Inventory Processor and Forest Growth and Management Model:
An Introductory Guide
Dr. Thomas B. Brann
Dr. Dale S. Solomon
FlexFIBER
Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station
University of Maine
Miscellaneous Publication 749
May 2001
1
THE AUTHORS
Dr. Dale S. Solomon, is the Director of the Forest Management Research Cooperative in the Department of Forest
Management at the University of Maine, Orono, and the project leader of Research Work Unit 4104, Methods for
Measurement, Analysis, and Modeling of Forest Growth and Structure with the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,
Durham, New Hampshire.
Dr. Thomas B. Brann, is the Associate Director of the Forest Management Research Cooperative in the Department of
Forest Management at the University of Maine, Orono, and Professor of Forestry, Biometrics, in the Department of Forest
Management at the University of Maine, Orono.
The computer program described in this publication is available on request with the understanding that neither the
University of Maine nor the U.S. Department of Agriculture can assure its accuracy, completeness, reliability, or
suitability for any other purpose than that reported. The recipient may not assert any proprietary rights thereto nor
represent it to anyone as other than a Forest Management Research Cooperative produced computer program.
2
Contents
1
INTRODUCTION TO FLEXINV.................................................................................................................... 4
2
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1
2.2
2.3
3
Source of Data............................................................................................................................................ 7
Ecological Land Classification .................................................................................................................. 7
Model Definition/Equation Development.................................................................................................. 9
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 12
3.1
4
Install........................................................................................................................................................ 12
FILE STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Organizational and Control Folders......................................................................................................... 14
FlexInv ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Inventory Data ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Flex Output .............................................................................................................................................. 18
FIBER ...................................................................................................................................................... 20
Stand Data Files ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Management............................................................................................................................................. 23
FIBER Output .......................................................................................................................................... 24
5
GETTING STARTED.................................................................................................................................... 26
6
SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 71
7
LITERATURE CITED................................................................................................................................... 71
8
APPENDIX A—INPUT VARIABLES ......................................................................................................... 73
9
APPENDIX B—SAMPLE FIX AREA PLOTS ............................................................................................ 74
10
APPENDIX C—SAMPLE POINT SAMPLE ............................................................................................ 78
11
APPENDIX D—SAMPLE DOUBLE SAMPLING................................................................................... 79
3
ABSTRACT
The model FlexFIBER is divided into two principal components: FlexInv, an inventory processor, and FIBER, a
forest growth model. The capabilities of FlexInv and FIBER are explained followed by installation instructions and file
structure information common to both programs. The procedures necessary to enter forest inventory data, process it,
create reports, project growth, and evaluate alternative management scenarios are presented.
1
INTRODUCTION TO FLEXINV
Resource managers have expanded the scope of forest ecosystem structure to include the relationships of many
different forest habitat components. Managers are required to provide accurate estimates of present forest growing stock
and predictions of future yields for a variety of management practices. To project these changes in growth, a flexible
inventory tool is needed to assist in estimating the current growing stock and a reliable tree growth model is needed to
capture interactions and predict yields for changing conditions.
FlexInv is forest measurement and inventory tool for processing basic and common inventory designs and for linking
output to FIBER, a Forest Increment model Based on Ecological Rationale for forest types in New England (Solomon et
al. 1986, 1995). The forest inventory designs available represent a wide range of sample unit configurations and data
collection techniques. Possible sample units include total enumeration, fixed length strips, variable length strips, circular
plots, square plots, rectangular plots, horizontal point samples, and horizontal line samples. At present the list is not
intended to be exhaustive; future releases will include additional sampling methods. However, FlexInv currently supports
inventory designs that include total enumeration, random, systematic, systematic clusters at random points, and double
sampling with regression in a point sampling context (Shiver and Borders 1996). Estimates of individual tree parameters
are derived assuming a random two-stage sample with individual trees forming the second stage within sample units.
Stands may be combined and weighted by area to produce stratified estimates of parameters of the combined totals. Future
releases will support complimentary sampling, sampling with partial replacement, repeated measurement of permanent
sample units, the construction of taper functions based on upper stem diameter measurements, and stand table projection.
