15,000
BULLETIN NO. 102
NOVEMBER, 1908
Oregon Agricultural College
Experiment Station
Corvallis, Oregon
I
DiesiiIi1y at Kale, YeIcli Hay, 8Ieoe [iii
By dailies
IIhycouiIJe aI1
osIefl]e
SiIe
C. E. BFadIey
THE BULLETINS OF THIS STATION ARE SENT FREE TO ALL RESIDENTS
OF OREGON WHO REQUEST THEM
1908
Oregon Agricultural College Prcs
Corvallis, Oregon
DOAR
OF R[OENTS OF TE OR[OON AORICUITURAL OLLEOE ANO EXPERIMENT STATION.
Hon J. K. Weatherford, President
Hon. B. E. Wilson, Secretary
Hon. B. F. Irvine, Treasurer
Hon. Ceo. E. Chamberlain, Governor
Hon. F. W. Benson, Secretary of S/ate
Albany, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Salem, Oregon
Salem, Qregon
Hon. .J. H. Ackerman, S/ate Su151. Public Justruclion Salem, Oregon
Hon. A. T. Buxton, Master of Slate Grange Forest Grove, Oregon
Mrs. Clara H. Waldo
Macleay, Oregon
Hon. J. T. Apperson
Park Place, Oregon
Hon. \V. P. Keady
Portland, Oregon
Hon. William \V. Cotton
Portland, Oregcn
Hon. Walter M. Pierce
Pendleton, Oregon
Hon. J. D. Olwell
Central Point, Oregon
OFFICERS OF THE STATION
W. J. Kerr, D. Sc.
STATION STAFF
President
James \Vitliycombe, M. Agr---------Animal Husbandry, Director
B. Cordlev, M. S
P]ant Pathology and Entomology
R. Lake, M. S
I. Lewis, M. S. A
F. L. Kent, 13. Agr
E. F. Per not, M. S
James Dryden
H. D. Scudder, B. S
C. B. Bradley, M. S
J. C. Bridweil, M. S.
C. A. Cole, M. S.
E. L. Potter, B. S.
G. R. Hyslop, B. Sc.
A. L. Peck, B. S.
A. G. B. Bouquet, B. S.
R. '\V. Allen, B. S.
C. C. Vincent, B. S.
F. C. Ewing, B. S.
C. C. Cate, B. S.
F. L. Griffin, B. S.
Laura Hill, B. S.
Helen L. Holgate, B, S.
Botany
Horticulture
Dairy Husbandry
Bacteriology
----Poultry Husbandry
Agronomy
Chemistry
- - -Assistant in Entomology
Assistant in Horticulture
Assistant in Animal Husbandy
Assistant in Agronomy
Floriculture and Landscape Gardening
Olericulture
Assistant in Horticulture
Assistant in Horticulture
Assistant in Entomology
Assistant in Plant Pathology
Assistant in Entomology
Assistant in Entomology
Clerk
SUMMARY.
Digestion experiments were conducted with two cows from the Station
herd.
Results were obtained as follows:
PERCETA6E DiGESTIBILiTY.
Dry
matter
Kale
Vetch hay
Unsteamed corn silage..
Steamed corn silage
Unsteamed vetch silage
Steamed vetch silage
Ash
rotein Fiber Extract
Fat
68,01 38.81 80.63 58.99 75 83 65.85
64.56 58.981 61 07 58.22 70.71 68.01
63,24 47.281 56 38 62 94 66.85 7.7.34
51,16 37,71 14.62 51.46 62 83 62 91
71 85 42.581 58.55 73 55 74.90 89 71
6O.68 9.01 5.30 63.26 71 12 79.27
FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.
The experiments outlined in this bulletin were undertaken for
the purpose of obtaining reliable data on the feeding value of green
kale and vetch hay as well as to study the comparative digestibility of steamed and unstemed vetch and corn silage. Herewithin we report the results of seven digestion experiments, two on fresh
kale, one on vetch hay and four on steamed and unsteamed vetch
and corn silage.
The usual methods of fodder analysis were followed in this work,
great care being used, however, both as to feeding and collection of
feces as well as in the analysis of the products. The analytical
work involved was performed by A. L. Knisely and C. E. Bradley,
the results being arranged in bulletin form by the latter.
Each of the feeding experiments was carried out with two cows,
cow No. 1 being a Jersey-Shorthorn cross, 4 years old, and cow No.
2 a pure bred Jersey, 2 years old, Neither was giving milk.
Each experiment was carried on through a period of seven days,
the animals being subjected to a preliminary feeding for a few days
prior to the beginning of the experiment. A Sample was taken for
analysis from each day's feed ration and from the results of this
analysis the amounts of food constituents consumed were ca]culated. Likewise a sample of each day's feces was analyzed and from
these results the amounts of constituents voided were calculated.
The tabulated results which follow and the digestion coefficients
were obtained by comparing the constituents consumed in the first
six days of the experiment with those voided during the last six
days, as by this means it was thought a more exact comparison
could be obtained between the feed and the actual feces from the
same.
EXPLANATION OF ANALYSIS.
The regular fodder analysis performed by the chemist to determine the value of a feeding stuff consists of the following determinations:
MOISTURE.-A definite amount of the material under examinationis dried to constant weight in a suitable dish at the temperature of boiling water, The loss in weight represents moisture.
5
Green feeds by this process lose 70 to 0 per cent of their weight
and well cured hay 12 to 18 per cent.
As.This is the mineral content of the feed and represents the
mineral salts taken by the plant from the soil. The ash is obtained
by burning a weighed sample of the feed in a platinum dish at a
low red heat. This constituent varies considerably in different
feeds and is of minor importance.
PROTEIN.By protein is meant the nitrogenous portion of the
feed.
Since nitrogenous foods are recognized as essential flesh formers, great importance is attached to the protein content, the most
valuable constituent of the feed. Since albuminous substances are
approximately 16 per cent nitrogen, the percentage of nitrogen
multiplied by 6.25 represents the protein. The per cent of nitrogen
in a feed is determined by converting the nitrogen into ammonia
which is in turn estimated by a standard acid solution.
CRUDE FIBER.ThjS is roughly the cell walls or cellulose of the
plant. In practice, however, the product obtained is not pure cellulose but contains other materials as well. Crude fiber is obtained
by boiling the feed in turn with dilute acid and alkali, the fiber
along with the ash, remaining as insoluble material. This portion
of a feed is of minor value though is often largely digested.
ETHER EXTRACT OR FAT.This is obtained by extracting a dry
sample of the feed for 12 to 16 hours with pure ether. This product
is not pure fat but contains in addition wax, certain nitrogenous
bodies and the coloring matter of the plant.
NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT.ThiS is shortened to "extract" in our
tables and represents the sugar and starch of the feed. It is sometimes called Carbohydrates and is recognized as a valuable portion
of the feed as starch and sugar serve to keep up the animal heat of
the body and supply energy. The per cent of "extact"is obtained
by difference, the sum of the other constituents taken from 100 per
cent giving extract.
The same methods are employed in the analysis of the feces as
of the feeding stuff, the protein of the feces, however, being obtained
from the per cent of nitrogen found in the fresh feces.
KALE.
Thousand-headed kale (Brassica oleracea) is being recognized as
one of the most valuable succulent dairy feeds in Western Oregon.
It was introduced into the Willamette Valley by Mr. Richard Scott
A FIELD OF KALE IN DECEMBER.
7
of Milwaukie, Oregon, some 27 years ago. It is a very hardy plant,
standing a temperature of 100 above zero whicn makes it available
the entire winter in the Valley under ordinary conditions. The
plants grow to some four feet in height with a wide spread of leaves,
a single plant often weighing 30 pounds. A yield of 30 to 40 tons
of green kale to the acre is not uncommon. The plants require a
rich soil and are transplanted in July from seed sown in May or
June. The woody stalk is cut with an axe and the kale is hauled
in and fed green during the winter, from October to April.
