557±0.0331
81
E10
43.726±0.166
0.1996
0.7747±0.0029
82
F1
61.731±1.535
0.2819
1.0936±0.0272
83
F2
34.188±1.068
0.1561
0.6057±0.0189
84
F3
30.115±1.452
0.1375
0.5335±0.0257
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Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013
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85
F4
46.727±0.117
0.2133
0.8278±0.0021
86
F5
45.763±0.026
0.2089
0.8107±0.0005
87
F6
45.763±0.026
0.2089
0.8107±0.0005
88
F7
38.904±0.622
0.1776
0.6892±0.011
89
F8
33.974±1.088
0.1551
0.6019±0.0193
90
F9
64.839±1.829
0.296
1.1487±0.0324
91
F10
22.828±2.141
0.1042
0.4044±0.0379
92
F11
56.801±1.069
0.2593
1.0063±0.0189
93
G1
63.875±1.737
0.2916
1.1316±0.031
94
G2
63.017±1.656
0.2877
1.1164±0.0293
95
G3
62.160±1.575
0.2838
1.1012±0.0279
96
G4
59.266±1.302
0.2706
1.05±0.0231
97
G5
66.125±1.950
0.3019
1.1715±0.0345
98
G6
55.408±0937
0.253
0.9816±0.0166
99
G7
61.410±1.504
0.2804
1.0879±0.0266
100
G8
58.087±1.191
0.2652
1.0291±0.0211
101
H1
35.367±0.956
0.1615
0.6266±0.0169
102
H2
22.399±2.182
0.1023
0.3968±0.0386
103
H3
57.123±1.099
0.2608
1.012±0.0195
104
K1
31.830±1.290
0.1453
0.5639±0.0229
105
K2
33.866±1.098
0.1546
0.6±0.0194
106
K3
36.760±0.825
0.1678
0.6512±0.0146
107
K4
62.589±1.616
0.2858
1.1088±0.0286
108
M1
25.507±1.888
0.1165
0.4519±0.0334
109
M2
34.509±1.037
0.1576
0.6114±0.0184
110
N1
59.159±1.292
0.2701
1.0481±0.0229
111
N2
37.510±0.754
0.1713
0.6645±0.0133
112
N3
38.475±0.662
0.1757
0.6816±0.0117
where the symbols A’s for College of Science, B’s for College of Engineering, C’s for College of Science for Women,
D’s for College of Education for Women, E’s for College of Media, F’s for College of Political Science, G’s for College
of Khwarizmi Engineering, H’s for Institute of Laser, K’s for Institute of Accounting and Financial studies, M’s for
Institute of Genetic Engineering, and N’s for Institute of Urban and Regional planning.
Table 2: The average radon concentrations in the colleges and institutes in Jadiriyah site
No.
Name of College or Institute
Average Radon
concentrations(
46.227±1.048
1
College of Science
2
College of Engineering
48.999±1.072
3
College of Science for Women
40.073±1.189
4
College of Education for Women
34.295±1.440
5
College of Media
49.406±1.060
6
College of Political Science
43.785±0.997
7
College of Khwarizmi Engineering
61.168±1.480
8
Institute of Laser
38.296±1.412
9
Institute of Accounting and Financial studies
41.261±1.207
10
Institute of Genetic Engineering
30.008±1.460
11
Institute of Urban and Regional planning
45.048±0.903
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)
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Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Table 3: Radon concentrations and mass exhalation rate in soil samples.
No.
Symbol
S1
Radon concentration
(
)
67.231±0.204
Radon mass exhalation rate
(
)
3.335±0.0102
1
2
S2
65.156±0.643
3.232±0.0318
3
S3
85.491±7.659
4.240±0.3797
4
S4
57.478±3.777
2.851±0.1874
5
S5
58.827±3.226
2.918±0.160
6
S6
66.194±0.219
3.283±0.011
Table 4: Uranium concentrations in Jadiriyah site.
No.
Symbol
Uranium concentration (
)
Uranium concentration (
1
S1
19.206±0.218
1.549±0.0176
2
S2
18.126±0.223
1.462±0.0179
3
S3
21.496±1.153
1.733±0.093
4
S4
17.145±0.623
1.383±0.0503
5
S5
17.766±0.369
1.433±0.0298
6
S6
18.290±0.156
1.475±0.0126
)
4. Conclusions
The concentrations of radon gas in soil samples and inside buildings were measured using Cr – 39 detectors, and they
were found lower than the recommended WHO and ICRP action levels respectively. The concentrations of uranium in
soil samples were found lower than the recommended UNSCEAR. The background gamma rays and mass exhalation
rates of radon were 0.0328
and 58.922±2.315
, respectively. All results of indoor radon showed
that no action is required to reduce radon levels inside the buildings.
References
[1.] F. S. Al- Saleh, "Measurements of indoor gamma radiation and radon concentrations in dwellings of Riyadh city,
Saudi Arabia", App. Rad. Isot. 65(2007) – 843-848.
[2.] M. A. Misdaq, A. Merzouki, D. Elabboubi, F. Aitnouh, and S. Berrazzouk, "Determination of radon equivalent
alpha- dose in different human organs from water ingestion using SSNTD and dosimetric compartmental models",
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AUTHOR
Shafik S. Shafik received the B.S., M.S. and Ph. D. degrees in Nuclear Physics, from Physics
Department, Collage of Science, Baghdad University in 1995, 1999, and 2006 respectively. During 19951999, he stayed in Iraqi Radiation Protection Center (ICRC), Ministry of Environment of Iraq. During 1999till now he worked as a lecturer in the Physics Department, Collage of Science, Baghdad University. In
addition, he now occupies a deputy Dean of the Collage of Science, Baghdad University
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