The field data required for FlexInv to generate stand tables and basal area stocking tables are individual tree diameters
for area-based sample units, or stem counts for point samples. Stock tables may be generated if tree heights are measured
and added to the field data. Expanded sets of tree and stand parameters may be added to reports when the appropriate field
data are collected.
Volume calculations in FlexInv are based on taper functions (Honer 1965, 1965b, 1964) and on standard volume
equations (Scott 1981, 1979; Wiant 1978). These equations require an estimate of either total stem length, or
merchantable stem length with a user specified merchantable top diameter. A mixture of total tree height and
merchantable tree height on the same or different trees can assist the user in satisfying these requirements. Height may be
measured directly in the field on all trees, on a sub-sample of trees from the inventory, a sub-sample of trees not in the
inventory, or derived from dbh when an equation form and coefficients are provided. When no height information is
provided, default equations are utilized. Supported tree height measurement techniques include direct estimation,
altimeters, reference pole hypsometers, and Merritt hypsometers (Avery and Burkhart 1994; Husch et al. 1971; Bruce and
Schumacher 1942).
FlexInv recognizes up to 40 diameter classes measured at either 4.5 feet or 1.3 meters, and using taper functions, can
predict one from the other. Diameters may be in English, metric, or other measurement units. The first diameter class may
be centered about any point as a positive number. The last class will be centered up to 39-width multiples away. Tallied
stems less than the lower limit of the first diameter class may be ignored or included in the first class. Trees tallied that are
greater than the last class may be ignored or summed into the last class defined.
Field variables may be reported as an average per tree, per unit area, per stand, per square foot of tree basal area, per
square foot of total stand basal area, or on a percentage of total basis. The more common variables include radial
increment, time to produce a radial increment, crown point, live crown ratio, crown width, stump height, merchantable
diameter, merchantable length, top length, tree grade, tree condition, XYZ position of the tree, sawlog length, pulpwood
length, percentage of the stem in cull, percentage of the sawlog portion of the stem in cull, and percentage of pulpwood
cull (see Appendix A).
4
Data is read from ASCII formatted text files and output is generated to ASCII formatted files. Output files with a .txt
extension are fully formatted tables for printing on an ASCII text printer and can be edited with common word-processing
programs.
The user selects a report format and loads the columns for the report through the selection of a volume measure, such
as cubic feet, cords, International ¼ board feet, Doyle board feet, and/or Scribner board feet. Other variables include,
product length, board feet per cubic foot, value, average diameter inside bark (dib), and total tree value. Confidence
intervals on selected variable totals are calculated at the 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, and 75% levels. Summary statistics also
include means, coefficients of variation, sample standard deviations, standard errors, correlation coefficients, linear
slopes, and function ‘Y’ intercepts when applicable.
FlexInv automatically creates and constructs files for FIBER. We recommend the use of FlexInv to generate tree lists
for FIBER and to regulate data details to be used in FIBER. FlexInv is an efficient place to manage those details such as
species names, growth characteristics, or dbh-to-height functions.
2
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER
The original forest growth model, FIBER, was developed to predict the growth interactions among species within the
spruce-fir, northern hardwood, and mixed hardwood-softwood stands in the Northeastern United States (Solomon et al.
1986). The prototype model, FIBER 2.0, was modified and expanded to include a broader geographical area (Solomon et
al. 1986b). Updated in 1995, FIBER 3.0, Forest Increment Based on Ecological Rational, connected the model’s growth
characteristics with the inclusion of six different ecological land classifications or habitats (Solomon et al. 1995). FIBER
4.5, enhances the capabilities of FIBER 3.0, by allowing forest managers to aggregate, disaggregate, project, and manage
individual forest inventory sample units. Other techniques allow for selecting ecological habitat from standing inventory,
the use of proportional stocking guides for mixed hardwood-softwood stands, improved treatment options, and an
expanded list of output options, such as the generation of Stand Visualization System (SVS) (McGaughey 1997) data
files. Linkages with the forest inventory processing program, FlexInv, can be used to aid managers in the development of
the input files, such as tree lists and local volume tables, used by FIBER. These additions improve the ability of forest
managers to simulate a range of growth and development conditions for forested areas from those with no management to
those receiving a complete range of management options from clearcutting through partial harvest.
