International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management
for Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Dispersion Studies Of Sox Gases Emitted From
Koradi Thermal Power Stations Using Model
System
Bapu Shende1, S. H. Ganatra2 Nitu Gupta3 and N. G. Telkapalliwar4
1
Dr. Bapu Shende, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Chemistry, Dr. Ambedkar College, Nagpur
bapushende@gmail.com
2
Dr. S. H. Ganatra, Associate Professor, Head Environmental Chemistry, Institute of science, Nagpur.
sunilganatra@gmail.com
3
Dr. Nitu Gupta, Asst. Professor, Guru Nanak Institute of Engineering and Management, Nagpur
neetusgupta@rediffmail.com
4
. N. G. Telkapalliwar, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Chemistry, Dr. Ambedkar College, Nagpur.
ABSTRACT
The major air pollutions are generally from thermal power stations. The exit gas from thermal power station contains various
pollutant gases including SOx , NOx and Cox.
SOx is one of the major polluting gas and also responsible for acid rains. Present calculates the dispersion profile of SOx gases
emitted from the Koradi thermal power station using ISCST2 model system.
The deposition of SOx gases calculated around 35 km of Koradi thermal power plant and the data reported in the form of contour
graphs. The deposition for 3 hours average, 24 hours average and monthly average calculated and reported in this paper.
It is reported that the dispersion profile changes with seasons. In summer season the dispersion is spread equally and broadly,
whereas the deposition is highest in the month of November and December near to the plants.
Keywords: Air Pollution, Dispersion, Countour, Gas, ISCST2, Model System.
1. INTRODUCTION
The explosion of human population particularly in developing countries generated many more environmental problems.
More population needs more energy in various forms. Electricity is one of them. In India, the majority of electricity
produced by Thermal power plants situated in Vidarbha areas. This area is also having huge deposition of coal and
hence enormous mining activities. [1,2]
There are a few very huge thermal power plants situated in Chandrapur, Koradi, Khaperkheda etc. The coal fired plants
uses local coal or sometimes imported from other locations of the countries or even from abroad. The quality of coal is
generally responsible for the air pollution due to the exit gas from thermal power plants.[3]
High content of sulphur gives out large amount of SOx in the atmosphere and its interaction with moisture results into
acid rains in surrounding areas. High concentration of SOx gases in the atmosphere always dangerous as it has tendency
to deposit earlier and generally remains in lower atmosphere layer. [4]
It is the need of the time to know the dispersion of these gases emitted from thermal power plants and to understand how
these gases disperse in a region utilizing the wind profile and other meteorological data.
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management
for Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Theoretically it is possible to understand the dispersion of the gases using Gaussian plume model [5]. The basic Gaussian
dispersion model applies to a single point source. The Gaussian point source dispersion equation relates average steady
state pollutant concentrations to the source strength, wind speed, effective stack height and atmospheric conditions. Its
form can be derived from basic considerations involving gaseous diffusion in three dimensional space.[6]The most
popular and widely used model is Industrial Source Complex Model (ISC2) designed by U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.[7]. The basis of the model is the straight line, steady-state Gaussian plume equation, which is used with slight
modification to model single point source emissions from stack.
Present study is to understand the dispersion of SOx gases emitted along with other gases from the stack of Koradi
thermal power plant. Also to understand the deposition of these gases around 35 km areas for 3 hours, 24 hours and
monthly deposition averages.
2. Experimental
The computer program ISCST2 designed by Environmental protection agency (EPA), U.S.A., used to calculate the
dispersion of the gases, particularly SOx. [8].
The model requires certain default values which suit to Nagpur weather condition. Modified default values are evaluated
against standard data provided by EPA.
Site around Koradi thermal power plant was extensively studied for possibilities of any terrain or high rise building upto
2 km. The gas exit parameters from all five stacks were collected from the plant literatures and also confirmed from the
plant authorities with due permission.
The required Meteorological data like Temperature, Pressure, Rain details, Cloud detail, Humidity, Wind velocity, Wind
direction etc. were procured from Meteorological department, Sonegaon, Nagpur. Two types of data collected, Surface
data and Radiosonde data. The surface data file contains three hourly weather data of Nagpur city. For dispersion
calculation hourly weather data is required[8 ]. Hence three hourly weather data converted into one hourly weather data
using self-prepared computer programme “change.exe”. For the same statistical techniques were employed i.e. data were
prepared using time series techniques. Missing data were evaluated using average techniques.
The mixing height, which is one of the required parameter, calculated from the Radiosonde data which were procured
from Meteorological department, Pune. Temperature lapse method used in calculating the mixing height [8].
To calculate dispersion of gas, ISCST2 model system used. ISCST2 is regulatory software and provided by EPA, USA.