Chemical analysis shows kale to be rich in protein, averaging
about 2.5 per cent on the fresh sample and about 21 per cent on the
dry substance. Like nio6t bioad leav(d plants its ah or mineral
content runs high, as is shown by the following analyses on an
average plant:
Weight
pounds
12.00
3.60
Leaves
Stalks
ce,,t
Per cent Perin
dry
moisture Ash
substance
90.7
86.59
14.0
8.58
COMPOSITION OF ASH.
Per cent Per cent
Per cent Phosphoric
Lime
potash
acid
Leaves
Stalks
24 05
42.10
15 53
11.23
2 4.91
5.53
Calculated to the acre yield of 30 tons these values show that approximately 225 pounds of potash and 115 pounds of phosphoric
acid enter into the composition of each acre of kale. This shows
the plant to be a heavy feeder on these plant foods and proves the
necessity of a rich soil for its successful growth.
The kale used in Experiment 1 of this bulletin, analysis of which
is given in Table 1, was cut and fed the first week in November.
That used in Experiment 2 was cut and fed two weeks later.
The characteristic features of the kale analysis as given in Tables
1 and 6 are high ash and protein values. Table 1 shows the green
kale to contain 2.57 per cent protein on the average, and the dry
material 21.81 per cent protein which is almost equal to that of our
best selected vetch.
l3oth cows lost weight in these two experiments, due probably to
the insufficient dry matter consumed to supply the body waste. In
experiment 1, Cow No. 1 decreased from 740 to 700 pounds. Cow
No. 2 from 650 to 635 pounds. In Experiment 2, Cow No. 1 decreased in weight from 745 to 690 pounds and Cow No. 2 from 640
to 615 pounds. Neither of the animals drank any water during
these two experiments.
Tables 5 and 11 show that a large proportion of the protein in
the kale is digestible, an average of 80.63 per cent being obtained
from the four tests. The percentage of digestibility of the other
constituents is also normal or above with the exception of the ash
which Table 1 shows is present in excessive amounts in the kale.
Table 3 and, in the main, Table 9 show the ash content of the feces
of each animal to gradually increase during each successive day of
the experiment.
It will be noticed that Cow No. 2 gives higher percentages of
digestibility than Cow No. 1 in each of these experiments. This is
true, with few exceptions, of succeeding experiments as well. The
high digestion coefficients obtained in Experiments 1 and 2 are in
harmony with the good results obtained by many dairymen with
this feed and stamp kale -as a nutritious, succulent forage plant.
KALE.
TABLE 1.-EXPERIMENT I.
Percentage composition fresh kale
.0
Day
U
a
.18M6 1.90 2.61
1
2
3
11.70
11.98
11.79
10.99
11.28
1.97
1.92
1.57
1.89
1.68
Average
11.80 1.82
3
4
5
Water-free k1ale
0
.0
U
.0
9
V
V
.0
0.
0.
C)
a
I;
N
48,16 5.70
38.90 5.08
43.43 6.08
47.63 4.93
43.16 5 40
49.18 4.17
6.29
4 55
5.21
5.62
-74
2.35
1.52
1.83
1.45
1 50
1.27
1.24
4-74
5-54
.59
.47
16.87
16.00
13 34
17.20
14.94
2.57
1.47
5.32
.61
15.471 21.81 12 40 45.08
2.76
2 68
2.52
250
.59
.72
.58
14.481 20.00 11.66
23.61
22.37
21.37
22.75
20.79
15.54
12.00
12.73
11.49
10.92
5.28
TABLE 2.-KALE CONSTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 1.
Day
1
2
1
4
5
3
Fresh kale IDry matter
50.00
60.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
60.00
6.53
7.02
7.19
8.25
8.79
6.77
Ash
Protein
.95
1.30
1.66
1.61
1.76
2.00
1.41
1.18
1.15
1.10.
1.52
1.01
Fiber
Extract
Fat
.76
3.15
2.73
8.13
3.93
3.79
8.33
.37
.86
.43
1.09
.87
3.05
1.01
.74
.41
.47
.28
rotal
380.0
44.55
6.91
9.74
5.52
20.06
2.32
Cow No.2 in this experiment consumed the same weight of fresh kale each day as cow No.1.
TABLE 3.-PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF KALE FECES.
Cow No. 2
Cow No. I
l
9
16.21
17.21
18.95
18.66
18.86
7
.19 48
.0
C
.0
2
3
4
5
6
0
C.
I..
>
Day
C.
IC
10
3,51
4.64
5,50
5,93
6.44
6.48
2.43
2.96
1.00
IOU
2.84
3.02
3.49
2,.7
2.25
2.23
2.14
2 69
6.68
6.71
6.68
6.64
6.16
5.75
I
44
10
'
.63 18.72
.79 19.27
.92 18.85
1 02 '18.37
1.00 17.57
1.07 18 17
3 93
5 18
5.78
5 63
6.02
6.34
2.38
2.51
2.27
2.42
2.61
2.76
3.78
3.24
2.48
2.94
2.46
2,22
8.03
7,47
7 22
6.40
5 34
5.69
.65
.86
.08
.95
1,18
1,00
TABLE 4.-KALE CONSTITUENTS VOIDED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 2
Cow No. 1
>
(C
C.
.0
Ct
4)
4)
0
-
44
CJ
Ct
.
G
'
10
2
3
'14.875 2.41
.82
.68
.87
.44
.18
2.53
1.52
3.17
3.06
2.04
1.01
1.05
Total 81.37514.73
4.38
4
5
6
7
14.75
800
17.00
16.25
10.50
68
80
Is
.15
.28
1.86
.44
.44
.29
.48
.48
.37
2.50
0
7.125 1.34
10
.07 112453 2.33
.60
.17 17.00 3.12
.18 12.312 2.16
.11
6.00 1.09
.28
.73
.72
.96
.74
.38
.17
.38
.28
41
.32
.17
.27
.45
.31
.50
.30
.14
5.25
.74 68 875 12.74
181
1.70
1.97
.99
.99
.54
1.13
1 00
I
.
I
I
CC
.09
.12 14.00
2 70
t5
.57
1.05
.90
1.09
.66
.34
4.61
.12
.12
.16
.14
.06
.65
TABLE 5.-DIGESTIBILITY KALE.
Cow No. 2
Cow No. 1
t
C..
.0
0
.
CC
>
0
.0
4)
0
l
0
.0
10
10
2.32 '44 55
74 12.74
6.91
3.81
9.74
1.70
4)
C..
,
5.52 20.06
1.97
44
10
lxi
4.61
2.12
.65
Digested in Lbs. 2 .82 2..3 7.88 8 02 1481 1.L3 i1 81 8.10 8.04 3.55 15.45 1.67
Per Ct. Digested.,,j66.94 16.61 80.90 [54.71 71.83 68.10 [71.40 41.86 82 55 64.11 77.06 '71.99
Average Per Cent Digested
matter
Dry
Ash
69.17
40.73
,
Protein
Fiber
Extract
Fat
81.72
59.51
75.44
70.04
10
KALE.
TABLE 6.-EXPERIMENT 11.
Percentage composition fresh kale
>
Day
.0
a
Os
a
J_.
.0
10.15 1.76
10.61 2.00
6
1159 1.69
Average
10.80
2.23
11.46
1.91
10.49
1.8.5
10.51 1.07
5.
1,87
-.0
K
ItO
2 11
2 19
2.15
2 10
2 30
2.35
i
o
4
ta
a
.
K
2
Water Free Kale.