FIBER is a two-stage matrix model that provides the predictive power of an individual tree model using measured
stand attributes. FIBER’s internal structure is based on a set of regression equations that predict the probability of growth
and mortality for each tree species in each diameter class as a function of species, size, stand density, stand composition,
elevation, and ecological habitat classification. These predicted probabilities project the distribution of stand diameters
over a five-year increment. Local volume tables developed from height information supplied by the user through linkages
with Flex are used to determine standing volume, allowing for site specific model predictions of both acceptable and
unacceptable growing stock.
Growth, mortality, and ingrowth coefficients for the following checklist of species names and symbols are contained
in the model (Little 1979). However, FlexFIBER can simulate the growth of up to 350+ species with the grows like
function accessed through mapped-linkages with FlexInv. This function allows managers to assign species, other than
those explicitly modeled in FIBER, to grow as if it were one of the 17 basic species used to construct the FIBER model.
FIBER 3.0 used in FlexFIBER has been modified to maintain the original identity of a grows like species until harvest or
mortality using grows like growth coefficients. Ingrowth can be generated only for species that were represented in the
original FIBER data set. Ingrowth for species that were not part of the original FIBER data set will accumulate in the
grows like species at the 5-inch dbh class.
5
Table 1. FIBER base species.
Common Name
Scientific Name
FIBER Symbol
Balsam fir
Red spruce
Black spruce
White spruce
Eastern hemlock
Northern white-cedar
Sugar maple
Red maple
Yellow birch
Paper birch
American beech
White ash
Aspen
Northern red oak
Tamarack
White pine
Gray birch
Abies balsamea
Picea rubens
Picea mariana
Picea glauca
Tsuga canadensis
Thuja occidentalis
Acer saccharum
Acer rubrum
Betula alleghaniensis
Betula papyrifera
Fagus grandifolia
Fraxinus americana
Populus tremuloides
Quercus rubra
Larix laricina
Pinus strobus
Betula populifolia
BF
RS
BS
WS
HE
CE
SM
RM
YB
PB
BE
WA
AS
RO
TA
WP
GB
The amount of ingrowth for each species in FIBER is a function of initial basal area, residual basal area, percentage of
hardwood, percentage of the overstory stand composition of the ingrowth species, elevation, and habitat type. FIBER
allows forest managers the options to interactively include ingrowth for each species at each iteration, not allow any
ingrowth, ingrow only those species currently found on the sample unit or that are found in the stand (all sample units), or
ingrow all 17 base species. In addition the user can exclude ingrowth of selected species for a specified period as a
function of management.
For each species, the growth and ingrowth rate were developed by ecological land classification or habitat. An
ecological habitat is defined by landform, soils, and typical successional patterns (Leak 1982). Each of the six different
ecological habitats used in FIBER exhibit characteristic successional patterns, indicative of the competitive interaction
among species for the limited resources available on each site. Each ecological habitat is considered based on an average
site productivity. However, the user may increase or decrease productivity level by up to 10%, allowing FIBER to more
accurately model the productive capacity of individual sites. FIBER will assign an ecological habitat using the
composition of overstory (tree greater than 5 inches dbh) to be simulated or the user may choose to assign the ecological
habitat. Additional information can assist in assignment of ecological habitat for any given site or group of sites. For
example, FIBER provides an additional algorithm which uses the current overstory and understory species composition,
past forest cover type, and soil moisture characteristics to assign an ecological habitat on a sample-unit-by-sample-unit
basis.
The species composition of the different ecological habitats used in the construction of the model ranged from
complete softwood stands to complete northern hardwood stands. Softwood stands were defined as those with at least
65% of their basal area in softwood species, hardwood stands had at most 25% of their basal area in softwood species, and
mixedwood stands had 25% to 65% of their basal area in softwood species. Stands used in model development were both
managed and unmanaged. Managed stands resulted from harvesting practices that covered a broad range of densities from
clearcut to fully stocked. Unmanaged stands were natural stands that had developed with minimal management influences.