The software installed in Computer system having high capacity processing powers and storage. This software requires
to provide source data and meteorological data in pre-formatted input file. The required input file format is as follows:
Year(two digits) Months (two digits) Days (two digits) Hours (two digits) Wind direction(xxx.xxx total seven digits , four
after decimal points) Wind velocity(xxx.xxx total seven digits , four after decimal points) Temperature in Kelvin (xxx.x
four digit , one after decimal points) Stability category (x one digit; valid range is from one to six)[ 8,9 ].
The input file prepared with two years of data and supplied to ISCST2 system. The program runs on computer having
fast processing power and the results were collected in “Output” file in specific format.
For the dispersion calculation, the model system requires the threshold values of SOx around the plant. Table 1 shows
the selected threshold values selected for the present study.
Table 1. The maximum threshold values of concentration of SOx
Average Time
Concentration
3 - hour average
500 microram/m3
24 - hour average
200 microgram/m3
Month - average
50 microram/m3
3. Calculations and Results
The model system provides the deposition of the gas pollutants surrounding the source plant. The results for 3 hours, 24
hours and month average are calculated.
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management
for Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Table 2, 3 and 4 show the first highest calculated values for the maximum 3 hours, 24 hours and monthly average
concentration. They show the rank, concentration in micrograms/m 3 ,date and the polar coordinates. It is reported that
the highest values for 3 hours, 24 hours and monthly average are 1696.8260, 1239.81 and 323.56490 microgram/m 3.
Table 2. Maximum 3-hr average concentration of SOx in micrograms/m3
Rank
Concentration
(yy/mm/dd/hh)
(Xr,Yr)
1.
1696.82600
88/11/21/24
.00,
5000.00
2.
1696.82500
88/12/03/24
.00,
5000.00
3.
1614.59700
88/11/30/18
.00,
5000.00
4.
1604.49200
88/12/31/24
-5000.00,
5.
1572.21400
88/12/17/21
.00,
6.
1517.38700
88/12/20/21
-5000.00,
7.
1461.12100
88/11/09/18
868.24, 4924.04
8.
1460.47300
88/11/08/21
.00,
5000.00
9.
1460.47300
88/12/07/03
.00,
5000.00
10.
1460.47300
88/12/21/15
.00,
5000.00
.00
5000.00
.00
Table 3. Maximum 24-hr average concentration of SOx in micrograms/m3
Rank
Concentration
(yy/mm/dd/hh)
(Xr,Yr)
1.
1239.81300
88040724
2.
1218.97600
88041424
4330.13, 2500.00
3.
1215.50100
88082024
-4924.04, -868.24
4.
1215.10100
88042524
-868.24, -4924.04
5.
1213.46400
88091524
.00,
5000.00
6.
1213.01300
88032424
.00,
5000.00
7.
1210.89200
88081124
4330.13,
2500.00
8.
1209.53700
88092424
1710.10, -4698.46
9.
1208.91000
88091424
.00,
10.
1201.78500
88012224
-4924.04,
-4924.04,
-868.24
5000.00
868.24
Table 4. Period average concentration of SOx in micrograms/m3
Rank
Concentration
1.
323.56490
.00,
5000.00
2.
158.32290
.00,
10000.00
3.
136.6030
2500.00,
4330.13
4.
129.30470
-868.24,
4924.04
5.
110.64370
868.24,
4924.04
6.
104.23570
.00,
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
Distance
15000.00
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management
for Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
The distribution of concentrations for 3 hrs, 24 hrsand periodaverage are also reported in the form of contours in figure 1,2
and 3.
Figure 1 . Dispersion of SOx surrounding the
source upto 35 Km. for 3 hours average.
Figure 2 : Dispersion of SOx surrounding
the source upto 35 Km. for 24 hours average
Figure 3: Dispersion of SOx surrounding the source upto 35 Km. for Month Average.
Note : Source Group Position: Centre of the Contour
The table 5 depicts the result for the first, second and third highest concentration of SOx for 3 - hours average, 24 - hours
average, Monthly average and Period average. It also reports the time and receptor coordinates.
Table No. 5.1 : Summary of the highest concentrations of SOx for different average times
Receptor Coordinates
Rank
Avg. Time
Month
Day
Hour
Conc.
X
Y
(Meters)
First
03
11
21
24
1696.82600
.00,
5000.00
Second
03
12
03
24
1696.82500
.00,
5000.00
Third
03
11
30
18
1614.59700
.00,
5000.00
First
24
04
07
24
1239.81300
-4924.04,
-868.24
Second
24
04
14
24
1218.97600
Third
24
08
20
24
1215.50100
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
4330.13, 2500.00
-4924.04, -868.24
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management
for Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
First
Month
01
31
02
700.87980
.00,
5000.00
Second
Month
11
30
24
587.17290
.00,
5000.00
Third
Month
09
30
24
441.41110
.00,
5000.00
First
Period
-
-
-
323.56490
.00,
5000.00
Second
Period
-
-
-
158.32290
.00,
10000.00
Third
Period
-
-
-
136.60300
2500.00, 4330.13
From the table 5 it is reported that the highest 3 - hour average maximum dispersion were found to be 1696.82 μg/ m3 on
21stNovember 1988 at the distance of 5 km. around the Koradithermal power station, Koradi, District Nagpur . On the
same way the highest 24 – hour average dispersion was found to be 700.87 μg/ m3 and it occurs on 7thApril 1988 at the
distance of 5 km. around the source. The highest maximum month wise dispersion of SOx occurs on 31 st January 1988
and the amount of SOx concentration was found to be 441.41μg/ m3.
