United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Northeastern
Research Station
Resource Bulletin NE-161
Forest Resource Statistics
for the Monongahela
National Forest: 2000
Richard H. Widmann
Douglas M. Griffith
Abstract
During 1999-2000, the fifth inventory of West Virginia’s forest resources was
conducted by the Forest Inventory and Analysis unit of the USDA Forest Service’s
Northeastern Research Station. The survey included a subsample within the
Monongahela National Forest (MNF). The results showed that the MNF contains
899,000 acres of forest land, or 7.5 percent of the State’s total forest land. Mature
forests dominate the landscape within the MNF, timber quality is high, and average
annual growth to removals is positive—a ratio of 3.6 to 1. Species composition on the
Forest differs from that of the State as a whole. For example, nearly 80 percent of the
volume of red spruce in West Virginia grows on the Monongahela.
The Authors
RICHARD H. WIDMANN and DOUGLAS M. GRIFFITH are foresters with the
Northeastern Research Station’s Forest Inventory and Analysis unit at Newtown Square,
Pennsylvania (www.fs.fed.us/ne/fia).
Manuscript received for publication 10 August 2004
Acknowledgment
We thank the Monongahela National Forest for its cooperation and assistance with the
portion of the inventory conducted on federal lands, and with its assistance in
preparing this report. We also thank Joshua Bixby and other staff members of the Forest
for their helpful comments and suggestions in reviewing an earlier draft of this report.
Published by:
For additional copies:
USDA FOREST SERVICE
11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200
NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294
USDA Forest Service
Publications Distribution
359 Main Road
Delaware, OH 43015-8640
Fax: (740)368-0152
November 2004
Visit our homepage at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
Reliability of the Estimates ........................................................................ 1
Comparison Between Inventories ............................................................. 2
Highlights .................................................................................................. 4
References ................................................................................................ 7
Definition of Terms .................................................................................... 8
Species Groups of West Virginia ............................................................ 15
Tree-Grade Classification ....................................................................... 18
Metric Equivalents ................................................................................... 22
Index to Tables ........................................................................................ 23
Total Land Area ............................................................................. 24
Forest-Land and Timberland Area ................................................ 25
Number of Trees ........................................................................... 26
Sawtimber Volume ........................................................................ 39
Growth, Removals and Mortality ................................................... 45
Introduction
Information on the extent, condition, and use of the
valuable resources within the Monongahela National
Forest (MNF) in West Virginia is essential to effectively
manage, protect, and allocate the numerous goods and
services available from the Forest. During 1999-2001,
the fifth forest inventory of West Virginia, was conducted
by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (NE-FIA) unit of
the USDA Forest Service’s Northeastern Research
Station. The survey was carried out under the authority
of the McSweeney-McNary Forest Research Act of 1928
and subsequent legislation, including the Renewable
Resources Planning Act of 1974 and the Renewable
Resources Research Act of 1978.
The NE-FIA unit conducts forest inventories in 13
Northeastern States. The first survey of West Virginia’s
forest resources was conducted in 1949. Subsequent
inventories were carried out in 1961, 1974, and 1989.
The 1999-2001 inventory in the Mountain State was
conducted in cooperation with the Monongahela
National Forest, West Virginia Bureau of Commerce,
and the landowners of West Virginia.
The sampling procedure in the most recent survey was
conducted in two phases, and included a sample of new
and remeasured plots. Satellite imagery was used to
stratify plots into forest and nonforest land-use classes.
This was followed by the establishment of new plot
locations on the ground, and the remeasurement of plots
that had been established during earlier inventories. All
land in West Virginia, including the MNF, was included
in the sample base. Of the 2,541 ground plots established
in the State, 151 plots are on the Forest (Fig. 1).
This report highlights the results of the 1999-2001 survey
as it relates to the MNF. A separate statistical report for
the entire State is available (Griffith and Widmann 2003)
and a detailed report on West Virginia’s forest resources is
being prepared. Also, several associated studies related to
the State’s forests were conducted in conjunction with
this program and NE-FIA’s general program of research.
These include ongoing studies of forest-land ownership
and the timber industry in West Virginia.
Figure 1.—FIA plots on the Monongahela National Forest.
Not all of the information that was collected is contained
within this publication. Forest area, numbers of trees,
and, timber volume are summarized. Other information
is available and additional summaries may be developed
upon request. For more information, contact:
USDA Forest Service
Forest Inventory and Analysis
11 Campus Boulevard, Suite 200
Newtown Square, PA 19073-3200
Phone: 610-557-4075
Fax:
610-557-4200
Web:
www.fs.fed.us/ne/fia/
Reliability of the Estimates
The data in this report are based on a carefully designed
sample of forest conditions throughout West Virginia.
However, because the field crews did not measure every
tree or every acre in the State, the data are estimates. The
reliability of the estimates can be judged by two
important statistical criteria: accuracy and precision.
Accuracy refers to the success of estimating the true
value; precision refers to the clustering of sample values
about their own averages or to the variation among
repeated samples. We are interested primarily in the
accuracy of the inventory but in most cases we can only
measure its precision.
1
Although accuracy cannot be measured exactly, it can be
checked. Preliminary tables are sent to other agencies and
to outside experts familiar with the forest conditions in
West Virginia. If questions arise, the data are reviewed
and reanalyzed to resolve differences. Great care is taken
to minimize sources of procedural error through careful
training of both field and office personnel, frequent
inspection of field and office work, and application of
the most reliable inventory methods.
Because of the care exercised in the inventory process,
estimates of precision afford a reasonable measure of the
inventory’s adequacy. The precision of each estimate is
described by its sampling error. Sampling errors are
provided in several tables in this report. Additional
sampling error information is available upon request.
The following is an example of how the sampling error is
used to indicate reliability. The estimate of total forest
land for the Monongahela National Forest is 899,000
acres. The estimate has an associated sampling error of
0.5 percent, or 4,495 acres. This means that if there are
no errors in the procedure, we are 68 percent confident
that the true area is 899,000 ± 4,495 acres (at one
standard deviation), or that it is between 894,505 and
903,494 acres. Similarly, we are 95 percent confident that
the true area is 899,000 ± 8,990 acres (at two standard
deviations).
Estimates become less precise with increasing detail, both
spatially and in terms of more specific forest and tree
attributes. For example, while the sampling error for all
forest land on the Monongahela National Forest is 0.5
percent, the sampling error for the area in sawtimber
stands is 4.4 percent, the area in poletimber stands is
17.0 percent, and the area in seedling and sapling stands
is 39.0 percent.
The reason for these higher sampling errors is that as the
size of the sample in a particular condition decreases,
sampling error increases. County estimates were not
provided in this report for that reason. In many cases, the
sampling errors were too large for the estimates to be
meaningful. Estimates with sampling errors greater than
25 percent are suspect, and those larger than 50 percent
2
mean that because the resulting estimate is not
significantly different from zero (at two standard
deviations).
For many of the tables in this report, both the last
column and last row are labeled “SE.” These values are
the sampling errors of the column and row totals. The
last sampling error (SE) given is for the table total. It’s
possible to approximate the actual sampling error for a
table cell within certain tables.
To do so, use the following formula:
NOTE: this formula is reliable only for estimating sampling
errors of individual cells in the area tables.
SEij = 1/Pij((Pij (1- Pij))/n)1/2
where:
SEij
n
Pij
Aij
A
ij
=
=
=
=
=
=
actual sampling error) for a table cell
total number of samples in a population
Aij / A
cell estimate
total land area of a population
row(i) and column(j)
Comparison Between Inventories
As a result of ongoing efforts to improve the efficiency of
the inventory, several changes in procedures and
definitions have been made since the previous inventory.
These changes prevent direct comparison between the
current estimates with those published previously. The
changes in methods and definitions include: (1) use of
the official land area of the Monongahela National Forest
rather than that estimated from state-level statistics, (2) a
new plot design, and (3) procedures to calculate levels of
stocking as it relates to stand size and forest type.
New Plot Design
To improve data consistency at the national level, a
standard plot design is being used by FIA units
throughout the country. The new plot design, a cluster of
four 24-foot-radius subplots covering a 1/6-acre area, was
used during the most recent inventory on both new and
previously measured plot locations.
In addition to the new plot configuration, field crews
recorded different conditions on the plot if certain
attributes (land use, forest type, stand origin, stand size,
tree density, owner) differed from those at plot center,
along with information that described the boundaries of
the conditions. This procedure was designed to reduce
bias in the estimates. In previous inventories, ground
plots were assumed to be wholly within the condition
that the plot was chosen to represent.
On all remeasured plot locations, a subsample of trees
that were recorded in past inventories was reconciled,
and growth and removals estimates were calculated using
these data.
Determination of Land Area
FIA uses Bureau of Census estimates of total land area as
the basis for area estimates for states. But between 1980
and 1990, the Bureau changed its estimating procedures.
Previously, the minimum width for streams had been 660
feet, and the minimum area for bodies of water was 40
acres. Now, inland-water streams more than 200 feet
wide and bodies of water 4.5 acres and larger in area are
identified. Changes in this procedure resulted in a
reduction in total land area in West Virginia of 20,600
acres.
This FIA report for the Monongahela National Forest
used the legal total-land area estimate of 910,000 acres
(as of September 2002) to make area estimates for the
Forest. This area estimate is believed to be more accurate
than the estimate obtained from FIA state-level statistics.
Estimates used in this report underestimate the amount
of nonforest land on the Monongahela, because FIA field
crews do not determine ownership of field plots that are
nonforest. The estimate of nonforest area is based on the
nonforest portions of plots where the plot center is
forested.
3
Highlights
DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST LAND
BY STAND-SIZE CLASS
Most Forest Land Productive and Available
for Timber Management
100%
78%
80%
Percent
The 899,000 acres of forest land on the MNF represent
7.5 percent of the forest land in West Virginia. Ninetyone percent of these acres (814,600 acres) are considered
timberland. Timberland acres meet minimum
productivity standards and are considered potentially
available for timber production. Reserved forest land and
“other” forest land are not included as timberland.
Reserved acres represent 8 percent of forest land and
include designated wilderness areas. “Other” or
unproductive forest land represents 1 percent of total
forest land and includes areas not capable of growing at
least 20 cubic feet of wood per year. The acreage of
timberland on the MNF represents 6.9 percent of the
State’s total timberland.
60%
40%
8%
4%
0%
Monongahela National Forest
Sap/seedling Nonstocked
State
Poletimber
Sawtimber
Distribution of Trees Across Diameter Classes
There is little difference in the numbers and distribution
of trees between MNF forest land and timberland.
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE TREES BY
DIAMETER CLASS ON THE
MONONGAHELA NATIONL FOREST
Other
Forest land
1%
Timberland = 814,600 acres
Reserved Forest Land = 72,300 acres
Unproductive Forest Land = 12,100 acres
= 899,000 acres
Mature Forests Dominate
Seventy-eight percent of the MNF forest land is in
sawtimber-size stands and only 4 percent is in sapling/
seedling stands. These proportions are the same if only
the timberland portion of forest land is considered. The
Forest has a larger portion of its forest land in the
sawtimber size class than the State does as a whole.
60
Millions of Trees
Reserved
Forest land
8%
Timberland
91%
4
22%
18%
20%
ACRES
Total Forest Land
70%
50
40
30
20
10
0
6
8
10.0
12
14
16
18
20
Diameter Class (inches at d.b.h.)
Timberland
All forest land
The distribution of trees across diameter classes on the
MNF is similar to that for the entire State.
Proportionally, the Forest has slightly more trees in larger
diameter classes and fewer trees in diameter classes less
than 14 inches.
Monongahela National Forest has a Large
Portion of Volume in Big Trees
35
Fifty-one percent of volume on the MNF is contained in
trees in the 16-inch diameter class or larger; statewide,
these larger size classes account for 38 percent of total
volume.