As a result of the wide range in density, structure, and management practices represented in the original data set, FIBER
can be user for both even-age and multi-age management regimes.
FIBER allows resource managers to predict forest growth and yield, over a specified time interval, for individual
stands or large forested areas receiving similar management practices. FIBER projections are based on inventory data.
6
The identity of each sample unit is maintained throughout the projection allowing the simulation results to better
approximate the variability within a stand or forested area. The user may specify the role of individual sample units in the
projection. Sample units may be added to, or removed from, the projection at a user-specified time. This models the
movement of land into and out of the forested landbase. Sample units may be retained in the projection as non-productive
land. This feature may be used to model the creation of woodyards or roads. These options add ability of forest managers
to examine not only the impact of various silivicultural treatments, but also to model changes in the forested landbase.
Sample units representing of a range in species compositions and/or ecological land classifications can be managed
within the model on the basis of a time interval, a specified basal area, trees per acre, cubic foot volume, board foot
volume, quadratic mean stand diameter, or percentage of the A-line, B-line, or C-line from standard stocking charts
(Solomon et al. 1995). Forest managers may set a desired level of residual basal area, tree per acre, cubic foot volume,
board foot volume, quadratic mean stand diameter, and percentage of A-line, B-line, or C-line. In addition to describing
residual levels, forest managers may also choose to describe the minimum or maximum amount of basal area, trees per
acre, cubic foot volume, and board foot volume to be removed by species or species group.
Harvest practices used in the program include thinning from above, thinning from below, thinning uniformly, and
residual condition by species, species group, tree quality, and/or diameter range. Tree quality is described in terms of
acceptable growing stock (AGS potentially can be or currently is sawlog quality) and unacceptable growing stock (UGS
does not have potential to be or currently is not sawlog quality). Thinning from above is defined as the removal of species
starting with the largest diameter trees within a diameter range, while thinning from below begins by removing the
smallest diameter trees. Uniform thinning removes species equally from all diameter classes within the range specified.
Managers may also describe leave trees within a diameter range in which trees are not to be removed. Leave trees may be
from above, below, or uniformly as described above. All treatment options allow managers to assign a sequence to each
treatment and minimum or maximum amount of basal area to be removed or retained. These options allow modelers a
range of harvesting practices. By linking harvesting practices together, FIBER expands modeling capabilities for complex
management regimes including three stage shelterwoods both with and without retention.
FIBER provides preformatted output tables for use by standard spreadsheet and text-editing programs. Output options
include current stocking in terms of basal area, live trees, quadratic mean stand diameter, volume, and value by species
group (hardwood or softwood), type (living, ingrowth, and mortality), and quality (total, merchantable, sawlog, and
pulpwood). Financial values may be discounted in FIBER; however, product specifications and price appreciation rates
are maintained through linkages with Flex. In addition to the above information, which is common to all reports, text
reports give a sample-unit-by-sample-unit account of treatment implementation. FIBER also has the ability to explore
potential visual impacts through linkages with a Stand Visualization System.
2.1
Source of Data
Nearly 4,000 independent growth plots from northern Maine, New Hampshire, northern New York, Vermont, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were included in the development of FIBER. Plots were measured between 1959 and 1974 at
five-year intervals; the data sets covered a wide range of species composition, sites, management options, and densities.
Two data sources included in the development of FIBER were intensively managed (Solomon 1977; Frank and Blum
1978).
2.2
Ecological Land Classification
In the Northeast, softwood stands often are found on poorer sites, and northern hardwood stands on better sites, with a
mixture of both species groups on intermediate sites. The soils on sites used to develop FIBER ranged from poorly to well
drained. Instead of using site index, data were separated into ecological land classifications or habitat that ranged from
poor wet black spruce stands to the well drained, pure northern hardwood stands. An expression of site index was not
included as a variable in the development of FIBER. However, as described later, the user can specify a known site index
(productivity) and the growth rate of the stand will be increased or decreased in relation to the base average site index.