1.43
1 86
1.55
1.53
1.91
4.33
4.55
4.80
4.50
4.40
5.23
1.61
4.64
1 .17
a
K
17.31 20.81
a
Ia
18
14.C2 42.66
.39
18.85 20.62 12.97 43.14
16.99 20.50 16 21 41.92
18.70 19.93 14.71 42.69
17.66 21.94 14 56 41.94
14.61 20.31 16.55 45.16
.45
17.36 20 .68. 14 85 42.92
.41
.41
.
a
a
.0
K
.52
.47
.50
U
a
.0
5.17
4 39
434
3.97
3.90
3.34
4.18
TABLE 7.-KALE CONSTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No.1.
Day
Fresh kale Dry matter
1
70 OC
2
3
4
5
6
70.00
70.10
80.00
80.00
80.00
Total
4500
-
Ash
Protein
Fiber
Extract
Fat
7.10
7.48
8.02
8.42
8.39
9.27
1.23
1.40
1.36
1.58
1.48
1.33
1.48
1.53
1 65
1.68
1.84
1.88
.99
.96
1.30
1.22
1.22
1,54
3.03
3.21
3.36
3.60
3.52
418
.85
.34
.83
48.63
8.40
10.06
7.23
.90
2.04
.37
.33
.82
TABLE 8,-KALE CONSTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 2.
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Fresh kaleDry matter
70.00
70.00
70.00
80.00
60.00
-80.00
430.
Ash
Protein
Fiber
Extract
Fat
7.10
7.43
8.02
8.42
6.29
9 27
1.23
1 40
1.38
1.54
1.11
1.35
1.48
1.53
1.65
1.68
1.38
.90
.96
.37
1.85
1.30
1.22
.92
1 54
3.03
8 21
3.36
3.60
2.64
4.18
46.53
8.03
9.60
6.93
I
20.02
.33
.35
.34
.24
.32
I
1.95
11
TABLE 9.-PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF KALE FECES.
Cow No.2.
Cow No.).
Day
0
a.
18.94
18.63
19.10
18 75
18 19
19.73
2
3
4
5
6
7
2 29
2 92
2.27
315
6 18
3 112
3.84
3 07
3.75
654
5 (35
2,3u
7.124
2 41
6.60
5.72
6 15
4.87
5 37
5 34
3 52
3.32
5.70
5.51
Ga0
10
a. H8
10 56
24.14
21 05
21 72
21.60
32.51
.97
.79
.54
.90
.09
5.68
6 '20
7.74
7 83
7.51
8.311
2,52
2.36
2.70
2.77
2.601
2 31
4.00
536
5.80!
3.3.1
4 03
3.95
18
14
.96
0.40
7.16
6 58
6.61
6.29
6.80
1 00
1.04
1.15
1.08
1.06
TABLE 10.-KALE CONSTITUENTS VOIDED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 2.
Cow No. I.
C)
8
Day
0
16.75
2
115.00
3
4
5
14.50
'l,00
14.00
12.875
6.
7
a.
3.17
2.79
2 77
2.81
2.54
2 54
.92
.55
.90
.98
.79
.93
1
88.125 16.62 5 32
Total
.39
.44
.33
.45
.32
.15
2 25
14
14.75'
11.69
2.88 .84 .37 .59
.94
.14
.59
.50
.53
.57
.56
.48
1,12
.16
56
14
.89
.12
.13
12.50k
3.23
5.04
.80
70.69 11.93 5.05 1. 80 2 . (16 1.69 .73
.75
.75
11.50
10 25
10 00
.119
2.135
2,74
2.50
2.21
2.25
.73
.97
.90
.77
.84
.27 .39
.34 .48
.32 .39
.21 .41
.28 .40
84. .12
.82
.7i
.13
. .13
.65 .11
.68 .10
TABLE 11.-OIGESTIBXLITV KALE
Cow No. 2.
Cow No.).
Total
Cotisumed,Lbs...
Voided, Lbs.
10I
I
48.63
16.63
a
o
8.401 1006
5.32 2.21
:
._
9.60
1.80
6.92 20.02
18
14
7,21 20.90
3.23
5.04
18
I
2.04' 46.531 8.C3t
.80 14.93 5 O5
2.60
4.60'
1.05
.78
1.24 31.60 2.98 7.8o 4.27 15.38 1.22
Digested, Lbs.
32.011 5.08 7.83 4.00 15.811
Percentdigested. 65.82, 811.67 77551 55.32 75.89: 60.78 67.91 37.11 81.25 61.62 76.57 62.56
Average per cent digested
Average two experiments
66.811 36.89 79.54 58.47 76.25 61.67
68.01 38.81 50.65 58.99 75.88 65.85
12
VETCH HAY.
The common vetch ( 1/ida saliva) is used largely as a dairy and
general stock feed throughout Western Oregon. it is usually fed
as hay though also utilized for silage, pasture and soiling crops. It
is an annual legume, is a great nitrogen gatherer and makes a va1uable cover crop. Vetch is well adapted to Western Oregon conditions of soil and climate and gives a yield of from 2 to 4 tons of
hay to the acre. The seed crop yields from 15 to 30 bushels to the
acre. Vetch is usually sown in the fall, together with wheat or rye
to prevent it falling down, and is cut for hay when the seeds begin
to form in the pods.
As a dairy feed vetch is prized for its high protein content, the
average hay containing something like 15 per cent protein. In this
connection it is of interest to note that this Station has by selection
of vetch seed rich in protein, developed a vetch which contains as
high as 23 per cent protein, calculated to the water free basis.
The hairy vctch ( 1/icia viulosa) is used only to a limited extent
in this State.
Vetch as a legume is known to be a heavy feeder on soil potash.
Analysis of the ash of vetch used in Experiment 3 gives the following:
Per cent ash in water-free vetch
The ash contains
Potash
87 50 per cent
Phosphoric acid 10.02 per ccitt
8.20
Analyses by Wolfe.
32-46 per cent
7-18 per ce,it
Calelilating to the acre yield of 3 tons of cured hay these values
show that 150 pounds of potash and 0 pounds of phosphoric acid
are removed by each acre of veteh.
Examination of Table 12 shows the vetch hay contains on the
average nearly 19 per cent of moisture which is somewhat more
than is ordinarily found in a well cured hay. This excess of moisture reduces the average per cent of protein to 12.22. The averages
of a number of analyses .of vetch hay from various sources are reported as follows:
Eastern Analyses.*
Moisture
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fat
11.30
17.00
3610
2.30
Oregon Vetch HayBull. 85
18.24
12 71
37.86
2.59
Calculated to a moisture content of 11.30 per cent the vetch hay
in Experiment 3 would contain 13.32 per cent protein, which is
considerably lower than Eastern analyses reported.
13
Each animal made marked gains in weight during Experiment
3, Cow No. I increasing from 725 to 810 pounds, and Cow No. 2
from 640 to 692 pounds. Cow No. 1 drank 234 pounds of water and
Cow No. 2, 221 pounds during the experiment.
Table No. 17 shows the average digestibility of the nutrients of
vetch hay to be relatively high. Other records are reported as
follows:
* Henry's Feeding.
PERCENTAOE D!6ESTIBILITY OF VETCH HAY.
Oregon Station
Bulletin 85
German
-_-I
-
Dry
Illatter
Protein
Crude
fiber
Extract
Fat
66.05
69.9r
57.56
54.00
71.59
66.00
71.21
6o.00
6.00
76.CO
Vetch hay without doubt should be classed among our most nutritious and palatable feeds.
14
VETCH HAY.
TABLE 12.-EXPERIMENT III.
Water Free Hay.
Percentage coniposition fresh hay.
.