30
25
20
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE-TREE VOLUME
BY DIAMETER CLASS
15
10
5
0
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Diameter Class (inches at dbh)
Monongahela
National Forest
State
Percentage Of Total Growing-Stock
Volume
Percentage of all Trees
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE TREES BY DIAMETER
CLASS ON TIMBERLAND
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2128.9
29.0+
Diameter Class (inches at dbh)
Monongahela
National Forest
Most Stands are Fully or Overstocked
Timberland on the MNF is well stocked with growingstock trees (trees of commercial importance with good
form). Most stands are classified as fully or
overstocked;— 58 and 8 percent of timberland,
respectively. Trees in these stands are fully utilizing the
site’s potential to grow valuable trees. Stocking levels on
the MNF tend to be higher than those for the State as a
whole. On MNF timberland, the average number trees 5
inches and larger is 175 per acre versus 146 for the State.
70
58
Percent
50
40
44
40
26
30
20
10
13
7
8
2
1
1
0
Monongahela National Forest
State Average
Stocking Level
Nonstocked
Poorly stocked
Fully stocked
Over-stocked
Red Maple is the Leading Species by Volume
Red maple leads in volume followed by northern red oak
and black cherry on both forest land and timberland.
Red maple makes up 14 percent of the volume of all live
trees on forest land. All oak species combined make up
23.6 percent of total volume on timberland on the MNF
versus 32.9 percent statewide.
VOLUME OF LIVE TREES BY SPECIES,
MONONGAHELA NATIONAL FOREST, 2000
DISTRIBUTION OF TIMBERLAND
BY STOCKING CLASS OF GROWINGSTOCK TREES
60
State
Moderately stocked
Red maple
Northern red
Black cherry
Sugar maple
Yellow-poplar
Other white oaks
Beech
Y. birch
Red spruce
Hemlock
Basswood
White oak
Other red oaks
Hickory
White pine
White ash
Other pines
Other com. spp.
Non commercial
On Forest land
On timberland
0
100
200
300
400
Millions of Cubic Feet
5
Northern red oak leads in sawtimber volume, accounting
for nearly 15 percent of the 7.5 billion board feet of
timber growing on the MNF.
SAWTIMBER VOLUME BY SPECIES,
MONONGAHELA NATIONAL FOREST, 2000
Northern red
Black cherry
Red maple
Yellow-poplar
Sugar maple
Red spruce
Basswood
Beech
Other white
Hemlock
Y. birch
White oak
Other red
White pine
Hickory
White ash
Other pines
Other spp.
On Forest Land
On timberland
to differences in the species composition between the
MNF and that of the State. Nearly 80 percent of the
West Virginia’s red spruce resource and 50 percent of its
yellow birch volume grow on the MNF. Yellow-poplar is
the leading species by volume in the State followed by
white oak. These species rank fifth and twelfth on the
MNF. Only 5 percent of the State’s yellow-poplar volume
and 3 percent of the white oak volume grows on the
MNF. The total volume of wood on the MNF represents
9 percent of the State total.
PORTION OF WEST VIRGINIA WOOD
VOLUME GROWING ON MONONGAHELA
NATIONAL FOREST TIMBERLAND
(FOR SELECTED SPECIES)
Hickory
0.3
Other red oaks
2.7
White oak
3.7
White ash
4.2
Yellow-poplar
0
500
1000
1500
Billions of Board Feet
One-third of hardwood-sawlog volume is contained in
valuable trees grades 1 trees.
0.0
Other white oaks
7.6
Sugar maple
11.6
White pine
12.1
Northern red oak
12.8
Beech
13.1
Red maple
13.4
Black cherry
23.4
Hemlock
28.7
Yellow birch
50.1
Red spruce
79.3
All species
DISTRIBUTION OF HARDWOOD
SAWLOG VOLUME BY TREE GRADE
9.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percent of State Total
100
22
24
23
26
Percent
80
60
40
20
22
Growth Outpaces Removals
29
34
21
0
Monongahela National
Forest
Grade 1
Grade 2
Average for state
Grade 3
Other
Monongahela National Forest Species
Composition Differs from that of West Virginia
Differences in elevation, harvesting levels, management
objectives, land-use history, and other factors contribute
6
The 2000 forest inventory revealed that on an annual
basis, the net growth of trees averaged 25.8 million cubic
feet and harvesting averaged 7.1 million cubic feet. The
net growth of wood, which includes losses due to natural
mortality, was 3.6 times as much as was being harvested.
On average, the growing-stock volume increased by 18.6
million cubic feet (0.9 percent of total volume) per year.
References
COMPONENTS OF ANNUAL CHANGE IN
GROWING-STOCK VOLUME
DiGiovanni, Dawn M. 1989. Forest statistics for West
Virginia—1975 and 1989. Resour. Bull. NE-114.
Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 86 p.
Millions of Cubic Feet
80
60
Gross
growth
40
Net
Change
Net growth
Griffith, Douglas M., Widmann, Richard H.; 2003.
Forest statistics for West Virginia: 1989 and 2000.
Resour. Bull. NE-00-157. Newtown Square, PA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Northeastern Research Station. 119 p.
20
0
Harvest
removals
-20
Mortality
-40
Mortality Rate Higher than State Average
Annual mortality averaged 19.4 million cubic feet or 0.9
percent of inventory volume. Oak species accounted for
34 percent of the mortality. The average annual mortality
rate was higher on the MNF than for the State.
ANNUAL MORTALITY AS A PERCENTAGE OF
TOTAL GROWING-STOCK VOLUME, 1989-2000
Ferguson, Roland H.; Mayer, Carl E. 1974. The timber
resources of West Virginia. Resour. Bull. NE-32.
Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,
Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment
Station. 42 p.
Scott, Charles T. 1979. Northeastern forest survey
board-foot volume equations. Res. Note NE-271.
Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 3 p.
Scott, Charles T. 1981. Northeastern forest survey
revised cubic-foot volume equations. Res.Note NE304. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment
Station. 3 p.
Monongahela
State
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Percent
7
Definitions of Terms
Acceptable tree. (a) Live sawtimber trees that do not
qualify as preferred trees but are not cull trees. (b) Live
poletimber trees that prospectively will not qualify as
preferred trees, but are not now or prospectively cull trees.
Accretion. The estimated net growth on growing-stock
trees that were measured during the previous inventory
(divided by the number of growing seasons between
surveys to produce average annual accretion). It does not
include the growth on trees that were cut during the
period, nor those trees that died.
Basal-area class. A classification of forest land based on
basal area (cross-sectional area of a tree stem at breast
height in square feet per acre) of all live trees of all sizes.
Board foot. A unit of lumber measurement 1 foot long,
1 foot wide, and 1 inch thick, or its equivalent.
International ¼ inch rule is used as the USDA Forest
Service standard log rule in the eastern United States.
Board-foot stand-volume class. A classification of forest
land based on net board-foot volume of sawtimber trees
per acre.
Bog/marsh/swamp. Land that has less than 10.0 percent
stocking with live trees and which characteristically
supports low, generally herbaceous or shrubby vegetation,
and which is intermittently covered with water during all
seasons; includes tidal areas that are covered with
brackish water during high tides.
Commercial species. Tree species currently or
prospectively suitable for industrial wood products;
excludes species of typically small size, poor form, or
inferior quality, such as hawthorn and sumac.
Condition. A classification of a land area based on land
use, forest type, stand origin, and stand size (see
definitions).
County and municipal lands. Lands owned by counties
and local public agencies or municipalities or leased to
them for 50 years or more.
8
Cropland. Land that currently supports agricultural
crops including silage and feed grains, bare farm fields
resulting from cultivation or harvest, and maintained
orchards.
Cubic-foot stand-volume class. A classification of forest
land based on net cubic-foot volume of all live trees per
acre.
Cull decrement. The net volume of rough or rotten trees
in the previous inventory that are classified as growingstock trees in current inventory (divided by the number
of growing seasons between surveys to produce average
annual cull decrement).
Cull tree. A rough tree or a rotten tree.
Cull increment. The net volume of growing-stock trees
in the previous inventory that are classified as rough or
rotten trees in the current inventory (divided by the
number of growing seasons between surveys to produce
average annual cull increment).
Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.). The diameter outside
bark of a standing tree measured at 4-1/2 feet above the
ground.
Dry ton. A unit of measure of dry weight equivalent to
2,000 pounds or 907.1848 kilograms.
Dry ton stand-volume class. A classification of forest
land based on net dry weight of the aboveground
components of all live trees per unit area; usually
expressed in dry tons per acre.
Dry weight. The weight of wood and bark as it would be
if it had been oven-dried; usually expressed in pounds or
tons.
Farmer-owned lands. Lands owned by farm operators,
whether part of the farmstead or not; excludes land leased
by farm operators from nonfarm owners.
Federal lands. Lands (other than National Forests)
administered by Federal agencies.
Forest industry lands. Lands owned by companies or
individuals that operate primary wood-using plants.
Forest land. Land that is at least 10 percent stocked with
trees of any size, or that formerly had such tree cover and
is not currently developed for a nonforest use. The
minimum area for classification of forest land is one acre.
The components that make up forest land are timberland
and all noncommercial forest land (see definitions).
Forest type. A classification of forest land based on the
species that form a plurality of live-tree stocking.
Forest-type group. A classification of forest land based on
the species forming a plurality of live-tree stocking. A
combination of forest types that share closely associated
species or site requirements are combined into the
following major forest-type groups (the descriptions
apply to forests in this state):
a. White/red pine. Forests in which eastern white pine,
red pine, or eastern hemlock, singly or in combination,
make up the plurality of the stocking; common associates
include red maple, oak, sugar maple, and aspen.
b. Spruce/fir. Forests in which red, white, black, or
Norway spruces, balsam fir, northern white-cedar,
tamarack, or planted larch, singly or in combination,
make up a plurality of the stocking; common associates
include white pine, red maple, yellow birch, and aspens.
c. Hard pine (also called loblolly/shortleaf pine). Forests
in which eastern redcedar or pitch pine, singly or in
combination, make up a plurality of the stocking;
common associates include white pine, paper birch, sugar
maple, and basswood.
d. Oak/pine. Forests in which hardwoods (usually
hickory or upland oaks) make up a plurality of the
stocking and in which pines or eastern redcedar
contribute 25 to 50 percent of the stocking.
e. Oak/hickory. Forests in which upland oaks, hickory,
yellow-poplar, black locust, sweetgum, or red maple
(when associated with central hardwoods), singly or in
combination, make up a plurality of the stocking and in
which pines or eastern redcedar make up less than 25
percent of the stocking; common associates include white
ash, sugar maple, and hemlock.
f. Oak/gum/cypress. Bottomland forests in which
tupelo, blackgum, sweetgum, oaks, or southern cypress,
singly or in combination, make up a plurality of the
stocking and in which pines make up less than 25
percent of the stocking; common associates include
cottonwood, willow, ash, elm, hackberry, and maple.
g. Elm/ash/red maple (also called elm /ash /
cottonwood). Forests in which elm, willow, cottonwood,
or red maple (when growing on wet sites), singly or in
combination, make up a plurality of the stocking;
common associates include white ash, sugar maple,
aspens, and oaks.
h. Northern hardwoods (also called maple/beech/birch).
Forests in which sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, black
cherry, or red maple (when associated with northern
hardwoods), singly or in combination, make up a
plurality of the stocking; common associates include
white ash, eastern hemlock, basswood, aspens, and red
oak.
i. Aspen/birch. Forests in which aspen, paper birch, or
gray birch, singly or in combination, make up a plurality
of the stocking; common associates include red maple,
white pine, red oaks, and white ash.
Gross growth. The sum of accretion and ingrowth.
Growing-stock trees. Live trees of commercial species
classified as sawtimber, poletimber, saplings, or seedlings;
that is, all live trees of commercial species except rough
and rotten trees.
Growing-stock volume. Net volume, in cubic feet, of
growing-stock trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger from a 1foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top diameter outside
bark of the central stem, or to the
point where the central stem breaks into limbs. Net
volume equals gross volume less deduction for cull.
9
Hard hardwoods. Hardwood species with an average
specific gravity of greater than 0.50.
Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-leaved
and deciduous.