Ecological habitats are land units defined by landform, soils, and typical climax tree species (Leak 1982). These units
exhibit a characteristic successional pattern, indicative of the tree species that will most likely regenerate and compete on
a given ecological unit. The relationship between tree species and soil/landform conditions vary with climate and bedrock
geology. Heavy disturbance, such as agricultural use and fire, may change the successional stage, but not the characteristic
successional sequence. In developing FIBER, the basic remeasurement plot data were classified into habitat based on the
7
maximum basal area of the species composition at the beginning of any single remeasurement period. Growth and
ingrowth rates are implemented in the model by habitat. The six habitats are
1. Sugar maple-ash. This habitat includes sites supporting typical northern hardwood, beech-birch-maple, as well as
richer sites supporting white ash and high proportions of sugar maple. The soils vary from deep, well drained fine tills
to moderately well drained soils and enriched sites. Fine tills are typical till deposits without any evidence of working
by water. All particle sizes are present; many surface rocks and irregular topography are characteristic. Textures are
sandy loam or finer, sometimes with a silty feeling. Enriched sites usually occur as coves or are benched within areas
of tills or occasionally compact tills. The distinguishing feature is organic matter or organic-coated fine material
incorporated into the mineral horizon. Sugar maple-ash sites have very good growth rates for both softwoods and
hardwoods; however, softwoods are uncommon due to hardwood competition. These sites are well suited to
hardwood sawlog and veneer production. On the basis of species composition, FIBER identifies this habitat as a
hardwood type (less than 25% softwood species), supporting more sugar maple than red maple, and with at least 10%
of the species composition in sugar maple and white ash.
2. Beech-red maple. Also a hardwood type, this habitat occurs on well drained tills that are sandier and rockier than
sugar maple-ash habitat. The species composition tends towards beech, red maple, and birches with small amounts of
sugar maple and very little ash. Softwoods, usually hemlocks, are more common here than on sugar maple ash sites.
These sites are generally coarse or washed fine tills. Coarse tills were heavily rinsed as they were deposited, removing
much of the fine material. The substrate is a loose sand/gravel or loam sand/gravel. These tills resemble gravely
outwash, except that they have a broader gradation in particle sizes and some evidence of silt caps. Washed fine tills
are unsorted glacial drift, which may or may not have been water worked. These tills are loosely deposited, usually
contain levels or small blocks of stratified material and have few surface rocks on rolling topography. The washed
fine till exhibits prominent silt caps. Beech-red maple sites have good growth rates for softwood and hardwood
species. However, softwood may be difficult to establish due to hardwood competition. Hardwood competition on
beech-red maple sites is lower than on sugar maple-ash sites and as such, softwoods may establish themselves. FIBER
identifies this habitat as a hardwood type when the criteria for sugar maple-ash or oak-white pine are not satisfied.
3. Oak-white pine. This habitat typically includes areas of sandy outwash, soils shallow to bedrock, or very sandy tills
supporting eastern white pine and northern red oak. Sandy outwashes are generally sands and gravel that have been
stratified, at least to some extent, and deposited by moving water. Stones are generally clean without silt caps.
Outwash areas are flat to gently rolling, free of surface rocks, and associated with streams or old drainage ways.
Shallow bedrock sites generally contain bedrock, angular boulders, or nearly pure weathered granite found as deep as
2 feet below the surface of the mineral soil. These areas were plucked and scoured by glaciers and may be on steep or
moderate slopes. Ledges and rectangular boulders are often evident. Shallow bedrock sites that should be classified as
an oak-white pine habitat are generally on a southern exposure. Oak-white pine habitats have slow to medium growth
rates for softwood and hardwoods, with white pine being the most productive species. Softwoods are more productive
than hardwoods on these sites. However, past agricultural disturbance may result in an oak-white pine community on
better soils. Over time hemlock becomes the dominant species.