4. Conclusion
The dispersion of SOx surrounding the plant site is depends on the climate conditions. Particularly, the atmospheric
temperature and wind velocity. The highest concentration for 3 hrs, 24 hrs and month averages are near 5 kms from the
source plant.
The reported values are above threshold values in the month of November, January and April.
References
[1] . 1. Arthur C. Stern “Air pollution”, Third Edition, volume I, Chapter Two, “Air Pollutants, Their
Transformation”, Academic Press Inc.,1976.
[2] . 2. E.W. Hewson “Air pollution” ,Third Edition, Volume I , ed. A.C. Stern, “ Meteorological Measurements”,
1976.
[3] . 3. Coal Atlas of India, Coal India Ltd., 10 NetajiSubhash Road, Calcutta 700001, India.
[4] . 4. Julian Heicklen, “Control Techniques for sulphur oxides Air Pollutants.” The "Workbook for Plume Visual
Impact Screening and Analysis", EPA report
number EPA-450/4-88-015 Academic Press New York San
Francisco, and London, 1976.
[5] . D.B. Turner “Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates,” Office of Air Programs Publ. No.AP-26, U.S.
E.P.A., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1970.
[6] . P. Urone, in “Proceeding of International Symposium on Air pollution”,. Union of Japanese Scientists and
Engineers, Tokyo, Japan, 1972,pp.505-520.
[7] . write here the reference of various dispersion models.
[8] . ISCST2 manuals.
[9] . About inpute file format
[10] . 8.Bocola W and Cirillo M.C., Air pollutants emissions by combustion processes in Italy', Atmospheric
Environment, vol. 23, pp 17-24, 1989.
[11] . 9.Cooke W.F., Liousse C., Cachier H. and Feichter J., `Construction of a 10x10 fossil fuel emission data set for
carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4
model’, Journal of
Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, No D18, pp 22137-22162, 1999.
[12] . S.S.Dara .’A text book of Engineering Chemistry’; First edition; S.Chand and company Publication, New Delhi,
1986.
[13] . 11.Coal Atlas of India, Coal India Ltd., 10 NetajiSubhash Road, Calcutta 700001, India.
[14] . Briggs G. A., Plume Rise, USAEC Critical Review series, TID- 25075, National
[15] . Information Service, Springlfield, Virgina 22161, 1969.
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management
for Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
[16] . Briggs,G. A Plume Rise Predictions In Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analysis”,
American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 1975
[17] . Combustion-Generated Air Pollution, Ed. Ernest S. Starkman, Plenum Press, New York- London, Revised 1996
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Edited by J.T. Houghton et al., IPCC/OECD/IEA, UK
Meteorological Office, Bracknell, 1971.
[18] . National Climatic Center, Card Deck 144 WBAN Hourly Surface observations Reference Manual 1970,
Available from the National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, 1970.
[19] . S. Hanna Algorithm provided, Environmental Research and Technologi, Inc. Concord, Massachusetts. U.S.A.
[20] . 17.Mitra A.P. and Sharma C. ` Indian Aerosols: Present Status ’ . Under publication in the special issue of
`Chemosphere - Global Change Science' based on the presentation made in `14th Meeting of the Scientific
Group on Methodologies for the safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC-14)' 2001.
[21] . 18. Cooke W.F., Liousse C., Cachier H. and Feichter J., `Construction of a 10x10 fossil fuel emission data set
for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model', Journal of
Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, No D18, pp 22137-22162, 1999.
[22] . 19.J.N.Driscon, Program Manager,“Validation of improved Chemical methods of Sulphur Oxides Measurement
From Stationary Sources”, U.S. EPA. NO. R2-72-10 Walden Research Corp., Nat. Tech. Inform. Serv.
Springfield, Virginia, 1972.
[23] . 20..EPA, Supplement Book to compilation of air pollutant emission factors, vol. I, Stationary point and area
sources, Tech. Rep., Office of the Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Trangle Park, NC, 1996.
AUTHOR
Dr. Bapu Shende. received the M.Sc. and Ph. D. degrees in Chemistry from Institute of Science, Nagpur
in 1999 and 2008, respectively. He now with Asst. Professor, Dept. of Chemistry, Dr. Ambedkar College,
Nagpur
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
ISSN 2319 - 4847
Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and
Management for Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013)
Organized By: GNI Nagpur, India