Harvested cropland. All lands from which crops were
harvested or hay was cut; all land in orchards, citrus
groves, vineyards, and nursery and greenhouse products.
Idle farmland. Former cropland or pasture that has not
been tended for within the last 2 years and has less than
10 percent stocking with live trees (established seedlings
or larger trees), regardless of species.
Improved/maintained pasture. Land that is currently
used and maintained for grazing (not including grazed
cropland).
Indian lands. (a) Lands held in trust by the United States
or States for Indian tribes or individual Indians. (b)
Lands owned in fee by Indian tribes whether subject to
Federal or State restrictions against alienation or not.
Industrial and commercial land. Supply yards, parking
lots, factories, etc.
Ingrowth. The estimated net volume of growing-stock
trees that became 5.0 inches d.b.h. or larger during the
period between inventories (divided by the number of
growing seasons between surveys to produce average
annual ingrowth). Also, the estimated net volume of
growing-stock trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger that are
growing on land that was reclassified from
noncommercial forest land or nonforest land to
timberland.
International 1/4-inch rule. A log rule or formula for
estimating the board-foot volume of logs. The
mathematical formula is:
Board-foot volume = (0.22D2 - 0.71D)(0.904762)
for 4-foot sections, where D=diameter inside bark at the
small end of the log section. This rule is used as the
USDA Forest Service standard log rule in the Eastern
United States.
10
Land area. (a) Bureau of Census: The area of dry land
and land temporarily or partly covered by water, such as
marshes, swamps, and river flood plains; streams,
sloughs, estuaries, and canals less than 200 feet wide; and
lakes, reservoirs, and ponds less than 4.5 acres in area. (b)
Forest Inventory and Analysis: same as (a) except that the
minimum width of streams, etc. is 120 feet, and the
minimum size of lakes, etc. is 1 acre.
Land use. A classification of land that indicates the
primary use at the time of inventory. Major categories are
forest land and nonforest land (see definitions).
Merchantable stem. The main stem of the tree between a
1-foot stump height and a 4-inch top diameter (outside
the bark), including the wood and bark.
Mining and waste land. Surface mining, gravel pits,
dumps.
Miscellaneous private lands. Privately owned lands other
than forest industry and farmer-owned lands.
Mortality. The estimated net volume of growing-stock
trees at the previous inventory that died from natural
causes before the current inventory (divided by the
number of growing seasons between surveys to produce
average annual mortality).
National Forest lands. Federal lands legally designated as
National Forests or purchase units and other lands
administered as part of the National Forest System by the
USDA Forest Service.
Net change. The difference between the current and
previous inventory estimates of growing-stock volume
(divided by the number of growing seasons between
surveys to produce average annual net change).
Components of net change are ingrowth plus accretion,
minus mortality, minus cull increment, plus cull
decrement, minus removals.
Net dry weight. The dry weight of woody material less
the weight of all unsound (rotten) material.
Net growth. The change, resulting from natural causes,
in growing-stock volume during the period between
surveys (divided by the number of growing seasons to
produce average annual net growth). Components of net
growth are ingrowth
plus accretion, minus mortality, minus cull increment,
plus cull decrement.
Noncensus water. Streams/rivers between 120 feet and
200 feet in width, and bodies of water between 1 and 4.5
acres in size. The Bureau of the Census classifies such
water as land.
Noncommercial forest land. Reserved productive forest
land, Christmas tree plantations, other forest land, and
other reserved forest land (see definitions).
Noncommercial species. Tree species of typically small
size, poor form, or inferior quality that normally do not
develop into trees suitable for industrial wood products.
Other reserved forest land. Forest land that is incapable
of producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial
wood under natural conditions, because of adverse site
conditions, and is protected through statute or
administrative designation.
Ownership class. A classification of forest land based on
ownership and nature of business or control of
decisionmaking for the land. It encompasses all types of
legal entities having ownership interest in the land,
whether public or private.
Pasture land. Includes any pasture land other than
cropland and woodland pasture. It can include lands that
have had lime fertilizer or seed applied, or that had been
improved by irrigation, drainage, or control of weeds and
brush.
Pastured cropland. Includes rotation pasture and grazing
land that would have been used for crops without
additional improvement.
Nonforest land. Land that has never supported forests,
or land formerly forested but now in nonforest use such
as cropland, pasture, residential areas, marshes, swamps,
highways, industrial or commercial sites, or noncensus
water.
Pastured timberland. Land that is partially developed,
maintained, or managed for pasture and grazing, but
which continues to meet the definition of timberland.
Nonsalvable dead tree. A dead tree with most or all of its
bark missing that is at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. and is at
least 4.5 feet tall.
Poletimber stand. A stand-size class of forest land that is
at least 10 percent stocked with live trees of which half or
more of such stocking is in poletimber or sawtimber trees
or both, and in which the stocking of poletimber exceeds
that of sawtimber.
Nonstocked area. A stand-size class of forest land that is
less than 10 percent stocked with live trees.
Other cropland. Includes cropland used for cover crops
and soil improvement (legumes).
Other farmland. All nonforest land on a farm excluding
cropland, pasture, and idle farmland; includes farm lanes,
stock pens, and farmsteads.
Other forest land. Forest land that is incapable of
producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial
wood under natural conditions, because of adverse site
conditions (formerly known as unproductive forest land).
Poletimber tree. A live tree of commercial species
meeting regional specifications of soundness and form
and at least 5.0 inches in d.b.h., but smaller than a
sawtimber tree.
Preferred tree. A high-quality tree, from a lumber
viewpoint, that would be favored in cultural operations.
General characteristics include grade 1 butt log (if
sawtimber size), good form, good vigor, and freedom
from serious damage.
Recreation site. Parks, campgrounds, playing fields,
tracks, etc.
11
Relative stand density. A stocking classification
procedure that reflects species, stage of development, and
the characteristics of the trees present in a stand.
Removals. The net growing-stock volume harvested or
killed in logging, cultural operations (such as timber
stand improvement) or land clearing, and the net
growing-stock volume neither harvested nor killed but
growing on land that was reclassified from timberland to
noncommercial forest land or nonforest land during the
period between surveys. This volume is divided by the
number of growing seasons to produce average annual
removals.
Reserved productive forest land. Forest land sufficiently
productive to qualify as timberland but withdrawn from
timber utilization through statute or administrative
designation; land exclusively used for Christmas tree
production.
Rights-of-way. Highways, pipelines, powerlines, canals.
Rotten tree. A live tree of commercial species that does
not contain at least one 12-foot sawlog or two
noncontiguous sawlogs, each 8 feet or longer, now or
prospectively, and does not meet regional specifications
for freedom from defect primarily because of rot; that is,
more than 50 percent of the cull volume in the tree is
rotten.
Rough tree. (a)The same as a rotten tree except that a
rough tree does not meet regional specifications for
freedom from defect primarily because of roughness or
poor form; also (b) a live tree of noncommercial species.
Salvable dead tree. A tree at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. that
has died recently and still has intact bark; may be
standing, fallen, windthrown, knocked down, or broken
off.
Sampling error. A measure of the reliability of an
estimate, expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The
sampling errors given in this report correspond to one
standard error and are calculated as the square root of the
variance, divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100.
Indicated in statistical tables as “SE”.
12
Sapling. All live trees 1.0 through 4.9 inches d.b.h.
Sapling/seedling stand. A stand-size class of forest land
that is at least 10 percent stocked with live trees of which
half or more of such stocking is in saplings or seedlings
or both.
Sawlog. A log meeting regional standards of diameter,
length, and freedom from defect, including a minimum
8-foot length and a minimum top diameter inside bark
of 6 inches for softwoods and 8 inches for hardwoods.
(See specifications under Tree-Grade Classification.)
Sawlog portion. That part of the bole of a sawtimber
tree between the stump and the sawlog top.
Sawlog top. The point on the bole of a sawtimber tree
above which a sawlog cannot be produced. The
minimum sawlog top is 7.0 inches diameter outside bark
(d.o.b.) for softwoods and 9.0 inches d.o.b. for
hardwoods.
Sawtimber stand. A stand-size class of forest land that is
at least 10 percent stocked with live trees of which half or
more of such stocking is in poletimber or sawtimber trees
or both, and in which the stocking of sawtimber is at
least equal to that of poletimber.
Sawtimber tree. A live tree of commercial species at least
9.0 inches d.b.h. for softwoods or 11.0 inches for
hardwoods, containing at least one 12-foot sawlog or two
noncontiguous 8-foot sawlogs, and meeting regional
specifications for freedom from defect.
Sawtimber volume. Net volume in board feet, by the
International 1/4-inch rule, of sawlogs in sawtimber
trees. Net volume equals gross volume less deductions
for rot, sweep, and other defects that affect use for
lumber.
SE. See Sampling error.
Seedling. A live tree less than 1.0 inch d.b.h. and at least
1 foot tall.
Single-family house. House sheltering one family and
immediately adjacent managed land.
Strip mine. Area devoid of vegetation due to current or
recent general excavation.
Snag. Standing dead tree with most or all of its bark
missing that is at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. and at least 4.5
feet tall (does not include salvable dead).
Stump. The main stem of a tree from ground level to 1
foot above ground level, including the wood and bark.
Soft hardwoods. Hardwood species with an average
specific gravity of 0.50 or less.
Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen and
having needles or scalelike leaves.
Stand. A group of forest trees growing on forest land.
Stand origin. An indication of how the measured stand
originated: 100 percent natural, 100 percent artificial, or
a combination of both.
Stand-size class. A classification of forest land based on
the size class (that is, seedlings, saplings, poletimber, or
sawtimber) of the stocking of all live trees in the area.
Standard cord. A unit of measure for stacked bolts of
wood, encompassing 128 cubic feet of wood, bark, and
air space. Fuelwood cord estimates can be derived from
cubic-foot estimates of growing stock by applying an
average factor of 80 cubic feet of solid wood per cord.
For pulpwood, a conversion of 85 cubic feet of solid
wood per cord is used because pulpwood is more
uniform.
State lands. Lands owned by the state or leased to the
state for 50 years or more.
Stocking. The degree of occupancy of land by trees
relative to the growth potential utilized by a site. It is
expressed as a percent of the “normal” value presented in
yield tables and stocking quides. Two categories of
stocking are used in this report: all live trees and
growing-stock trees. The relationships between the classes
and the percentage of the stocking standard are:
nonstocked (0 to 9); poorly stocked (10 to 34);
moderately stocked (35 to 59); fully stocked (60 to 100);
and overstocked (greater than 100).
Timberland. Forest land producing or capable of
producing crops of industrial wood (more than 20 cubic
feet per acre per year) and not withdrawn from timber
utilization (formerly known as commercial forest land).
Timber products. Roundwood (round timber) products
and manufacturing plant by-products harvested from
growing-stock trees on timberland; from other sources,
such as cull trees, salvable dead trees, limbs, tops, and
saplings; and from trees on noncommercial forest and
nonforest lands.
Timber removals. The growing-stock or sawtimber
volume of trees removed from the inventory for
roundwood products, plus logging residues, volume
destroyed during land clearing, and volume of standing
trees on land that was reclassified from timberland to
noncommercial forest land.
Top. The wood and bark of a tree above the merchantable
height (or above the point on the stem 4.0 inches in
diameter outside bark); generally includes the uppermost
stem, branches, and twigs of the tree, but not the foliage.
Tract/multiple family housing. Multiple individual
residential units or attached units (e.g., apartment
buildings and condominiums) and immediately adjacent
managed land.
Transportation right-of-way. Land associated with
highways and railroads.
Tree class. A classification of the quality or condition of
trees for sawlog production. Tree class for sawtimber trees
is based on their current condition. Tree class for
poletimber trees is a prospective determination—a
forecast of their potential quality when they reach
sawtimber size (11.0 inches d.b.h. for hardwoods, 9.0
inches d.b.h. for softwoods).
13
Tree grade. A classification of sawtimber quality based
on guidelines for tree grades for hardwoods, white pine,
and southern pine. (Note: Red pine was graded using the
guidelines for southern pine. All specifications are shown
under Tree-Grade Classification.)