4. Hemlock-red spruce. This habitat is characterized by shallow, wet, dry, or rocky soils supporting a mixedwood or
softwood cover type (more than 25% softwood) where hemlock and red spruce are more abundant than white pine,
red spruce, white spruce, and fir combined, or cedar and black spruce combined. Hemlock-red spruce sites are
generally silty or sandy sediments or dry or wet compact tills in the more southern and coastal areas covered by
FIBER. Silty and sandy sediments are generally poorly graded sand and silt deposited by slack water. Soils tend to be
loose and dry (sandy sediments) or moist and sticky (silty sediments), with a mostly rock free surface on flat or gently
rolling topography. Wet compact tills are platy basal tills compacted by the glacier at the base of the B-horizon, and
mottling or free water is very evident. These sites are generally flat or concave and gently sloping with boulders
pressed into the surface. Dry compact tills are similar to wet compact tills except there is very little evidence of
mottling or free water in the B-horizon; however, the C-horizon usually is wet. These sites are generally found on
moderate upper slopes and knolls, usually above areas of wet compact tills. Softwoods are the most productive and
usually the most abundant on Hemlock-red spruce habitat, although hardwoods (red maple, paper birch, and yellow
birch) are common in successional stands.
8
5. Spruce-fir. Shallow, wet, dry, or rocky soils typify this habitat. This habitat is identified in FIBER as a mixedwood or
softwood type where red spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir combined are the predominant softwood species as
compared to white pine, cedar, and black spruce combined, or hemlock and red spruce combined. Spruce-fir sites are
generally silty/sandy sediments or dry/wet compact tills in the more northern locations covered by FIBER and shallow
bedrock, outwash, and poorly drained sites throughout FIBER’s range. Silty/sandy sediments and dry/wet compact
tills are described under the hemlock-red spruce habitat. These sites should be deemed spruce-fir habitat in areas
outside the range of hemlock. Shallow bedrock and outwash sites are described under the oak-white pine habitat.
These sites should be deemed spruce-fir habitat were white pine and oak are not commonly found. Poorly drained
sites are generally flat areas with heavy mottling and gray mineral soils throughout the B-horizon. The substrate may
be difficult to classify due to standing water, or shallow water table during much of the year. Poorly drained sites
found in the more northern locations covered by FIBER may be better classified as cedar-black spruce. Spruce-fir
habitats have slightly lower growth rates than hemlock-red spruce for softwoods and hardwoods. Softwoods are the
most productive on these sites.
6. Cedar-black spruce. These are generally poorly drained areas in northern New England where cedar, black spruce, and
tamarack are the predominant softwood species in mixedwood or softwood types. The basal area of these species is
more than the basal area of white pine, hemlock, and red spruce combined, or red spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir
combined. Poorly drained sites are described under the Spruce-fir habitat and should only be classified as cedar-black
spruce in the more northerly locations covered by FIBER. This habitat has the slowest growth rate of all of the FIBER
habitats. Softwoods are more productive than hardwoods. However, even softwood productivity is limited by excess
water and poor drainage.
2.3
Model Definition/Equation Development
FIBER is a two-stage matrix model. Stage one of the matrix is a set of linear regression equations that predicts the
transition probabilities for growth and mortality of each tree species as a function of stand density, tree size, proportion of
hardwood, and elevation for each habitat classification. These predicted probabilities are the elements of stand projection
matrices that are used to project the distribution of stand diameters over a five-year period in the second stage of the
model (Solomon et al. 1986).
2.3.1 Equation development
For each species, a matrix Ut of predicted transition probabilities is applied to a stand table vector Yt, which contains
the number of live trees at time t of that species in each dbh class. By adding the ingrowth to this growth matrix, these two
operations generate the stand table vector after five years of growth for each species:
(1)
Y t+5 = U t (Yi –Ht) + Ij
0
0
 a 5t 0
b5t a 6 t 0
0

 c 5t b 6t a 7 t 0

0 c 6 t b 7 t a8t
whereUt = 
 ... ... ... ...

 ... ... ... ...
 ... ... ... ...