Day
0
a
i3
a
.e
H
lxi
11.56 25.50 35.70 1.66
12.07 26.27 37.00 1.54
12.9322.18 35.97 1.56
13.0623.42 86.80 1.7o
11.21 27.28 33.22 1.30
6
81.14 3.72
8370 6 82
82.09 6.45
8145 6.47
79.48 0.35
80,41 6.64
Average
81 38 6.5712.22 24.56 36.49 1.54.8.0815.01 30.19 44,8
1
2
3
4
5
12.47 22 69i 37.22 1 39
8 28
8.14
7.86
7.94
7.09
8.26
14.24 31.421 44.00
14 42 31.321 44.21
2.05
16.03 28.7(1 45.18
2.09
15 501 28 22 46.29
1.75
1.73
13.75 27.02 47.47
I
14.14 34.32 41.80
184
1.90
1.89
TABLE 13.-HAY CONSTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No.1.
Fresh hay IDry matter
Day
Fiber
Extract
1.62
-, . F
1.81
3.91
4.49
3 57
4(19
5.00
5.55
7.89
Ash
Protein
.94
1.02
1.11
1 .09
14.00
15.00
11 33
2
3
2(.25
lii. 62
4
5
6
15.25
150(1
ii 92
12.42
.30
93
13.67
1.13
1.69
2 12
Total
9( 56
78 Oel
634
1185
1
1700
12.3.3
2 62
Fat
386
4.93
6.33
.23
.23
.31
.26
.21
.23
23 50
35.36
1.47
561
TABLE 11.-HAY CONSTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No.2.
Day
Fresh hay Dry matter
14.00
Ash
Protein
Fiber
Extract
1.62
2.65
2 62
5.00
6.29
7.89
5.61
4.94
6.38
36.10
11.36
14 25
16.62
12.42
11.92
13.67
.94
1 16
1,31
.99
6
21)25
15.25
13.00
17.00
1.13
2.12
3.57
4.47
4.49
3.57
4 09
3.86
Total
98 50
80.22
6.48
12(9
24 05
1
2
3
4
5
17.011
'
95
199
169
Fat
.23
.26
.31
.26
.21
.23
I
1.50
15
TABLE 15.-PERCETAGE COMPOSITION OF FECES VETCH HAY.
Cow No. 2.
Cow No. 1.
a
3
4
5
6
7
CC
>1
IC
IC
N
7.70
7.24
6.29
6.37
1.74: 6.79
1.87'
1 79
1.77
17.111 1.69
16.47 1.46
17.4.5 1 67
20.43
16.60
18.42
2
3 iSi 6.09
4.221
2661
2.77,
2.891
>,E
CC
.0
0
.4
C..
C)
.0
Day
0 81
6 07
1.08
6.16
587
6.46
!
.a
CC
IC
IN
IC.
.33
.33
17 48
.33
16.48
.91
17.11
.29
.20
17.39
111.73
1673
188
5.70 6.55
5,65 6.38
2 78! 6.10 5.76
2 75 6.18! 6.42
2.90 6 07 6.48
2 92 6.12 6.54
3.07
2 78
1.65
1.46
1.48
1.40
1.54
.28
.27
.29
.28
.30
.27
TABLE 16.-HAY CONSTITUENTS VOIDED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 2.
Cow No. 1.
.0CC
!
.0
vu
Day
.0
El
18.002
20.0
3.69
3.72
4
5
6
26.688
4.9'S
25.50
4 #0
4.20
7.
13.25
5.8(1]
.27
.55
.95
---15130' 27.0:1
2.55
4 55
Total
.9
sO
.14
.30
.47
.67
.63
.86
4
#1
71
IC
01
IC
2.
'
1'.
1.23
1.22
1.62
1.30
1.45
1.68
1 79
1.50
2 15
1 6i
1,55
2.05
I
9.92
IC
CC
.06 19.5,2
.06 32.00
59
3.41 .37' .00 1.11 1.28
5.35' .53 .89 1.81 2.04
.09 130.686' 5.1,6: 45, 95 1.90 1. 7
9 1.75 1.85
4 92 41
09 .28 87
4.891 4.5 70 1.77 1.90
.07 29.25
5.61] .50! .94 1 .97 2.11
.10 :12.25
.0.5
18
.09
.08
.09
.09
47 17254)1 29.252.7114.77 10.34 10.95 .48
TABLE 17--DIGESTIBILITY VETCI-0 HAY.
Cow No. 2.
Cow No. 1.
,
Total
Consumed, Lbs.
Voided, Lbs.
.0
IC
78.54:
27.03'
'N
IC'CC:.41E
'
CC
Ci
#.
!
IC
CC
C)
.0
!
1CC
IC
I
6.34] 11.81] 21 52 35.96! 1.471 80 221 6.48 12.09 24.03 36.10
9.54 0.921
2.55!
.47 29.251 2.71 4.77 10.34] 10.95
1.50
.48
51.51 2.75' 7.501 1298 25.41 1.0(1 30.97 3.77 7.32 13.71 25.15 1.02
Digested, Lbs.
Perceutdigcsted. 6508 59.78, 61.6O 59,44! 71.95! 68 ('3! 63.54 58.18L 60.54 57.00 69.67 68.00
C..
2
IC
Average per cent digested
04.5l
I'
C)
a
N
58.98 61.07 58.22] 70.71] 68.01
16
STEAMING.
Many experiments are recorded on the effect of cooking on the
digestibility of different foods, and the general conclusions seem to
be that, provided the food is already palatable, cooking is not only
unnecessary but usually to be avoided on account of the injurious
effect the cooking process exerts upon the digestibility of the food
in general and particularly upon its protein content. This has
been found in general to hold good for grains as well as fodders, the
cooking of either lowering the digestible protein.
Ladd, in 1885, experimented at the New York Station on cooked
and uncooked clover hay and corn meal and obtained results by
artificial methods, showing the per cent of fat and albuminoids to
be loiver in the cooked foods and the digestibility of the albuniinoids
to be lowered by the cooking process.
In bulletin 6 of this Station, Irish reports the effect of cooking
upon the digestibility of corn ensilage as follows:
Per Cent Digested (by Sheep).
Cooked
Raw
I
Ash
Protein
Fiber
Extract
Fat
30.96
31.98
39.43
70.33
59.19
74.75
71.06
87.24
86.11
45.4'
At Poppelsdorf, Germany, it has been shown that steaming hay
reduced the digestible protein from 46 to 30 per cent. At this
Station it has been found (bulletin 80) that cooking grain for pigs
entailed a loss of 9.8 per cent of its value as compared with raw
grain. It may be said in this connection that beneficial results
have been reported by the Mississippi and Texas Stations from
cooking cotton seed for feeding purposes.
VETCII SILAGE.
The vetch used in Experiments IV and V was put in the silos
July 12, 1906, and that fed in Experiment V was immediately
steamed, the steam being applied t base of silo for about 24 hours
and the silage thoroughly cooked. In Experiment IV, on the unsteamed silage, the feeding began on January 8, 1907, the ensilage
having been in the silo about six months. The steamed silage was
fed beginning with February 5, approximately one month later.
17
By comparing tables 18 and 24 it wilt be noticed that the per
cent of protein is somewhat lower, and the per cent of fat much
lower in the steamed silage, the average fat in the unsteamed being
3.48 per cent, while the steamed vetch silage contains 2.63 per cent
fat., in the water-free material. Volatilization of the oils in the current of steam may be a possible explanation of this. In keeping
with former experiments reported by the Station the per cent of
acidity is much lower in the steamed silage, the acid, as acetic, bcing .78 per cent in the steamed and 1.31 per cent in the unsteamed,
on the average.
In Experiment IV, on unsteamed vetch silage, Cow No. 1 drank
87 pounds of water and increased in weight from 840 to 870 pounds.
Cow No. 2 drank 113 pounds of water and decreased in weight from
725 to 705 pounds. In Experiment V on steamed silage the
animals drank 97 and 95 pounds of water respectively and each decreased in weight, No. 1 from 020 to 915 pounds and No. 2 from 750
to 735 pounds.
On comparing tables 23 and 29 a remarkable difference in digestibility of the unsteamed and steamed silage is noticed, this being
especially true with reference to the protein. Over 56 per cent of
the protein in the unsteamed silage is digested while less than 15
per cent of that in the steamed silage is utilized by the animals.