Trees. Woody plants that have well-developed stems and
that usually are more than 12 feet tall at maturity.
Unproductive forest land. See Other forest land.
Upper-stem portion. That part of the main stem or fork
of a sawtimber tree above the sawlog top to a diameter of
4.0 inches outside bark, or to the point where the main
stem or fork breaks into limbs.
Urban timberland. Forest land sufficiently productive to
qualify as timberland that is completely surrounded by or
14
nearly surrounded by urban development (not parks),
whether commercial, industrial, or residential.
Utility right-of-way. Land associated with pipeline or
electric transmission lines; identified only if vegetative
cover differs from adjacent land use.
Veneer log or bolt. A roundwood product from which
veneer is sliced or sawn that usually meets certain
minimum standards of diameter, length, and defect.
Volume suitable for pulpwood. The sound volume (only
rotten cull excluded) of growing-stock and rough trees.
Windbreak/hedgerow. Linear areas, less than 120 feet in
width, with predominantly tree and/or shrub vegetation.
Species Groups of West Virginia
Species group
Scientific name
Common name
Balsam fir
Abies balsamea
Abies fraseri
balsam fir
Fraser fir
Atlantic white-cedar
Chamaecyparis thyoides
Atlantic white-cedar
White spruce
Picea glauca
white spruce
Black spruce
Picea mariana
black spruce
Red spruce
Picea rubens
red spruce
Red pine
Pinus resinosa
red pine
Pitch pine
Pinus rigida
pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Pinus strobus
eastern white pine
Loblolly pine
Pinus taeda
loblolly pine
Virginia pine
Pinus virginiana
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Pinus banksiana
Pinus echinata
Pinus pungens
Pinus serotina
Pinus sylvestris
jack pine
shortleaf pine
Table mountain pine
pond pine
Scotch pine
Northern white-cedar
Tsuga occidentalis
northern white-cedar
Eastern hemlock
Tsuga canadensis
eastern hemlock
Other softwoods
Juniperus virginiana
Larix sp.
Larix laricina
Picea abies
Picea pungens
Pinus nigra
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Taxodium distichum
eastern redcedar
larch (introduced)
larch (native)
Norway spruce
blue spruce
Austrian pine
Douglas fir
baldcypres
Red maple
Acer rubrum
red maple
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum
sugar maple
Yellow birch
Betula alleghaniensis
yellow birch
Paper birch
Betula papyrifera
paper birch
Hickory
Caraya sp.
Carya cordiformis
hickory
bitternut hickory
Continued
15
Species Groups of West Virginia—continued
Species group
Scientific name
Common name
Carya glabra
Carya ovata
Carya tomentosa
pignut hickory
shagbark hickory
mockernut hickory
American beech
Fagus grandifolia
American beech
White ash
Fraxinus americana
white ash
Sweetgum
Liquidambar styraciflua
sweetgum
Yellow-poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera
yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Nyssa sylvatica
blackgum
Aspen
Poplus balsamifera
Populus deltoids
Populus grandidentata
Populus heterophylla
Populus tremuloides
balsam poplar
eastern cottonwood
bigtooth aspen
swamp cottonwood
quaking aspen
Black cherry
Prunus serotina
black cherry
White oak
Quercus alba
white oak
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra
northern red oak
Other white oaks
Quercus bicolor
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus sp.
Quercus prinus
Quercus stellata
swamp white oak
bur oak
oak
chestnut oak
post oak
Other red oaks
Quercus coccinea
Quercus falcata var. falcata
Quercus palustris
Quercus phellos
Quercus shumardi
Quercus velutina
scarlet oak
southern red oak
pin oak
willow oak
Shumard oak
black oak
American basswood
Tilia americana
American basswood
Elm
Ulmus americana
Ulmus rubra
Ulmus thomasii
American elm
slippery elm
rock elm
Other hardwoods
Acer negundo
Acer pensylvanicum
Acer saccharinum
boxelder
striped maple
silver maple
Continued
16
Species Groups of West Virginia—continued
Species group
Scientific name
Common name
Acer spicatum
Acer platanoides
Ailanthus altissima
Amelanchier sp.
Betula lenta
Betula nigra
Betula populifolia
Carpinus caroliniana
Castanea dentate
Catalpa sp.
Celtis occidentalis
Cornus florida
Crataegus sp.
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus sp.
Fraxinus nigra
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Ilex opaca
Juglans cinerea
Juglans nigra
Maclura pomifera
Magnolia sp.
Magnolia acuminata
Magnolia virginiana
Malus sp.
Morris sp.
Ostrya virginiana
Oxydendron arboreum
Paulownia tomentosa
Platanus deltoides
Prunus pensylvanica
Prunus sp.
Prunus virginiana
Quercus ilicifolia
Robinia pseudoacacia
Salix sp.
Salix nigra
Sassafras albidum
mountain maple
Norway maple
ailanthus
serviceberry
sweet birch
river birch
gray birch
American hornbeam
American chestnut
catalpa
hackberry
flowering dogwood
Hawthorn
common persimmon
ash
black ash
green ash
American holly
butternut
black walnut
Osage-orange
magnola
cucumbertree
sweetbay
apple
mulberry
eastern hophornbeam
sourwood
Paulownia
sycamore
pin cherry
cherry
chokecherry
bear oak
black locust
willow
black willow
sassafras
unknown or not listed tree
17
Tree-Grade Classification
HARDWOOD TREE GRADES
GRADING FACTOR
TREE GRADE 1
TREE GRADE 2
TREE GRADE 3
Length of grading zone (feet)
Butt 16
Butt 16
Butt 16
Length of grading section a (feet)
Best 12
Best 12
Best 12
16b
13
11
13b 16 20
11c 12
8
Minimum DBH (inches)
Minimum diameter inside bark at top
of grading section (inches)
Clear cuttings on 3rd best faced
minimum length (feet)
number on face (maximum)
yield in face length (minimum)
Cull deduction, including crook and
sweep but excluding shake, maximum
within grading section (%)
7
5
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
unlimited
5/6
4/6
3/6
9
9e
50
a
Whenever a 14- or 16-foot section of the butt 16-foot log is better than the best 12-foot
section, the grade of the longer section will become the grade of the tree. This longer
section, when used, is the basis for determining the grading factors, such as diameter
and cull deduction.
b
In basswood and ash, diameter inside bark at the top of the grading section may be 12 inches
and DBH may be 15 inches.
c
Grade 2 trees can be 10 inches diameter inside bark at the top of the grading section
if otherwise meeting surface requirements for small grade 1's.
d
A clear cutting is a portion of a face free of defects, extending the width of the face. A face is
one-fourth of the surface of the grading section as divided lengthwise.
e
Fifteen percent crook and sweep, or 40 percent total cull deduction are permitted in grade 2
if size and surface of grading section qualify as grade 1. If rot shortens the required clear
cuttings to the extent of dropping the butt log to grade 2, do not drop the tree's grade to 3
unless the cull deduction for rot is greater than 40 percent.
18
TIE AND TIMBER GRADE
GRADE FACTORS
SPECIFICATIONS
Position in tree
Butts and uppers
Scaling Diameter (inches)
8 inches d.i.b. and larger
Length, without trim (feet)
12 feet and larger
no requirements: not graded on cutting basis
Clear cuttings
Maximum sweep allowance
One-fourth d.i.b. of small end for half logs, and onehalf d.i.b. for logs sixteen feet long
Sound surface defects permitted
Single knots
Any number, if none has an average collara diameter
that is more than one third of the log diameter at the
point of occurrence
Sound surface defects permitted
Whorled knots
Any number, provided the sum of the collar
diameters does not exceed one third the log diameter
at the point of occurrence
Sound surface defects permitted
Knots
Any number not exceeding knot specifications, if they
do not extend more than 3 inches into the contained
tie or timber
Unsound surface defects permittedb
Any number and size if they do not extend into
contained tie or timber. If they extend into the
contained tie or timber, they shall not exceed size,
number, and depth of limits for sound defects.
a
Knot collar is the average of the vertical and horizontal diameters of the limb, or knot swelling, as
measured flush with the surface of the log.
b
Interior defects are not visible in standing trees. They are considered in grading cut logs. No
interior defects are permitted except one shake not more than one-third the width of the
contained tie or timber, and one split not more than 5 inches long.
19
EASTERN WHITE PINE TREE GRADE SPECIFICATIONS
GRADING
FACTOR
(1) Minimum DBH
(inches)
(2) Maximum weevil
injury in butt 16 ft
section (number)
(3) Minimum face
requirements on butt
16 ft section
(4) Maximum sweep
or crook in butt 16 ft
section (percent)
(5) Maximum total
scaling deduction in
butt 16 ft. section
(percent)
TREE GRADE 1
TREE GRADE 2
TREE GRADE 3
TREE GRADE 4
9
9
9
9
None
Two full length or four
50% length good
faces1 ( In addition,
knots on balance of
faces shall not
exceed size
limitations for grade 2
sections)
None
NO GOOD FACES
REQUIRED.
Maximum diameter of
knots on three best
faces: SOUND RED
KNOTS not to
exceed 1/6 of scaling
dia. or 3 inch
maximum2
DEAD OR BLACK
KNOTS, including
overgrown knots, not
to exceed 1/12
scaling dia. and 1-1/2
inch max.
2 injuries
NO GOOD FACES
REQUIRED.
Maximum diameter of
knots on three best
faces:
SOUND RED KNOTS
not to exceed 1/3 of
scaling diameter or 5
inch maximum2
DEAD OR BLACK
KNOTS, including
overgrown knots, not
to exceed 1/6 scaling
dia. and 2-1/2 inch
max.
No limit
Includes all trees not
qualifying for grade 3
or better and judged
to have at least 1/3 of
their gross volume in
sound wood suitable
for manufacture into
standard lumber
20
30
40
No limit
50
50
50
No limit
After the tentative grade of the section is established from face examination, the section will be reduced one grade
whenever the following defects are evident:
3
CONKS, PUNK KNOTS, AND PINE BORER DAMAGE ON THE SURFACE OF THE SECTION
Degrade
one grade if present on one face. Degrade two grades if present on two faces. Degrade three grades if present on
three or four faces.
(7) If the final grade of the grading section is 1, 2, or 3, examine the tree for weevil injuries in the merchantable
stem above 16 ft. If the total apparent weevil injuries exceed three, degrade the tree one grade below the section
grade3. Otherwise the tree grade equals the final section grade.
20
1
Trees under 16 inches DBH require four full length good faces.
2
Scaling diameter is estimated at the top of the 16-foot grading section.
3
No tree will be designated below Grade 4 unless net tree scale is less than one-third of gross tree
scale.
SOUTHERN PINE TREE GRADES
Grade 1 - trees with 3 or 4 clear faces on the 16-foot grading section.
Grade 2 - trees with 1 or 2 clear faces on the 16-foot grading section.
Grade 3 - trees with no clear faces on the 16-foot grading section.
After the tentative grade is established, the tree will be reduced one grade for each of the following:
(1) Sweep. Degrade any tentative Grade 1 or 2 tree one grade if sweep in the lower 12 feet of the grading
section amounts to 3 or more inches and equals or exceeds one-fourth the diameter at breast height.
(2) Heart rot. Degrade any tentative Grade 1 or 2 tree one grade if conks, punk knots, or other evidence of
advanced heart rot is found anywhere on the tree stem.
NOTE: No tree can be degraded below Grade 3, provided the total scaling deductions for sweep and/or rot do
not exceed two-thirds the gross scale of the tree. Trees with total scaling deductions in excess of two-thirds are
classified as cull.
A face is one-fourth the circumference of the 16-foot grading section and extends the full length of the grading section.
Clear faces are those free from knots measuring more than 1/2 inch in diameter, overgrown knots of any size, and
holes more than 1/4 inch in diameter. Faces may be rotated, if necessary, to obtain the maximum number of clear
faces on the grading section.
One-log trees are graded by using the Southern Pine Log Grades. This is recommended because the entire
merchantable volume of the tree is contained in the graded section. The log grading system gives a more accurate
prediction of the lumber grade-yields for such trees than would the tree grading system.