0
0
0
 0
...
...
0
0
0
0
...
0
0
...
0
0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... cn − 2, t bn − 1, t
0
 It 
0
0 
 
0
0

 
0
0
; It =  
.
... 

 
... 
.
.
... 

 
ant 
 0 
With…
ajt = the probability that a tree survives and remains in the diameter class j during the time interval from t to t+5;
9
bjt = the probability that a tree beginning in diameter class j at time t survives and progresses to diameter class j+1 at time
t+5;
cjt = the probability that a tree beginning in diameter class j at time t survives and progresses to diameter class j+2 at time
t+5;
Ht = the vector of the number of live trees harvested from each diameter class at time t;
It = ingrowth in number of trees per acre into the 5-inch class during the time interval from t to t+5.
The number of mortality trees, though not explicitly calculated in the growth equation (1), may be calculated
according to the following vector equation:
(2)
Z t+5 = mt • (Yt – Ht).
In equation (2), mt =[ m5t, m6t, …., mnt]’ is the vector of mortality probabilities by diameter class, and the matrix operator
(•) denotes Hadamard or the element-by-element matrix product. Therefore, the number of trees that died in the 5-inch
diameter class over the growth period would be computed as Z 5,t+5 = m5t (Y 5t – H 5t). Other diameter classes are similarly
computed.
2.3.2
Growth equations
The data sets described earlier were combined. Tree diameters were measured at 4.5 ft and placed in 1-inch classes
that ranged from 5 to 32 inches. In subsequent inventories, each tree on the plot was categorized as ingrowth, survivor, or
mortality. Because the growth response of forest stands may vary by magnitude of change in density (Solomon 1977;
Solomon and Frank, 1983), the plots were categorized by both initial basal area (IBAt) prior to the inventory at time t, and
the residual basal area (RBAt) after inventory at time t. If there was no harvest at time t, the IBAt and RBAt were the same.
Based on IBAt, the plot data were grouped by basal area into 20 ft2/acre intervals starting at 10 ft2. Plots with less than 10
ft2 were grouped into 5 ft2/acre intervals. The range from 5 to 220 ft2/acre of basal area categories for these data sets was
sufficient to provide growth response information for the general management alternatives. The plots grouped in each
specific IBA-RBA category were considered to have the same growth rate. Plots with RBAt = 0 for any growth period
were not used in the data sets for model construction. Elevation was grouped in 400-ft intervals starting at 200 ft up to a
maximum of 3,400 ft. A method of computing regression coefficients for categorical data developed by Grizzel et al.
(1969) was employed using the CATMOD procedure in SAS (SAS Institute Inc. 1989).
Let ukjt denote a component of the growth matrix Ut; that is, u1jt = ajt,u2jt = bjt, u3jt = mjt where mjt is implicitly
calculated in Ut. Thus, ukjt for each diameter class j by species is assumed to have a multinomial distribution, and is
modeled by the linear function of the form:
 β k , 0 + β k ,1 ∗ D j + β k , 2 ∗ D 2j + β k,3 * IBAt + β k , 4 ∗ RBAt + β k ,5 * RBAt2 + β k ,6 ∗ Pt + β k , 6 * Et + β k ,8 ∗ X 1

+ β ∗ X 1 ∗ D j + β k ,10 * X 2 ∗ E j + β k11 ∗ X 2 + β k ,12 ∗ X 2 ∗ D j + β k ,13 ∗ X 2 ∗ Et + β k ,14 ∗ X 3 + β k ,15
 k ,9
ukjt = 
∗ X 3 ∗ D j + β k ,16 ∗ X 3 ∗ Et + β k ,17 ∗ X 4 + β k ,18 ∗ X 4 ∗ D j + β k ,19 ∗ X 4 ∗ Et + β k , 20 ∗ X 5 + β k , 21 ∗ X 5 ∗ D j

+ β k , 22 ∗ X 5 ∗ Et
(3)
where
Dj = midpoint of diameter class j (inches),
IBAt = initial stand basal area before harvest at time t (ft2/acre),
RBAt = residual stand basal area after harvest at time t (ft2/acre),
Pt = proportion of hardwood in a stand based on IBAt at time t,
10
Et = elevation of the plot in feet,
βk = regression coefficients to be estimated and
x1,x2,x3,x4,x5 = dummy variables for the six different habitats
2.3.3 Stocking charts
In its A-line limits off (experimental) mode of operation, FIBER does not utilize the same maximum density limit. In
its A-line limits on (original) mode FIBER contains a maximum density limit for each habitat based on the level of
average maximum stocking (A-line). The A-line position is calculated by proportionally weighting the A-line position
according to stocking charts for pure softwood and pure hardwood (Figures 1 and 2) and the proportion the stand currently
occupied by each species group. When stands grow above the A-line, stand growth slows to a rate influenced by the
degree of overstocking. Mortality increases as the basal area in these stands increases to a maximum value of 20 ft2 over
the A-line and remains constant until the basal area of the stand is reduced below the A-line stocking. Then mortality is
again predicted from the equations.