The average per cent of dry matter, ash, fiber and fat digested is
from 10 to 14 per cent lower in the steamed silage. The digestibility of the extract, or carbohydrates, is approximately the same
in each.
18
UNSTEAMED VETCII SJLAOE.
1'ABLE 18-XPERTMENT Iv.
Percentage Composition Fresh Silage
5
Day
'>.
.0
a
Water-free Silage
a
'
a
lx.
lxi
1.20 30.11
1
1.09 2062
2
3
1.::? 31.47
1 41 30,25
4
5
6
3.47 3021
1.30 3013
Average
1 31 30 11
2.20'
a
I,
.-
51
3.89
3.05
2.52
2 89
3.78 .9.79 13 20
3.43 9.79 13 44
1.06
8.10 11.72 53.47 43.01
8 33 12.42 32 38 45.62
7.94 11.57 32.48 4462
2.38
3 49
984 18.37
l.05i
7 01
9.21 13.8-I
9 73 12.09
599
512
352
7.60 11.00 30 5I
2.il
1.20
7.90 10 67 34.001 41.33
7.35 11.37 03.1(1 44.69
.80
1.11
230' 158 10.42 14 00
2541 354 10.11 11.01 108
.98
3.41
3.25
3..59
Ii 57 32 61 44.37
3.48
TABLE 19-SILAGE CONSTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS-COW NO. 1.
Day
1
2
3
4
5
(1
Fresh
Silage
Dry Matter'
40.00
48.00
43.00
47.00
44 00
38.00
12.05
11 74
18.10
14.22
18.31
11.45
- 205.00
79.87
Protei,1
Ash
1 43
1.46
1.72
1.66
1 05
1.80
.92
1.09
1.1"
l.19
1.11
.91
6.12
i
Fiber
Extract
3 08
4 87
5.54
0.09
6.75
6.12
5.81
5.11.
SOs
4.76
4.31
2.72
'
9.22
20.14
Fat
.48
.43
53
.49
.43
.41
2.77
35.12
TABLE 20-8ILAGE CONsTITUENTs CONSUMUD IN POUNDS-COW NO. 2.
Day
2
3
4
6
Total
Fresh
Silage
Dry Matter
40.00
43.00
44.00
40.00
39.00
34.00
12.05
13 74
13.85
245.00
2210
11.80
10.21
73.78
Ash
.92
1.09
1.01
1.02
.90
.01
5.88
Protein
1.43
1.46
1.58
1.42
1 47
1.16
8.02
Fiber
Extract
3.68
4.17
5,54
6.09
4.08
3.82
3.33
5.20
5.15
458
.
24.13
Fat
619
I
,
457
I
.43
.49
.41
.38
19
TABLE 21-PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF FECES U'NSTEAMED VETCI'I SILAGE.
Cow No.2
Cow No. 1
.0
4)
-
Day
I
20.28
18.65
2.26
2.23
19,441 2.25
19.2th 2.19
18 51 1.98
18.691 1.84
2
3
4
5
6
7
2.57
2.35
2.92
2 60
2.43
2.15
6.53
6.32.
6.23
6.37
6 .4
6.11
a
a
16
8
N
11:
2.47
1.96
2.15
1.99
.47 19.09
.42 10.87
8.40
7.33
7 60
7,64
7.36
7.89
.42 18 17
4(1
17.70
.39 17.11
.40 10,29
1 .79
1.94
7.67
0.80
7,37
6.87
6.66
7.48
.42
.40
.40
.35
.51
.38
2.01
1.58
1.53
1.21
.11
.12
.11
.08
.07
.06
6518.5510.42
55
6.16
5 43
5.62
5.90
5.79
6.67
2.37
2.28
2.65
2.59
2.56
2.82
TABLE 22-SILACE CONSTITUENTS, VOIDED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 2
Cow No. 1
U
a
.0
8
2I.5
3.
4
5
24.50
-
2S.0U
30.0I
629.2.5
7
23.73
4)
0
16
4.73
4,51
5.44
5.76
5.44
4.44
TotalII.29.0U 30.4
531
.55
.63
.66
.58
.44
3 39
.60
.57
.82
.78
.71
58
16
16
N
1
2
4)
a
1.53
1.98
.1l 26.25
1,5")
1 .80
.10 29.50
1.75
1.91
1.89
1.43
2,12
2.29
2.15
1.87
.12 28.25
.12 23.00
.11 25,00
.10 16.25
4.06 10 08 1221
5.01
4.98
5.13
4.07
3.93
3.13
.65
.58
.60
.46
.62
.67
.41
159
.321
.46
.7.1
.59
(ii
66 146.25 26,2
1,62
1.00
1.59
1.26
1.33
1.05
2.011
208
TABLE 23-DIGESTIBILITY UNSTEAMED VETCH SILACE.
Cow No. 2
Cow No. I
0
..
U
.
.
3.
x
N
I
16
15
16
9.22 26 14 35.42 2.77 7378 5.83 8.52 24.13 32.74: 2.56
.55
.66 26.25 3 02 3.68 8 58 10.42
4.06 10.08 12.21
'otaldigested,ths. 49.47 2.93 5.16 16.06 23.21 2.11 47.53 2.81 4.84 15.55 2232' 2.01
ercentdigested.,. 62.06 46.36 55.96 61.44 65.531 76.17 64.42 48:20 56.81 64.44 68 17 78.52
ota1consumedths 79.87 6.32
"otalvoided, tha 30.40 3.39
Averagepercentdigested
63.24
Ash
Proteir')
Fiber
47.28
56.38
62.94
Extract
66.85
Fat
77.34
20
STEAMED VETCH SILA6E.
TABLE 24.-EXPERIMENT V.
Water Free Silage.
Percentage composition fiesh silage
>I
Day
'iS
C
l_
.
D
.116
6
.72 2963 2,16
78 30.47 2,32
Average
3.78 '10.80 13.91
3.60
3.92
3.6:1
9.89 1:1.10
9.83 14.46
10.10 13.11
:
I
9.77 13.48
3236 10.21 12.79
3.75
.
3.77 10.15 .13.47
.83
.79
.81
.76
.60
.111
.
:
7.77
7.74
7.25
7.65
7 85
7 28
7,02
60
-
Ia
-
I
30.11(1 2.34
30,11 2,36
4
.64
III
I
.87 31.79 2.47
66 30.06 2.32
.96 31.29 2 27
I
.0
I
:
C
261
11.691 33 98 4:1.75
12.991 32.96 4't.nS
2(13
12 155: 31.41: 46.21)
2.101 93.60 47,70
4:1.37
2.94
2,73
12 79: 33171 44.10
2.63
12
32 411
12.36 31.44
.
44.02
2.60.
253
TABLE 25.-SILAGE CONSTITUI3E'lS CONSUMED IN PCUNDS.
Cow No.7.
Fresh
silage
Dry matter
Ash
1
2
3
40 00
12.71
15.90
1.22
4
5
38.60
38.00
45.00
346.00
Day
3:1.00
12(0
6.
Total
Protein
Fiber
Estract
Fat
.99
1.50
4.32
2(17
11 24
3.15
11.40
11 44
13.33
1 23
1.38
1,43
1.05
'2 60
5.50
6.95
4.62
4.98
.3
.73
.69
.91
.07
4.59
5.76
.42
.26
.29
.30
.30
74.79
1.70
9.29
24.87
32.97
1.90
10.01
371
1110
:
TABLE 20-SILAGE CONsTITUENTs CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 2.
Fresh
silage
Day
I
:17.00
2
3
41 ((0
30.00
4
36.00
5
3.5.00
6
Total
.
I
Ash
11.76
12,30
.91
.94
9.3.11
10 80
10.54
12,44
42.00
1.00
Dry matter1
I
6722
.64
.83
91
531
.