SPRUCE, FIR, CEDAR, TAMARACK, AND HEMLOCK LOGS
Minimum Merchantability Specifications for Grade One Logs
1
2
D.I.B.1
LENGTH2
6” - 12”
12’ - 16’ in 2
foot multiples
13”+
12’ - 16’ in 2
foot multiples
TOTAL
DEDUCTION
50 %
SWEEP
PERMITTED
25 %
50 %
25 %
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
Sound knots not over 2” in diameter
permitted. Shake permitted up to 20
% of gross scale if not combined with
other serious defect.
Sound knots not over 3” in diameter
permitted. Shake permitted up to 20
% of gross scale if not combined with
other serious defect.
...at small end of log.
...without trim.
TREE GRADE 5 (ALL SPECIES)
Any tree which does not make tree grade 1,2, or 3 (or 4) but is still a merchantable tree.
21
Metric Equivalents
1 acre = 4,046.86 square meters
1 acre = 0.404686 hectares
1,000 acres = 404.686 hectares
1,000,000 acres = 404,686 hectares
1 board foot = 0.00348 cubic meters
1 board foot = 3,480 cubic centimeters
1,000 board feet = 3.48 cubic meters
1,000,000 board feet = 3,480 cubic meters
1 cubic foot = 0.028317 cubic meters
1,000 cubic feet = 28.317 cubic meters
1,000,000 cubic feet = 28,317 cubic meters
1 cord (wood, bark, and air space) = 3.6246 cubic meters
1 cord (solid wood, pulpwood) = 2.4069 cubic meters
1 cord (solid wood, other than pulpwood) = 2.2654 cubic meters
1,000 cords (pulpwood) = 2,406.9 cubic meters
1,000 cords (other products) = 2,265.4 cubic meters
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters or 0.0254 meters
1 foot = 30.48 centimeters or 0.3048 meters
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
1 square foot = 929.03 square centimeters
1 square foot = 0.0929 square meters
1 square foot per acre basal area = 0.229568 square meters per
hectare
1 cubic foot per acre = 0.0699 cubic meters per hectare
1 ton = 907.1848 kilograms
1,000 tons = 907.1848 metric tons
Breast height = 1.4 meters above ground level
Although 1,000 board feet are theoretically equivalent to 2.36 cubic
meters, this is true only when a board foot is actually a piece of wood
with a volume 1/12 of a cubic foot. The International 1/4-inch log rule
is used by the USDA Forest Service in the East to estimate the
product potential in board feet. The reliability of the estimate obtained
by conversion will vary with the size of the log measure. The
conversion given here, 3.48 cubic meters, is based on the cubic
volume of a log 16 feet long and 15 inches in diameter inside bark
(d.i.b.) at the small end. This conversion could be used for average
comparisons when accuracy of 10 percent is acceptable. Because
the board foot unit is not a true measure of wood volume and because
products other than dimension lumber are becoming important, this
unit may eventually be phased out and replaced by the cubic meter.
22
Index to Tables
Total Land Area
1 Total land area by land class, West Virginia and
Monongahela National Forest, 2000
Forest-Land and Timberland Area
2a Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group,
and stand-size class
2b Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group,
and stand-size class
Number of Trees
3a Number of live trees (1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger) on
forest land, by species and diameter class
3b Number of live trees (1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger) on
timberland, by species and diameter class
4
Number of standing dead trees (5.0 inches d.b.h.and
larger) on forest land, by species and diameter class
6b Net volume of growing-stock trees (5.0 inches d.b.h.
and larger) on timberland, by species and diameter
class
Sawtimber Volume
7a Net volume of sawtimber trees on forest land, by
species and diameter class
7b Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland,by
species and diameter class
8a Net volume of sawtimber trees (15.0 inches d.b.h.
and larger) on forest land, by species and tree grade
8b Net volume of sawtimber trees (15 inches d.b.h. and
larger) on timberland, by species and tree grade
9a Net volume of sawtimber trees on forest land, by
species and tree grade
9b Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland, by
species and tree grade
Growing-Stock Volume
5a Net volume of live trees (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger)
on forest land, by species and diameter class
5b Net volume of live trees (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger)
on timberland, by species and diameter class
6a Net volume of growing-stock trees (5.0 inches d.b.h.
and larger) on forest land, by species and diameter
class
Growth, Removals, and Mortality
10 Average annual net change of growing-stock trees on
timberland, by species and component of change
Note: In the tables, a zero indicates that the data are
negligible or the condition was not encountered in the
sample. A dash indicates that the condition is not possible
under current Forest Service definitions. Rows and columns
in all tables may not sum due to rounding.
23
Table 1.—Total land area by land class, West Virginia and Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(in acres)
West Virginia
Total
Land class
Percent
2000
Timberland
Rural
Monongahela
National Forest
Percent
2000
a
11,784,600
76.4%
814,600
89.5%
12,400
0.1%
0
0.0%
11,797,000
76.5%
814,600
89.5%
174,000
1.1%
72,300
7.9%
35,900
0.2%
12,100
1.3%
12,006,900
77.9%
536,000
3.5%
0
0.0%
1,008,100
6.5%
3,700
0.4%
1,812,700
11.8%
7,400
0.8%
51,700
0.3%
100
0.0%
3,408,500
22.1%
11,200
1.2%
100.0%
g
100.0%
Urban
Total timberland
Forested land
b
Reserved
c
Other forest land
Total forest land
c
#VALUE!
Nonforest land
d
Cropland
Pasture
Other nonforest
e
Noncensus water
Total nonforest land
Total land area
f
15415400
910200
a
Includes all commercial forest land (500); special forest land such as highly visible sites or study areas where timber harvesting is a minor
management objective (600); land classed as marginal due to high development costs, low product values, or resource protection
constraints (700), lands tentatively suitable for timber production (699); and land classed as marginal due to steep slopes (720).
b
Includes all productive reserved land (300) that is designated as wilderness; productive deferred forest land that is withdrawn for possible
later inclusion as wilderness (400); and all unregulated land not appropriate for timber production (800), reserved for primitive recreation or
special use (810), and either currently excluded (820) or under study for possible exclusion (880) from the regulated commercial forest land
base.
c
Formerly known as unproductive forest land, it includes unproductive (900) and marginal unproductive (740).
e
includes all non forest land reserved from forest use, such as wildlife openings, rights-of way, or land incapable of supporting forests (200).
Because FIA does not collect ownership information on non forest plots these estimates are only from the nonforest portions of forested
plots: This results in an omission error in the estimate for non forest area.
f
Source: 1990 United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census.
g
Source: Monongahela National Forest, (official land area)
24
Table 2a.—Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group, and stand-size class, Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In acres)
Stand-size class
a
Forest-type group
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and
seedling
Nonstocked
All classes
SEb
White and red pine
24,100
0
0
0
24,100
49.5
Spruce and fir
22,100
0
6,000
0
28,100
43.1
Oak/pine
6,000
0
0
0
6,000
100.0
283,100
73,200
14,600
0
370,900
9.7
Elm/ash/red maple
0
0
1,500
6,000
7,500
82.3
Northern hardwood
361300
88,900
10,500
1,500
462,300
7.9
696,600
162,100
32,700
7,500
899,000
0.5
4.4
17.0
39.0
82.3
0.5
Oak/hickory
Total, all groups
a
SE
Table 2b.ņArea of timberland by forest type, forest-type group, and stand-size class, Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In acres)
Stand-size class
a
Forest-type group
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and
seedling
Nonstocked
All classes
SEb
White and red pine
24,100
0
0
0
24,100
49.5
Spruce and fir
16,100
0
0
0
16,100
543.6
Oak/pine
6,000
0
0
0
6,000
100.0
277,100
73200
14,600
0
364,800
9.8
Elm/ash/red maple
0
0
1,500
6000
7,500
82.3
Northern hardwood
307100
76,900
10500
1500
396,000
9.1
630,400
150,000
26,700
7500
814,600
2.7
5.3
17.7
42.5
82.3
2.7
Oak/hickory
Total, all groups
a
SE
a
Forest type groups are combinations of forest types that share closely associated species or site requirements. They broadly describe the dominent species
growing on the land. However most forests are composed of many different species, and individual species are not restricted to any single forest type or forest
type group.
b
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an associated
sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are
not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
25
26
Table 3a.—Number of live trees (1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger) on forest land, by species and diameter class, Monongahela
National Forest, 1997
(In thousands of trees)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
1.0-2.9
3.0-4.9
5.0-6.9
7.0-8.9
9.0-10.9
11.0-12.9
13.0-14.9
35,242
0
6,325
452
0
5874
904
5,422
0
1,807
452
0
4518
452
1,887
0
1,016
145
145
4354
0
1,524
0
435
145
36
2649
0
1016
0
254
254
109
1379
0
1270
73
145
36
109
1125
0
653
36
254
36
0
689
0
48,797
12,651
7,547
4,789
3,012
2,758
1,668
16,266
21,236
12,651
5,422
50,604
904
452
10,392
0
452
0
904
452
452
1,807
0
5,874
48,797
12,199
9,940
5,874
1,355
8,133
904
0
1,355
0
0
1,355
452
1,355
0
904
0
3,615
11,747
8,273
4,645
5,552
762
4,826
544
254
218
36
1,343
1,343
907
2,540
617
472
145
3,846
4,137
5,044
2,975
3,629
762
3,121
109
181
36
0
1,597
1,560
871
2,250
689
399
0
3,375
2105
4,245
1,597
2,685
617
1,524
399
399
36
0
1,125
1,089
1,234
2,322
617
472
0
2,504
798
2,649
1,161
1,415
290
1,306
36
254
0
36
980
508
1,161
1,379
290
508
0
1,887
327
1,851
653
798
181
617
73
399
0
0
1,089
254
1,597
980
327
218
0
762
73
176,663
59,189
40,458
28,702
21,663
14,188
9,870
225,459
71,840
48,006
33,492
24,674
16,945
11,539
10.0
9.4
5.9
5.5
5.4
6.3
7.3
(continued)
Table 3a.—Continued
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
(In thousands of trees)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
15.0-16.9
17.0-18.9
19.0-20.9
21.0-28.9
29.0+
Total,
5.0+
All
classes
SE
a
508
36
73
0
36
218
0
290
36
36
0
0
218
0
254
36
36
36
0
145
0
145
0
109
0
0
290
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7,547
218
2359
653
435
11,067
0
48,211
218
10491
1,557
435
21,459
1,355
33.6
57.3
39.4
65.6
49.5
27.5
100.0
871
581
508
544
0
22,279
83,727
20.7
1,306
472
254
109
581
73
617
0
36
835
145
798
798
145
218
36
399
73
653
399
73
0
726
145
363
0
0
943
290
726
508
218
218
0
254
73
472
181
0
73
218
73
399
0
36
363
109
798
290
36
254
36
109
0
363
472
218
36
145
0
544
0
0
581
109
871
399
0
254
0
181
0
36
181
73
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
36
36
0
0
73
0
0
0
24,892
12,736
14,696
2,830
13,063
1,451
3,411
290
145
8,890
5,443
8,999
11,466
2,939
3,084
218
13,317
7,584
53,357
43,912
33,220
9,608
71,800
3,259
3,863
12,038
145
9,342
6,798
10,354
13,273
3,391
5,795
218
22,805
68,128
10.4
13.9
17.4
33.6
15.8
37.5
28.3
41.8
78.9
16.3
25.2
16.0
18.2
29.7
32.8
57.3
19.3
13.1
6,894
5,588
3,447
4,173
472
135,454
371,306
4.9
7,765
6,169
3,955
4,717
472
157,734
455,033
5.7
7.5
8.3
11.9
11.2
26.6
3.4
5.7
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error between
25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not significantly different from zero at two
standard deviations.