Protein
Fiber
Extract
Fat
1.4(1
4.60
4.00
2 93
3.00
3.42
4.20
5.15
5.37
4.31
4.72
4.70
5.37
.30
1.00
1.17
1.11
1.31
1.53
8,32
22.38
29.65
1.76
.3:3
.24
.27
.28
.34
-
21
TABLE 27.-PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF FECES STEAMED VETCH SILAGE.
Cow No. 2
Cow No. 1
.03;
Day
------- 19.84
j..9l
.1775
6
17.01
14.01
-
7
4.32
5.31
4.51
3.59
2.17
2.02
1.09
1.59
1.41
21.23
20.01
O
.0
0
0
2
3
4
':
.0
CO
.0
-
6.62
6.82
6.27
5.51
6.02
5.14
3.70
3.13
6.58
6.49
6.03
6 52
5.37
4.92
35
.42 19.00
1 98
2 10
.44 19 57
.42 19.22
.41 13.10
.33 16.44
.26 17.62
1.912
1 611
.
1.43
1.73
6.66
6.36
6.21
5,57:
5,70
.38
3.04
4.06
3.92
3.40
6.20
6 74
6.67
6.62
I 561
38L' 6.18 5.58
.38
.30
.33
.33
.30
.32
TABLE 23.--SILAGE CONSTITUENTS VOIDED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 2
Cow No I
-
0
0
2
4
5
0,.
.'f)
7
.0 00
.
:14
1,
5.57
5.82
311th, 5.88
1 00
30.25
29.00
36.0231
32.00
.
.
1 24
1.39
1.31
1.19
1.35
1.21
o9
.57
.50
lo
I
.96
623
.59
.53
5.00
2 05
1.79
1.32
204
2.20
1.95
1.97
1.87
1.70
1.03
1.S32 10
16
I.
12
.12
.12
.14
.12
.11)
28 2a 5 01
So
26.5th 5 19
.56
.55
.54
.50
.35
23.501 5.48
35.61
6.36
31.751 5.71
32.00 0.64
1 24
3.04
1.15
1.39
1.18
2
1
342. 7.50 11.04 .11.72 .73 15591133.92 3.30 7.22
91353l
338
1
1 60
1.77
1.05
1.98
1 98
1)
1.80
11
1
1 91)
2.11
1.95
1 79
.10
.11
.13
.10
.10
11.25 11.
5
'tABLE 29.-.DIGESTIBJLITY STEAMED VETCH SILAGE.
Cow No. 2
Cow No. 1
0
j
>
.0
'
0
e
,
I
>5
I''-'
.0
CO
I
0
0j°
ioiG 0
.0
Z
-'
On
.0
a
29 24 8: 59 97 1 06 17 22 511 8 22 22 .91 '9 6
Lbs 35.319 ,)3.421) 9
e1
L30 7.22 11.25 1.50
7.80 11,64 11.72
Voided iii Lbs
Digested in Lbs. :39,43 225 1.49 1323 21.20 1233330 1.91 1.10 11.13 18.15
Per Ct. Di ested 52.79 10 00 16.04 53.19 64.45 62.75 49.35 35.42 13.21 149.73 161.21
Coos
35.92
I
CS
16
35
17e
.63
1.11
I
Dry
matter
Average Per Cetit Digested
51.16
Ash
Protein
37.71
14.62
1
63.C7
Fiber
Extract
Fat
51.46
62 83
62.91
22
CORN SILAOE.
The unsteamed corn silage used in Experiment VI was put in the
silo October 20, 1906, and the feeding, from which the data herein
reported were obtained, was begun on March 19, 1907. The steamed
corn silage of Experiment Vii was put in the silo October 13, 1906,
and the experimental work on this was begun February 26, 1907.
This silage was steamed thoroughly for approximately 24 hours .nd
in the same manner as that of Experiment V.
In both experiments, 6 and 7, the animals lost weight slightly.
In Experiment VI Cow No. 1 decreased from 900 to 890 pounds and
Cow No. 2 from 750 to 730 pounds. In Experiment Vii Cow No. 1
decreased from 900 to 890 pounds, and Cow No. 2 from 740 to 735
pounds. The animals drank no water during either experiment.
By comparing tables 30 and 36 it will be seen that the per cent
of protein is appreciably lower and the per cent of fat much lower
in the steamed corn silage, the same fact having been noted also in
the case of the steamed vetch silage. 'fhe acidity, in keeping with
former experiments, is much reduced in the steamed silage, being
approximately only one-half that in the unsteamed.
In regard to digestibility, the results given in tables 35 and 41
show an abnormally low value for digestible protein in the steamed
corn silage. Exactly similar to results obtained in the experiment
on steamed vetch silage. In ease of the steamed corn the digestible
protein is remarkably rcduced, only 5.30 per cent being utilized by
the animal against 58.55 per cent in the unsteamed ilage. Another
interesting feature is the remarkably low digestibility of the ash in
the steamed corn, on]y 9.01 per cent in the steamed, against 42.58
in the unsteamed. A in the steamed vetch, the digestibility of the
fiber and fat is lowered about 10 per cent in the steamed corn and
the carbohydrates are practically unaffected.
It is very evident that the prolonged and thorough steaming to
which the vetch and corn was subjected, while serving to keep it
admirably has most seriously interfered with its digesting properties.
23
UNSTEAMED CORN SILAGE.
TABLE 30.-EXPERIMENT VI.
Water Free Silage
Percentage composition fresh silage
a-.,
.0
'0
Day
.0
.0
11.126 1897 1.10
1.84
4.30
10.50 1.08
6.33
1.56' 18.20' 1.15
1.44] 16.47 1.03
I 32 18.33 1.57
4.65
1.54
10.25
.0
6.32
6 23
5.82
1.62
4.26
3 59
4.11
4.27
'1,89' 1802 1.19' 1.74
4..
C
2,
1.25 21.88 1.28 2,10
2
3
4
0
S
.
Average
1.06 19.69 5.45
1.139
- iS
I
'
.0
-
-.
a-,
S
.0
Si
S
i
467
12.OS' 1.15
.78
9 41
584
10 40 1.u8
11.20 1. 14] 7.39
0.7o 1.0116.29
9.68
9.58
9.08
0.35
9 22
8.22
5.73
5.20
23.43 56.491 4.68
22.42j 57.26
22.40' 56.71 5.87
21.71 56.85, 5.79
23.13 55.15
21.84 57,98
91822.40' 56,781 5.34
TABLE 31.-SILACE CONSTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No.1.
Fresh
silage
Day
1
56.00
2
3
i').05
IDry matter
Ash
Protein
Fiber
Extract
131. 12
.65
.08
.63
.68
.62
.88
1 03
1.11
2.45
2 47
2.34
2 44
2.38
2.50
5.88
14.64
37,23
11.
I;6.00
58.00
60.00
4
5
6
Total
.
148.00
10.01
10.87
1) 64
11.81
4
.91
1,02'
98
.97
6.02
4.14
Fat
.61
.61
.47
.51
.63
0713
5.66
622
6.03
6.72
.68
3.51
TABLE 32.-SILAGE CONSTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow ISo. 2.
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Fresh
siloge
Dry matter
45.00
45.00
8.54
9.85
8.19
8.56
45.01)
52.00
50.00
50 00
287.00
Protein
Ash
9.84
53
.73
.83
.91
.74
.80
.85
.81
04,15
3,42
4,97
917
.52
I
.58
.52
.54
'
I
Fiber
Extract
1 98
2 10
1.91
1.92
2.05
4.72
5.71
4.63
4.90
5.20
2.13
SB)
12.09
30.3
I
Fat
.49
.52
.39
.40
.54
.57
3
2.91
24
TABLE 33.-PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OFFF:CES.UNSTEAMED CORN SILAGE.
Cow No.1.
:
t.3.
Day
Cow No.2.
6
a
a
16
iI.eo 1.78
2
3
1 80
1.82
1.97
1.90
1.68
1.69
1.50
1.44
13.63
13.12
12.98
4
5
o
ii.os
11.76
I 85
1.73
2.07
2 72
2.94
2.93
2.75
2 52
2.49
7.50
6.70
6:35
6.43
5 99
o 50
17.67
15.95
15.65
17 45
17.33
14.73
.29
.29
.29
.26
.19
.20
2(5
2.34
2.14
2.14
2 15
2.27
2.17
2:32
1.84
1.92
2 14
1.5.3
:3.42
9.16
7.90
51
7.31
3.79j
:1
3.74
S 33
2.78
2.39
9.43
7.97
.38
.30
.37
.35
.38
.27
TABLE 31.-SILAGE CONSTITUENTS VOIDED IN POUNDS.
Cow No.2.
Cow No. 1.
Day
16
'26.50
23.50
2
1
4
5
ii
7
Total
.42
.47
.45
.40
.54
1.99
1.57
1.19
1 39
1.45
1.35
.07
.06
.04
.05
2.75
4.05
3) 57
.36
.47
1488751 19.22 2.19
3.28
23.00
24.50
30.25
26.125
:1.28
3.18
2.77
3 07
3
.72
.69
.73
.67
.59
.65
.47
.45
.42
.42
.35
.38
5
16
.07
I
16.00
14.50
16.75
.117
1250
i:>.so
13.50
13
371
.52 .611 40
2.31 .311 .12 .5011.14
2.62 .16 .39 .59:1.22
2.18 .27 .23 .4711.17
2.681 .35, .30 .51 1.46
1.99, .211 .29 .371 08
2.821
.06
.01
.06
04
.06
.04
88.75 14.601.87l1.81 3 05 7.51J .30
TABLE 05.-DICESTIBILITY UNSTEAMED CORN SILAGE.
Cow No. 1.
3
Consutned,Lbs.
toided Lbs
t5.54
19 2
4.14
40
.
16
H
4
1otaI
Cow No.2.
I
16
32
6.02 14.641 37.2:
2 dO 4 Oo 9 5
551 51.15
III
14 60
1.421
18
E
32
4.97 12(9 10.76
1 8o 300 i o3
2.01
30
Digested. Lbs.
3.62 3.27 10.59 27.66 3 15 50.55 1.51 5.121 9.01 23.231 2.63
Per cent digested.1 70.67 59.85' 54.32 72.53 74.25:, S9,74 73.04 45.32 62.7817477 73.52 89.69
5
.0
6
Average per cent digested
16
10
71.85i 42,58 58.531 73.55 74.00i 89.71
25
STEMAED CORN SILA6E.
TABlE 36-EXPERIMENT VU.
Water-free silage
percentage composition fresh silage
Day
1.14
1.57
4.57
5.18
4.85
4.26
477
(4.01
13 03
13.96
.I 21431.37
1.06
4.57
13.04
78
.81
3
4
.66 2389 146
-------
20.911 1.44
.781 22.62 1.67
7i 20.9(1
-----.7122
96
5
Aeerag&
10.10
12.65
13.57
1.66
1.54
1.12
1.62
1 50
1.75
17.26. 1.66
2-------------
1
1.80
2
.
2
.
5843
21.80 60.3
22.89 59.98
20.2816242
20 37 62 35
20.79 60.80
886
21.9
.91
6.05
6.13
0 44
6.83
9.60
7.83
7 62
7.62
7 16
7.62
.79
6.41
7.82
31351 60.7w 89
.66
.16
6.13
.78
.83
77
(1.87
1
3.62
3.46
3.55
3.68
3.96
TABLE 37.-SILAGE coNsTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 1.
Fresh
silage
Day
1
4500
,
3
1
6
Total
I
Protein
Ash
.75
.77
.86
.48
50.00
57.00
60 00
19.00
7.78
10.48
11.11
13 62
12.54
4.36
.72
.68
.83
.80
.30
1 04
.90
.33
281.00
60.09
3.81
4.65
50.01)
4
Dry niattert
I
Fiber
Extract
Fat
1.71
454
.30
.68
.30
.49
.46
.17
.91
0.32
0,79
8.50
7.82
2.65
12,82
6.02
2.2(1
2.59
2 76
2.56
'
.
2 19
TABLE 3E--SILAGE coNsTITUENTS CONSUMED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 2.
Fresh
silage
Dry matter
2
45.00
46 00
3
50.011
4
55.00
56 00
45.00
7.78
9.64
11.31
15.14
11.49
10.23
296.00
63.59
Day
1
5
6
Total
--
'
Ash
Protein
.80
1,00
.82
.79
1.71
2,10
2.59
2 07
2.31
2.15
4.93
13.50
48
.15
.66
.68
.80
.71
.70
.71
4.0
Fat
Extract
Fiber
31)
I
.35
5.82
0,79
6.20
7,17
6.18
I
38.70
.39
.47
.42
.41
L
2.34
26
TABLE 39.-PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF FECES STEAMED CORN SILAGE.
Cow No. 1.
Cow No.2.
I
.0
Day
0
.0
0
0
F
2
3
4
2.27
1[.95. 1.78,
12.67 1.83
14.16 1.92
2.51
14.67]
2.117
14.081
S
6
2.051
l5.42 2 iii 3.03
7
2.34
2.55,
2.94
2.97
6.32
4,98
5 48
6.41
6.69
3.041
6.07
2.661
2 60
2.55
2.64
S
3.32
3 01
3 02
:
.32
.25
.24
.21
.28
.37
0
0
0
.0
a
17 88'
16.70
3.49
3.12
3,35
3 15
8.09
3.72
3 63
2.6S
2.61
2.20! 2 9.8
2.09 2.87
2.26 2.66
17.31
15.91
15 80
16.42
a
0
Mi
705
.39
.36
735
.27
.28
.20
7.56
7.96
77
7.47
7.29
TABLE 40.-STLAGE CONSTITUENTS VOIDED IN POUNDS.
Cow No. 1.
COw No.2.
a
a
Day
8,73
2
3
-.
25.00
. ----------- 25.00
3.55.
2.99!
4 57'
3.68
4.03
4.16
.57
.44
.67
.50
.57
.63
.63
.92
.69
.5'.
.82
7.
'36.125
26 00
27.50
27.60
Totni
106623' 22.93 1.32 4.44
4
5
6
.66
.
.52
.92
.70
.81
.82
.
1.5.8
1.25
1.97
1.67
1.81
1.88
4.50 10.19
.08
.06
.09
.00
48
.(7
.0
z;
1A'1
I
3750
3.13
20 51' 3.42
85.0
5.54
2S.25 4.03
28.50. 4,50
31.00 5.09
.58 .61
.64
.83 .97 1 .07
.53' .75
.79
.54' .63
.59] .82
1.28
1.55
2.55
1,86
.07
.07
.12
.07
.08
.09
.88 2 13
.7o: .89 1.15 2 20
.44 154.75! 25.713.83.4,63 5.14 1.58 .50
TABLE 41--DIGESTIBILITY STEAMED CORN SILAGE.
Cow No.1.
.a
Total
Iis'
'!
j
.
22.9.
Digested. Lbs.
Per ceut digested
37.14
.49
61.8' 12.86
00
Consumed Lbs.
Voided, Lbs.
(70 0
Cow No.2.
3.81
3.12
4.61! 12 92] 36.62'
4.44i
4,56! 10.191'
a
2.19 63 5I 400 4.93 11 10
.44 2.1,71
.21 6 25 26.43 1.75 87.08
4 51, 04.43 72,17] 79 91 59.57
0
2
Average per cent digested
.0
.
60.68
3.811
4.6.