27
28
Table 3b.—Number of live trees (1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger) on timberland, by species and diameter class, Monongahela National Forest,
2000
(In thousands of trees)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
1.0-2.9
3.0-4.9
5.0-6.9
7.0-8.9
9.0-10.9
11.0-12.9
13.0-14.9
32,531
0
6325
452
0
5874
904
5,422
0
1807
452
0
4066
452
1,488
0
980
145
145
3846
0
1197
0
435
145
36
2504
0
798
0
254
254
109
943
0
980
73
145
36
109
1016
0
544
36
254
36
0
689
0
46,086
12,199
6,604
4,318
2,359
2,359
1,560
15,362
19,880
12,651
4,970
42,019
904
452
10392
0
452
0
904
452
452
1807
0
7681
45,634
10,392
8,585
5,874
1,355
4,970
904
0
1355
0
0
1355
452
1355
0
904
0
4066
10,844
7,439
4,354
4,935
617
4,064
544
254
218
36
1343
1343
907
2322
617
472
145
3810
4,064
4,608
2,867
2,867
726
2685
109
181
36
0
1379
1560
871
2141
689
399
0
3121
2032
3,665
1,560
2,395
617
1,343
363
399
36
0
907
1089
1234
2213
617
472
0
2105
653
2,359
1125
1197
290
1197
36
254
0
0
653
508
1161
1343
290
508
0
1597
290
1524
653
508
181
544
73
399
0
0
617
254
1597
907
327
181
0
726
73
164,012
52,411
37,483
26,271
19,667
12,809
8,563
210,097
64,611
44,087
30,589
22,025
15,167
10,124
10.8
10.0
6.7
6.4
6.3
7.3
8.1
(continued)
Table 3b.—Continued
(In thousands of trees)
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
15.0-16.9
17.0-18.9
19.0-20.9
21.0-28.9
29.0+
Total,
5.0+
All
classes
SE
472
36
73
0
36
181
0
218
36
36
0
0
145
0
218
36
36
0
0
145
0
145
0
109
0
0
290
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,060
218
2,322
617
435
9,761
0
44,013
218
10,455
1,521
435
19,701
1,355
36.6
57.3
39.6
67.2
49.5
29.6
100.0
798
435
435
544
0
19,413
77,698
22.3
1,016
399
218
109
508
73
617
0
0
689
145
798
798
145
218
36
327
73
544
399
73
0
435
145
363
0
0
653
290
726
435
218
218
0
254
73
435
181
0
73
218
73
399
0
0
327
109
798
290
36
254
36
73
0
254
472
218
36
109
0
544
0
0
508
109
798
399
0
254
0
145
0
36
145
73
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
36
36
0
0
73
0
0
0
21,880
12,156
12,482
2,649
11,103
1,415
3,411
290
36
7,112
5,443
8,926
10849
2939
3048
218
12156
7,257
47,634
40,621
31,007
8,974
58,093
3,222
3,863
12,038
36
7,564
6,798
10,282
12,657
3391
5759
218
23903
63,735
11.5
14.6
18.8
35.4
15.6
37.9
28.3
41.8
100.0
18.6
25.2
16.1
18.6
29.7
33.0
57.3
19.0
13.9
6,169
4,826
3,302
3,846
435
123,371
339,794
5.5
6,967
5,261
3,737
4,391
435
142,784
417,492
6.5
8.2
9.2
12.7
11.6
27.8
4.5
6.5
a
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error between
25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not significantly different from zero at two
standard deviations.
29
30
Table 4.—Number of standing dead trees (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) on forest land, by species and diameter class, Monongahela National
Forest, 2000
(In thousands of trees)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
SE
a
a
11.0-12.9 13.0-14.9
5.0-6.9
7.0-8.9
9.0-10.9
617
0
290
36
145
145
290
0
109
73
36
73
254
36
36
36
36
36
73
0
36
0
0
0
0
1,234
581
435
435
254
1,778
0
508
0
36
181
145
327
472
254
36
1,524
1,234
290
109
1,197
145
508
36
36
145
73
145
472
109
0
1,125
653
7,185
15-16.9
17.0-18.9 19.0-20.9 21.0-28.9
0
0
0
109
36
109
0
73
0
0
0
73
181
36
73
653
0
327
0
36
73
73
109
145
73
36
327
290
0
109
254
36
363
36
73
109
0
109
36
36
0
218
218
5,044
2,250
8,418
5,624
8.4
9.2
29.0+
All classes
SE
0
0
0
36
36
36
0
0
0
109
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,524
73
544
145
327
290
30.8
70.5
58.9
100.0
47.9
42.7
181
0
109
109
0
2,903
21.6
0
73
145
0
508
36
0
0
0
0
145
73
0
109
73
36
0
73
36
399
0
0
0
0
73
36
0
0
36
0
0
0
36
0
145
36
36
0
0
73
0
0
0
0
36
36
0
0
0
109
0
0
0
0
0
36
36
36
0
36
36
0
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
73
73
0
36
0
0
0
0
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
0
0
0
0
0
871
617
4,209
218
2,867
145
218
508
290
943
1,415
581
145
3,338
2,540
23.0
28.4
16.7
52.2
21.8
49.5
46.6
37.0
38.8
23.0
22.3
35.6
49.5
16.8
26.4
1,597
1,162
689
363
290
254
73
18,905
7.3
2,685
1,669
1,343
871
363
399
363
73
21,808
6.6
12.1
15.1
19.2
24.4
33.8
31.9
36.6
70.5
6.6
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error between 25 and 50
should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
Table 5a.—Net volume of live trees (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) on forest land, by species and diameter class,
Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In millions of cubic feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
5.0-6.9
7.0-8.9
9.0-10.9
11.0-12.9
13.0-14.9
15.0-16.9
5.2
0.0
2.8
0.5
0.2
10.4
11.1
0.0
3.0
1.1
0.2
13.8
13.8
0.0
2.8
2.7
1.3
12.5
26.2
1.1
3.3
0.7
1.7
17.0
17.7
0.8
6.9
0.9
0.0
15.5
16.4
1.0
2.5
0.0
0.8
6.7
19.1
29.2
33.1
50.1
41.9
27.4
20.4
9.7
13.1
1.7
10.3
1.4
0.7
0.4
0.1
4.1
4.1
2.1
6.5
1.9
0.9
0.4
10.8
10.1
32.6
18.7
22.1
5.0
17.2
0.5
1.4
0.1
0.0
11.4
10.9
4.6
12.7
4.4
2.3
0.0
21.4
11.0
49.4
17.3
28.4
8.0
16.5
4.7
5.7
0.3
0.0
15.4
11.6
13.3
25.0
7.7
6.6
0.0
31.5
7.2
48.9
21.2
24.8
6.2
20.7
0.5
6.6
0.0
0.9
18.1
9.3
19.2
20.7
5.2
11.9
0.0
32.8
4.3
47.4
16.9
16.6
6.1
12.9
2.3
13.2
0.0
0.0
30.8
6.2
37.6
20.2
8.4
7.9
0.0
18.0
1.9
45.2
17.3
6.9
3.7
16.4
2.3
31.4
0.0
1.6
33.6
5.0
25.1
22.0
4.6
10.1
1.5
14.1
2.4
98.9
176.3
248.6
251.2
246.3
243.2
118.0
205.5
281.7
301.2
288.1
270.7
6.9
6.1
5.8
6.7
8.0
8.4
(continued)
31
32
Table 5a.—Continued
(In millions of cubic feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
17.0-18.9
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
19.0-20.9
21.0-28.9
29.0+
All
classes
a
SE
12.6
1.3
1.8
0.0
0.0
9.0
15.1
1.8
1.5
0.9
0.0
6.9
11.6
0.0
9.8
0.0
0.0
20.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
129.8
5.9
34.4
6.9
4.3
112.3
25.4
51.9
51.3
77.1
50.3
23.2
24.8
26.3
41.8
0.0
293.6
15.3
29.4
16.5
3.2
0.0
28.9
7.7
23.3
0.0
0.0
45.0
12.7
31.0
14.1
10.2
11.9
0.0
11.4
3.2
27.4
9.9
0.0
5.6
14.8
4.2
32.1
0.0
2.1
21.5
5.6
44.0
12.7
2.2
15.1
2.3
5.8
0.0
28.1
42.9
14.6
4.4
12.1
0.0
62.1
0.0
0.0
55.9
9.4
63.6
22.0
0.0
23.6
0.0
14.0
0.0
3.0
20.4
5.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.4
5.8
4.2
0.0
0.0
21.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
331.8
190.7
135.0
40.7
149.7
23.6
176.4
0.8
4.8
241.2
80.7
244.6
155.9
44.7
111.9
4.2
159.8
40.2
12.7
17.4
15.6
29.7
16.0
27.9
30.7
48.8
97.2
15.3
22.9
15.9
18.8
32.9
29.7
65.8
18.6
31.2
248.6
205.3
352.7
65.7
2,136.7
5.2
273.4
231.5
394.5
65.7
2,430.3
4.4
9.0
13.8
12.3
32.3
4.4
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an
associated sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50
percent are not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
Table 5b.—Net volume of live trees (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) on timberland, by species and diameter class,
Monongahela National Forest, 2000
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
5.0-6.9
(In millions of cubic feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
9.0-10.9
7.0-8.9
11.0-12.9
13.0-14.9
15.0-16.9
4.2
0.0
2.7
0.5
0.2
9.3
8.8
0.0
3.0
1.1
0.2
13.0
10.6
0.0
2.8
2.7
1.3
8.4
19.5
1.1
3.3
0.7
1.7
15.0
14.7
0.8
6.9
0.9
0.0
15.5
15.0
1.0
2.5
0.0
0.8
5.5
Total softwoods
17.0
26.0
25.9
41.3
38.8
24.9
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
18.2
9.0
11.8
1.4
8.3
1.4
0.7
0.4
0.1
4.1
4.1
2.1
6.1
1.9
0.9
0.4
10.7
10.0
91.8
29.7
18.1
17.5
4.8
14.0
0.5
1.4
0.1
0.0
9.8
10.9
4.6
12.4
4.4
2.3
0.0
19.6
10.6
160.9
42.6
16.9
25.3
8.0
14.4
4.1
5.7
0.3
0.0
12.2
11.6
13.3
24.4
7.7
6.6
0.0
27.0
6.0
226.2
43.0
20.7
20.7
6.2
19.4
0.5
6.6
0.0
0.0
11.9
9.3
19.2
20.3
5.2
11.9
0.0
27.7
3.6
226.0
38.1
16.9
9.6
6.1
10.9
2.3
13.2
0.0
0.0
17.2
6.2
37.6
19.8
8.4
6.3
0.0
16.9
1.9
211.4
33.9
15.9
5.2
3.7
14.5
2.3
31.4
0.0
0.0
27.7
5.0
25.1
22.0
4.6
10.1
1.5
12.3
2.4
217.6
108.8
186.9
252.0
267.3
250.3
242.4
7.8
7.1
6.6
7.6
8.7
Total, all species
a
SE
9.2
(continued)
33
34
Table 5b.—Continued
(In millions of cubic feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
17.0-18.9
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Noncommercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
19.0-20.9
21.0-28.9
29.0+
All
classes
a
SE
9.1
1.3
1.8
0.0
0.0
5.8
13.2
1.8
1.5
0.0
0.0
6.9
11.6
0.0
9.8
0.0
0.0
20.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
106.7
5.9
34.3
6.0
4.3
99.9
28.2
51.9
51.5
87.5
50.5
25.3
18.0
23.5
41.8
0.0
257.1
16.6
25.5
16.5
3.2
0.0
16.5
7.7
23.3
0.0
0.0
31.5
12.7
31.0
13.1
10.2
11.9
0.0
11.4
3.2
26.4
9.9
0.0
5.6
14.8
4.2
32.1
0.0
0.0
18.6
5.6
44.0
12.7
2.2
15.1
2.3
4.0
0.0
17.6
42.9
14.6
4.4
8.7
0.0
62.1
0.0
0.0
49.8
9.4
56.8
22.0
0.0
23.6
0.0
10.7
0.0
3.0
14.3
5.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.4
5.8
4.2
0.0
0.0
21.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
278.1
180.9
113.3
40.2
121.6
23.0
176.4
0.8
0.1
188.4
80.7
237.8
152.7
44.7
110.3
4.2
140.3
37.7
13.6
18.2
17.9
30.1
18.0
28.6
30.7
48.8
100.0
17.0
22.9
16.3
19.1
32.9
30.1
65.8
20.1
33.1
217.8
197.5
322.8
59.6
1,931.5
6.0
235.8
221.0
364.5
59.6
2,188.6
5.3
9.9
14.6
12.5
34.3
5.3
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an associated
sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not
significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
Table 6a.—Net volume of growing-stock trees (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) on forest land, by species and diameter class,
Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In millions of cubic feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
5.0-6.9
7.0-8.9
9.0-10.9
11.0-12.9
13.0-14.9
15.0-16.9
5.2
0.0
2.8
0.5
0.2
10.4
11.1
0.0
3.0
1.1
0.2
13.7
13.8
0.0
2.8
2.4
1.3
11.0
26.2
1.1
3.3
0.7
1.7
15.8
17.5
0.8
6.9
0.9
0.0
14.7
16.4
1.0
2.5
0.0
0.8
6.7
19.1
29.1
31.2
48.8
40.8
27.4
20.1
9.7
13.0
1.7
10.2
1.4
0.7
0.4
0.1
4.1
4.0
2.1
6.5
1.9
0.9
0.4
10.6
32.3
18.4
22.0
4.9
16.9
0.5
1.4
0.1
0.0
11.4
10.9
4.5
12.7
4.4
2.3
0.0
21.2
49.2
17.2
28.2
8.0
15.4
4.6
5.7
0.3
0.0
15.4
11.6
13.3
25.0
7.7
6.6
0.0
30.9
47.7
19.3
24.3
6.2
17.9
0.5
6.6
0.0
0.9
15.1
9.3
18.6
20.0
5.2
11.9
0.0
32.2
43.7
16.0
14.0
6.1
11.5
2.3
13.2
0.0
0.0
30.2
6.2
36.4
18.7
8.4
7.9
0.0
16.6
42.5
15.1
6.6
3.7
14.7
2.3
31.4
0.0
1.6
32.5
5.0
25.1
21.4
4.6
10.1
1.5
13.7
87.7
163.9
239.1
235.5
231.2
232.0
106.8
193.0
270.3
284.3
272.0
259.4
6.9
6.2
5.9
7.0
8.4
8.6
(continued)
35
36
Table 6a.—Continued
(In millions of cubic feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
17.0-18.9
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
19.0-20.9
21.0-28.9
29.0+
All
classes
a
SE
12.6
1.3
1.8
0.0
0.0
9.0
15.1
1.8
1.5
0.0
0.0
5.6
11.6
0.0
9.8
0.0
0.0
20.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
129.6
5.9
34.4
5.6
4.3
107.2
25.4
51.9
51.3
86.7
50.5
24.0
24.8
24.1
41.8
0.0
287.1
15.6
29.4
15.4
3.2
0.0
26.7
7.7
23.3
0.0
0.0
45.0
12.1
31.0
12.3
10.2
11.9
0.0
11.4
26.4
8.5
0.0
5.6
14.8
4.2
32.1
0.0
2.1
21.5
5.6
42.6
10.3
2.2
15.1
2.3
5.8
26.0
42.8
13.1
4.4
12.1
0.0
62.1
0.0
0.0
55.9
9.4
63.5
20.4
0.0
23.6
0.0
14.0
3.0
15.0
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.4
5.8
4.2
0.0
0.0
21.6
0.0
0.0
320.4
177.5
128.2
40.6
140.0
23.4
176.4
0.8
4.8
236.4
79.9
241.2
147.3
44.7
111.9
4.2
156.4
13.0
18.0
15.8
29.7
16.5
28.0
30.7
48.8
97.2
15.5
23.0
16.1
19.4
32.9
29.7
65.8
18.8
239.5
199.2
347.4
58.7
2,034.2
5.5
264.4
223.2
389.1
58.7
2,321.3
4.6
9.2
14.4
12.4
35.6
4.6
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with
estimates that have an associated sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that
have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
Table 6b.—Net volume of growing-stock trees (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) on timberland, by species and diameter class,
Mononghela National Forest, 2000
(In millions of cubic feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
5.0-6.9
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
7.0-8.9
9.0-10.9
11.0-12.9
13.0-14.9
15.0-16.9
4.2
0.0
2.7
0.5
0.2
9.3
8.8
0.0
3.0
1.1
0.2
12.9
10.6
0.0
2.8
2.4
1.3
7.2
19.5
1.1
3.3
0.7
1.7
13.7
14.5
0.8
6.9
0.9
0.0
14.7
15.0
1.0
2.5
0.0
0.8
5.5
17.0
25.9
24.3
40.0
37.8
24.9
18.0
9.0
11.8
1.4
8.2
1.4
0.7
0.4
0.1
4.1
4.0
2.1
6.0
1.9
0.9
0.4
10.4
29.4
17.8
17.5
4.7
13.7
0.5
1.4
0.1
0.0
9.8
10.9
4.5
12.4
4.4
2.3
0.0
19.4
42.4
16.7
25.2
8.0
13.3
4.1
5.7
0.3
0.0
12.2
11.6
13.3
24.4
7.7
6.6
0.0
26.4
41.8
18.8
20.2
6.2
17.1
0.5
6.6
0.0
0.0
9.6
9.3
18.6
19.7
5.2
11.9
0.0
27.1
35.0
16.0
7.1
6.1
9.5
2.3
13.2
0.0
0.0
16.6
6.2
36.4
18.3
8.4
6.3
0.0
15.5
32.2
15.1
4.9
3.7
13.1
2.3
31.4
0.0
0.0
26.6
5.0
25.1
21.4
4.6
10.1
1.5
12.3
80.6
148.9
218.0
212.5
196.9
209.4
97.6
174.8
242.3
252.5
234.6
234.3
7.7
7.2
6.8
7.9
9.1
9.4
(continued)
37
38
Table 6b.—Continued
(In millions of cubic feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
Species group
17.0-18.9
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Blackgum
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
19.0-20.9
21.0-28.9
29.0+
All
classes
a
SE
9.1
1.3
1.8
0.0
0.0
5.8
13.2
1.8
1.5
0.0
0.0
5.6
11.6
0.0
9.8
0.0
0.0
20.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
106.4
5.9
34.3
5.6
4.3
95.1
28.2
51.9
51.5
86.7
50.5
26.3
18.0
22.1
41.8
0.0
251.7
16.9
25.5
15.4
3.2
0.0
14.3
7.7
23.3
0.0
0.0
31.5
12.1
31.0
12.3
10.2
11.9
0.0
11.4
26.4
8.5
0.0
5.6
14.8
4.2
32.1
0.0
0.0
18.6
5.6
42.6
10.3
2.2
15.1
2.3
4.0
15.6
42.8
13.1
4.4
8.7
0.0
62.1
0.0
0.0
49.8
9.4
56.8
20.4
0.0
23.6
0.0
10.7
3.0
8.9
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.4
5.8
4.2
0.0
0.0
21.6
0.0
0.0
269.4
169.1
106.6
40.1
112.8
22.9
176.4
0.8
0.1
184.4
79.9
234.5
145.2
44.7
110.3
4.2
137.2
13.7
18.7
18.2
30.1
18.5
28.7
30.7
48.8
100.0
17.1
23.0
16.4
19.7
32.9
30.1
65.8
20.3
209.8
192.4
317.5
52.6
1,838.5
6.3
227.8
214.5
359.2
52.6
2,090.3
5.5
10.0
15.0
12.7
38.2
5.5
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with
estimates that have an associated sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that
have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
Table 7a.—Net volume of sawtimber trees on forest land, by species and diameter class, Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In millions of board feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
29.0+
All
classes
66.1
0.0
52.4
0.0
0.0
99.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
560.2
24.7
134.0
14.8
14.8
349.5
26.1
54.7
52.6
93.0
52.9
28.6
124.4
218.4
0.0
1,098.0
17.0
134.5
71.9
15.0
0.0
117.2
31.0
118.5
0.0
220.6
61.6
149.5
54.3
47.1
57.6
0.0
56.7
127.4
31.4
0.0
28.3
64.1
21.6
174.9
9.5
107.1
26.3
203.3
44.2
10.4
76.4
11.3
28.9
134.1
225.8
62.4
25.8
60.7
0.0
329.8
0.0
312.1
48.6
325.8
91.7
0.0
130.7
0.0
76.1
14.5
88.9
15.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
33.7
26.2
20.2
0.0
0.0
111.0
0.0
0.0
985.4
624.2
271.0
120.0
428.3
79.2
857.1
21.2
1,010.4
252.7
1,048.0
422.6
134.3
504.6
19.2
432.1
16.0
23.2
22.9
44.0
19.1
35.0
32.0
100.0
16.8
27.8
17.4
22.1
44.4
31.9
71.6
23.3
1,059.6
1,135.5
964.9
1,823.6
310.0
7,210.2
7.5
1,155.7
1,197.2
1,264.5
1,089.3
2,042.0
310.0
8,308.3
6.3
8.5
8.9
9.3
15.2
12.7
36.7
6.3
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
9.0-10.9
11.0-12.9
13.0-14.9
15.0-16.9
17.0-18.9
19.0-20.9
21.0-28.9
51.3
0.0
9.2
7.9
4.4
33.9
116.2
4.4
14.3
3.2
6.5
59.3
82.9
1.7
28.7
3.8
0.0
61.1
87.3
4.1
11.8
0.0
4.0
30.4
71.2
5.6
9.1
0.0
0.0
43.1
85.1
8.9
8.5
0.0
0.0
21.8
106.5
203.8
178.3
137.6
129.0
-----------------
187.4
71.5
96.3
22.9
73.3
2.1
25.8
3.5
61.7
41.2
77.2
74.1
21.0
47.3
0.0
133.9
189.8
65.8
55.5
25.6
48.8
11.5
55.1
0.0
125.1
27.7
159.7
73.9
35.8
34.7
0.0
68.5
197.6
68.9
26.2
17.3
64.3
13.0
153.0
8.2
150.1
21.3
112.4
84.5
20.0
47.0
7.9
68.0
--
939.2
977.4
106.5
1,143.0
24.0
7.1
a
SE
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an
associated sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater
than 50 percent are not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
39
40
Table 7b.—Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland, by species and diameter class, Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In millions of board feet)
Diameter class (inches at breast height)
29.0+
All
classes
66.1
0.0
52.4
0.0
0.0
99.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
475.2
24.7
134.0
14.8
14.8
309.6
29.1
54.7
52.6
93.0
52.9
31.4
119.1
218.4
0.0
973.1
18.6
116.1
71.9
15.0
0.0
63.5
31.0
118.5
157.1
61.6
149.5
54.3
47.1
57.6
0.0
56.7
127.4
31.4
0.0
28.3
64.1
21.6
174.5
93.1
26.3
203.3
44.2
10.4
76.4
11.3
20.7
75.4
225.8
62.4
25.8
41.4
0.0
329.8
276.2
48.6
293.8
91.7
0.0
130.7
0.0
56.6
14.5
52.0
15.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
33.7
26.2
20.2
0.0
0.0
111.0
0.0
0.0
799.5
584.9
219.6
120.0
337.0
79.2
857.1
791.8
252.7
1,016.0
419.7
134.3
497.4
19.2
371.3
17.4
24.2
26.6
44.0
21.1
35.0
32.0
19.0
27.8
17.8
22.3
44.4
32.3
71.6
25.3
959.9
999.9
933.1
1,658.3
273.0
6,499.6
8.2
996.4
1,084.6
1,094.1
1,052.2
1,876.7
273.0
7,472.7
7.1
9.1
9.8
10.1
15.8
13.0
39.6
7.1
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
9.0-10.9
11.0-12.9
13.0-14.9
15.0-16.9
17.0-18.9
19.0-20.9
21.0-28.9
39.3
0.0
9.2
7.9
4.4
22.4
86.7
4.4
14.3
3.2
6.5
51.9
74.4
1.7
28.7
3.8
0.0
61.1
79.7
4.1
11.8
0.0
4.0
25.1
52.2
5.6
9.1
0.0
0.0
27.3
79.8
8.9
8.5
0.0
0.0
21.8
83.1
167.0
169.8
124.6
94.2
----------------
164.7
69.2
78.6
22.9
69.8
2.1
25.8
39.9
41.2
77.2
72.3
21.0
47.3
0.0
113.8
150.6
65.8
26.8
25.6
40.4
11.5
55.1
67.5
27.7
159.7
72.7
35.8
27.4
0.0
63.0
150.7
68.9
21.2
17.3
57.9
13.0
153.0
124.2
21.3
112.4
84.5
20.0
47.0
7.9
60.5
--
845.8
829.6
83.1
1,012.8
26.1
8.0
a
SE
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an
associated sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater
than 50 percent are not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
Table 8a.—Net volume of sawtimber trees (15.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) on forest land, by species and tree grade,
Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In millions of board feet)
Tree Grade
Grade 5
All
grades
0.0
0.0
8.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
31.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
46.7
309.8
18.6
81.8
0.0
4.0
195.2
11.8
8.5
77.8
609.4
148.3
68.8
5.6
31.6
43.2
16.5
85.4
0.0
187.0
16.7
169.3
102.1
30.0
75.3
7.9
50.9
108.8
133.2
10.6
0.0
84.1
0.0
27.3
17.7
23.5
24.0
89.8
34.5
6.6
24.6
0.0
14.6
101.4
64.6
12.2
18.7
93.1
0.0
26.7
0.0
12.6
0.0
37.6
0.0
14.5
0.0
0.0
33.3
91.3
104.6
71.0
0.0
54.1
0.0
15.7
0.0
198.4
8.4
26.0
26.6
0.0
172.4
0.0
67.7
608.1
486.9
119.1
71.5
306.3
65.6
776.2
17.7
823.5
183.9
811.1
274.7
77.5
422.6
19.2
229.7
2,405.2
1,038.3
599.3
414.6
836.1
5,293.6
2,882.0
1,072.7
611.2
423.2
913.9
5,903.0
11.3
13.1
16.1
18.7
14.6
8.1