3S,79
5.14 11 58
2.34
.50
5.17
.36! 8.42 27.12 1.84
6.08 112.69 70.08 78.61
.
2
9.01
5.301 63.2k 71.12 79.27
.21!
I
0
F
5
27
FUEL VALUES.
A portion of the food consumed by an animal is utilized in producing the heat of its body. This heat is produced in the animal
body by the burning or oxidation of the assimilated food in the same
manner as heat is produced in a furnace by the combustion of coal
or wood. The unit by which heat is measured is the Calorie, which,
in terms of the metric system, is the amount of heat necessary to
raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 10 centigrade. in ordinary terms the calorie is very nearly equivalent to the amount of
heat required to raise 4 pounds of water to 10 Fahrenheit. The
Therm, which equals 1000 calories, has been adopted by Armsby
as a unit of heat values. The heat of combustion of a coal or feed
may be determined by burning a weighed amount of the substance
in a suitable vessel, and measuring the heat generated by allowing
it to act on a given amount of water and noting its rise in temperature.
The available or fuel value of a feed is the difference between the
total heat of combustion n the feed consumed and the heat of combustion of the excrements. The following illustration of how the
heating values are proportioned among the different products is
taken from bulletin 84 of the Pennsylvania Station:
Fuel Value per 100 lbs. with 15 per cent. Water.
175.6 therms
Heat of combustion of hay (timothy)
Heat of combustiou of excreta
Feces __ 85.9 tlierms
54
Urine
Marsh gasS.S
Total
97 9 therms
Fuel value
77.7
44.25 per cent.
In the values presented in the following table, determinations
were only made on the feed and feces, the urine not being collected.
These values will therefore be only comparative and will not represent the actual fuel values. The determinations were made with a
Parr's calorimeter on composite samples of the feed and feces for
the week during which each feeding ecperiment was carzied out.
It will be noticed that the percentage of available calories in vetch
hay and unsteamed vetch silage agree quite closely and that these
values for the steamed vetch silage are markedly lower. Likewise
the percentage of availability is much lower in the steamed than in
the unsteamed corn silage.
28
FUEL VALUES IN CALORIES.
TABLE 42.
Pounds
Total
Dry matter Calories
Consumed in Feed
FF CDS
Total
Calories
in Feces
Available
Calories
Per cent
Available
Calories
59385
6340
(.9.65
74.40
Kale Experiment
--
8368
25880
21821
Kale Expriment 01--
Cow2-
Vetcts
flay--
48 63
46.53
299
88313
26973
24709
65324
63001
70.77
72.02
58088
63560
104302
162696
64.36
61.81
1
1(2970
80.22
166436
-
Unsteamed Vetci Silage-Cow2
Steamed Veteli bilage--
-
COW2
87
1(3410
73.78
152798
62472
56227
102938
96571
62.23
63.20
74
158403
142772
77510
76116
86865
66236
51.05
46 a4
116782
40l6
30703
96536
82308
70.57
72.11
18246
792
61.
6722
Unsteanied Corn Silage
-
Cow2
Steamed COrn S1lge
I
54.15
lJ3ult
19 co
63.59
126822
136076
i
521354
14272
Glue
The fuel values of some comnion feeds are given by Armsby as
(Converted into Calories for comparison.)
follows:
PER 100 POUNDS; 15 PER CENT WATER.
Oat Straw.. -------- .
Tiniothy Slay
Clover Hsy
Cons Meal_
-.
.
Calories
ToOl
Available
Calories
175600
371000
77700
80200
1711100
614110
170900
180800
Per cent
Available
44.25
46.36
33 91
76.53
29
DRY MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE INGREDIENTS IN 100 POUNDS.
Fa-riers 13011dm 22 Revised 12. 2. D. A.
Dry flIatte
Pro:ein
Carbo
hydrates
Fat
mound s
Pounds
l'ontnids
12.08
Pounds
I
GREeN FODDERSCorn
Orchard grass
Red clover
Alfalfa
Cow pea Kale
HAY FROMOats
Timothy -.
Red clover_ -..
Alfalfa
rVetcli
I
-
\Vheat Straw
Oatstraw
GRAINS-
I
\Vlieat
Oats
nancy
Corn
Rye
.\VASTE PRODUCTS-
Wheat bran
Wheat shorts
Cotton seed meal
Linee-d meal
MILK PRODUCTSWhole 1501k
Separaled milk
- Oregon Station.
1.10
1.91
S.17
29.7
27.0
29.2
20.2
10.4
11.3
1.93
4.08
.25
.35
33.35
43.72
1.67
1 43
37.33
40.19
36.30
:0864
1,35
1.05
60 21
48.34
64.)'3
06.12
69 73
1 68
4.18
4.07
2.89
7.38
84,0
16 8
84.7
91,6
81.4
90 4
10,28
7.45
.37
009
1,50
89 5
89.0
10,23
0.25
8.00
7.14
81)
..-__
3.8.0
8(8
Sf9
-
.37
.58
15.91
14,82
11.20
I
35:5
00
.41
lOt
.4))
.76
1.60
4.07
1.36
8.84
9.1-2
88.5
88.2
91.8
12.01
12 22
37,01
30.59
41 23
2.87
40.t).M
3.83
12.28
3 58
3.01
4.90
5.10
90 1
12.8
3,4
I
16.02
30.73
2.02
3.70
.30
LIST OF BULLETINS
(In p?inI) publi.c.ed by Me Oregon Agrzcullural Exjierzinenl Slalion lo January, 1908.
\Vasliburn
No. 6, 1890-Chemistry, Zoology
Craig
No. 32, 1894-Five Farmers' Foes
Washburn
No. 33, 1894-TenttaterpiI1ar
No.. 34, 1895-Fruits and Vegetables
Coote
French
No. 35, 1895-rig Feeding, continued
Shaw
No. 36, 1895-Coiupoaition and Use of Fe,'tilizers
French
No. 37, 1898-Experiments iii Cattle Feeding
Shaw
No. 30, 1895-Grasses, Chemistry
Frei,ch
No. 42, 1896-Feeding Sheaf Wheat
Shaw
No. 44, 1897-Review of Oregon Sugar Beets
Craig
No. 51, 1898-Marketing Fruit
Coote
No. 59, 1898-Nut Culture
French and Kent
No. 54, 1896-Flax, Hemp. Dairy, etc
Shaw
No. 55,1898-Chemistry of Cherries
Shsw
No. 59,1899-Sugar Beet Experiments of 189$
Shaw
No. 62, 1900-Miscellaneous Investigations.
Pernnt
No. 63. 1900-Prevention of Smut on Oats-Preliminary liulletiji.
Knisely
Circular Bulletin concerning Acid Soils in Oregon-bOO..
Cordley
No. 75, 1903-Insecticides and Fungicides
Knisely
No. 79, 1904-Plant-Food and Use of Eertilizer
.Pernot
No. 87, 1906 Canning Fruit and Vegetables. Preserving Fruit Juices
Knisely
No. 90, 190G-Acid Soils
.
.
.
No. 91, 1906-Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon and VesterIm \VashiimgHunter
ton
I ewis
No. 92, 1906-The Walnut in Oregon
Lewis
No. 04, 1907-The Apple from Orchard to Market.
Pernot
No. 95, 1907-Disease of Turkeys
No. 96, 1907-The Poultry Industry n Oregon
Knmsely
No. 97, 1908--Comnmenta Upon the State Fertilizer Law
Pernot
No. 98, 190$-Preserving Wild Mushrooms
Lewis and Allen
No. 99. 1908-Orchard Survey of Wasco County
Dryden
No. 100, 190$-Incubation Experiments
Lewis, Bennett and Vincent
No. 101, 1908-Orchard Survey of Jackson County
Copies will be sent to applicants so long as the supply lasts.
Address JAMES WITHYCOMBE,
I)irector of Fxperlmnemit Station. Corvallis, Oregon.
.
.