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
278.8
5.6
44.0
0.0
0.0
148.5
0.0
13.0
17.5
0.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
476.8
34.5
158.4
115.8
19.8
21.2
31.6
49.2
621.2
0.0
402.1
134.7
488.5
111.6
26.4
150.3
11.3
63.2
Grade 4
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an
associated sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50
percent are not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
41
42
Table 8b.—Net volume of sawtimber trees (15 inches d.b.h. and larger) on timberland, by species and tree grade,
Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In thousands of board feet)
Tree Grade
Grade 5
All
grades
0.0
0.0
8.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
31.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
46.7
277.8
18.6
81.8
0.0
4.0
174.1
11.8
8.5
77.8
556.3
131.9
68.8
5.6
31.6
43.2
16.5
85.4
152.5
16.7
169.3
102.1
30.0
75.3
7.9
50.9
108.8
133.2
10.6
0.0
60.9
0.0
27.3
23.5
24.0
89.8
34.5
6.6
24.6
0.0
14.6
61.2
64.6
12.2
18.7
71.7
0.0
26.7
12.6
0.0
37.6
0.0
14.5
0.0
0.0
13.9
82.0
104.6
66.0
0.0
38.7
0.0
15.7
155.3
8.4
26.0
26.6
0.0
172.4
0.0
67.7
484.2
449.9
114.2
71.5
226.9
65.6
776.2
684.3
183.9
779.1
274.7
77.5
422.6
19.2
194.5
2,181.4
987.5
558.5
333.6
763.3
4,824.2
2,605.1
1,022.0
570.3
342.1
841.1
5,380.5
11.9
13.7
17.0
20.3
15.8
8.8
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
246.8
5.6
44.0
0.0
0.0
127.4
0.0
13.0
17.5
0.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
423.7
34.5
100.2
78.8
19.8
21.2
12.3
49.2
621.2
340.4
134.7
456.5
111.6
26.4
150.3
11.3
47.5
Grade 4
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an
associated sampling error between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50
percent are not significantly different from zero at two standard deviations.
Table 9a.—Net volume of sawtimber trees on forest land, by species and tree grade, Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In millions of board feet)
Tree Grade
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Grade 5
All
grades
514.0
5.6
52.8
0.0
0.0
249.2
0.0
13.0
17.5
0.0
8.2
0.0
0.0
4.4
32.3
14.8
6.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
31.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
46.1
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.4
560.2
24.7
134.0
14.8
14.8
349.5
26.1
54.7
52.6
93.0
52.9
28.6
821.6
38.8
58.1
31.4
148.2
1,098.0
17.0
158.4
115.8
19.8
21.2
31.6
49.2
621.2
0.0
402.1
134.7
488.5
111.6
26.4
150.3
11.3
63.2
213.8
86.9
16.1
51.6
43.2
23.2
133.3
0.0
277.1
33.4
282.6
147.7
38.1
106.1
7.9
73.4
298.5
227.0
117.2
26.3
135.0
6.8
46.6
21.2
94.8
56.4
194.5
126.7
34.6
75.7
0.0
131.1
181.3
80.1
34.7
20.9
141.7
0.0
40.4
0.0
22.4
15.6
52.4
3.2
35.2
0.0
0.0
91.6
133.4
114.4
83.2
0.0
76.7
0.0
15.7
0.0
213.9
12.6
29.9
33.4
0.0
172.4
0.0
72.8
985.4
624.2
271.0
120.0
428.3
79.2
857.1
21.2
1,010.4
252.7
1,048.0
422.6
134.3
504.6
19.2
432.1
16.0
23.2
22.9
44.0
19.1
35.0
32.0
100.0
16.8
27.8
17.4
22.1
44.4
31.9
71.6
23.3
2,405.2
1,534.5
1,592.7
719.5
958.4
7,210.2
7.5
3,226.8
1,573.2
1,650.7
750.9
1,106.6
8,308.3
6.3
10.3
10.6
8.1
13.1
12.8
6.3
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
a
SE
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error
between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not significantly different from
zero at two standard deviations.
43
44
Table 9b.—Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland, by species and tree grade, Monongahela National Forest, 2000
(In millions of board feet)
Tree Grade
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Grade 5
All
grades
437.0
5.6
52.8
0.0
0.0
216.7
0.0
13.0
17.5
0.0
8.2
0.0
0.0
4.4
32.3
14.8
6.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
31.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
38.2
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
92.9
475.2
24.7
134.0
14.8
14.8
309.6
29.1
54.7
52.6
93.0
52.9
31.4
712.0
38.8
58.1
31.4
132.9
973.1
18.6
100.2
78.8
19.8
21.2
12.3
49.2
621.2
340.4
134.7
456.5
111.6
26.4
150.3
11.3
47.5
177.8
86.9
13.8
51.6
43.2
23.2
133.2
197.1
33.4
282.6
147.7
38.1
98.9
7.9
67.9
287.4
227.0
85.1
26.3
106.0
6.8
46.6
74.0
56.4
194.5
123.8
34.6
75.7
0.0
116.3
121.6
77.8
27.3
20.9
116.8
0.0
40.4
14.7
15.6
52.4
3.2
35.2
0.0
0.0
66.9
112.5
114.4
73.7
0.0
58.7
0.0
15.7
165.5
12.6
29.9
33.4
0.0
172.4
0.0
72.8
799.5
584.9
219.6
120.0
337.0
79.2
857.1
791.8
252.7
1,016.0
419.7
134.3
497.4
19.2
371.3
17.4
24.2
26.6
44.0
21.1
35.0
32.0
19.0
27.8
17.8
22.3
44.4
32.3
71.6
25.3
2,181.4
1,403.4
1,460.5
592.7
861.5
6,499.6
8.2
2,893.4
1,442.2
1,518.6
624.1
994.4
7,472.6
7.1
Species group
Red spruce
Pitch pine
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Elm
Other commercial hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
a
SE
a
SE
a
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error
between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not significantly different from
zero at two standard deviations.
Table 10.—Average annual net change of growing-stock trees on timberland, by species and component of change, Monongahela
National Forest, 2000
(In thousands of cubic feet)
Component of change
Species group
Ingrowth
Red spruce
Eastern white pine
Virginia pine
Other yellow pines
Hemlock
Total softwoods
Red maple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hickory
Beech
White ash
Yellow-poplar
Aspen
Black cherry
White oak
Northern red oak
Other white oaks
Other red oaks
Basswood
Other hardwoods
Total hardwoods
Total, all species
SE
a
a
Accretion
Gross
growth
Mortality
Cull
Cull
Harvest
Net growth
decrement increment
removals
Net
change
SE
65
128
0
0
379
1,385
887
139
0
1,155
1,450
1,015
139
0
1,534
-212
-289
-251
-353
0
1,290
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-466
2,528
726
-112
-353
1,068
-651
0
0
0
0
1,876
726
-112
-353
1,068
89.5
51.8
100.0
100.0
54.8
572
3,566
4,138
-1,106
1,290
-466
3,857
-651
3,205
57.5
979
310
193
0
193
27
512
61
948
41
71
64
0
13
240
10,388
1,405
1,512
89
180
192
6,884
0
3,826
751
4,083
3,347
1,482
395
2,895
11,367
1,715
1,706
89
373
219
7,396
61
4,774
792
4,154
3,411
1,482
409
3,135
-926
-360
-885
-1,885
-3,433
-33
0
0
-1,528
-73
-3,746
-1,058
-1,745
-1,765
-830
868
73
2,158
0
101
0
0
0
456
0
0
0
0
0
201
-74
-300
0
0
-1,133
-186
0
0
-1,001
-547
-345
-646
0
0
-536
11,235
1,128
2,978
-1,796
-4,092
1
7,396
61
2,701
173
63
1,706
-262
-1,356
1,971
-1,414
0
0
-291
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1,228
-1,047
-1,704
0
-796
9,820
1,128
2,978
-2,087
-4,092
1
7,396
61
2,701
173
-1,165
659
-1,967
-1,356
1,175
24.0
58.7
59.0
63.0
48.8
100.0
41.6
100.0
84.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3,654
37,430
41,084
-18,267
3,857
-4,768
21,906
-6,480
15,425
51.5
4,226
40,996
45,223
-19,373
5,147
-5,234
25,763
-7,132
18,631
44.0
24.9
12.2
11.0
23.0
44.3
29.1
28.0
49.1
44.0
Sampling Errors (SE) are expressed as a percent of the total and are included for only row and column totals. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error
between 25 and 50 should be used with caution. Cell values with estimates that have an associated sampling error greater than 50 percent are not significantly different from zero
at two standard deviations.
45
Widmann, Richard H.; Griffith, Douglas M. 2004. Forest resource statistics for the
Monongahela National Forest: 2000. Resour. Bull. NE-161. Newtown Square,
PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research
Station. 46 p.
During 1999-2000, the fifth inventory of West Virginia’s forest resources was
conducted by the Forest Inventory and Analysis unit of the USDA Forest Service’s
Northeastern Research Station. The survey included a subsample within the
Monongahela National Forest (MNF). The results showed that the MNF contains
899,000 acres of forest land, or 7.5 percent of the State’s total forest land. Mature
forests dominate the landscape within the MNF, timber quality is high, and average
annual growth to removals is positive—a ratio of 3.6 to 1. Species composition on the
Forest differs from that of the State as a whole. For example, nearly 80 percent of the
volume of red spruce in West Virginia grows on the Monongahela.
Keywords: Forest survey; inventory; area; volume; growing stock
Printed on Recycled Paper
Headquarters of the Northeastern Research Station is in Newtown Square,
Pennsylvania. Field laboratories are maintained at:
Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts
Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont
Delaware, Ohio
Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire
Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University
Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University
Parsons, West Virginia
Princeton, West Virginia
Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of New York,
College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University
Warren, Pennsylvania
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program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET
Center at (202)720-2600 (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W,
Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call
(202)720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
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