Figure 1. Softwood stocking chart.
Figure 2. Hardwood stocking chart.
2.3.4 Tree size by species
In its default mode (diameter limits off), FIBER limits the maximum size of a tree to 32 inches for all species. When
tree diameter limits by site and species are turned on, FIBER contains species and habitat specific limits on maximum tree
size to prevent trees from growing too big. Maximum tree diameters (Table 2) for each species/habitat combination were
defined using maximum diameters observed in the database, and personal experience from numerous old-growth research
plots. Whenever diameter limits are enabled in FIBER 4.5, a habitat-specific controlling diameter (Table 3) defines the
dbh at which large trees begin senescence. Diameter classes are allocated to a linear-increase mortality rate between the
controlling diameter and the specified maximum diameter.
Table 2. Maximum diameter by species and habitat.
Habitat
BF
RS
BS
WS
HE
BE-RM
CE-BS
HE-RS
WP-RO
SM-WA
SP-BF
18
18
18
18
18
20
22
24
24
24
20
30
10
18
10
10
10
15
15
25
20
15
18
30
20
25
32
32
20
30
CE
25
25
30
32
25
32
WP
25
25
30
32
25
32
TA
10
20
10
10
10
20
SM
RM
YB
30
23
29
15
32
32
25
20
28
20
25
25
32
25
30
17
32
32
PB
20
15
20
20
20
20
BE
28
15
25
17
28
25
WA
30
15
23
17
30
20
AS
20
25
18
20
20
25
RO
20
10
20
32
20
20
OH
15
20
20
24
20
24
11
Table 3. Diameters used to control growth reduction by species and habitat.
Habitat
BE-RM
CE-BS
HE-RS
WP-RO
SM-WA
SP-BF
2.3.5
BF
RS
BS
WS
HE
10
10
10
10
10
15
17
19
19
19
15
25
5
13
5
5
5
10
10
20
15
10
13
25
20
20
27
27
15
25
CE
5
27
15
15
10
27
WP
25
20
25
27
20
27
TA
20
15
5
5
5
15
SM
RM
25
18
24
10
27
27
20
15
23
15
20
20
YB
27
20
25
12
27
27
PB
12
7
12
12
12
12
BE
23
10
20
12
23
20
WA
25
10
18
12
25
15
AS
10
15
8
10
10
15
RO
OH
15
5
15
26
15
15
8
12
12
16
12
16
Mortality
Excessive mortality rates can occur for stands with compositions and structures that are outside the range of those
observed in the FIBER database. If this occurs, the mortality rate is limited to a maximum of 15% for any given diameter
class. If the stand has less than 80 ft2 of basal area, then maximum mortality is reduced from 10% at 80 ft2 to 2.5% at 20
ft2. Below 20 ft2, maximum mortality remains at 2.5%.
2.3.6 Site index
To model differences in growth rate due to species composition on each habitat class, bjt and cjt were modified if the
site potential differed from the value of the base site index.
bjt* = bjt SI/x and cjt* = cjt SI/x
where
bjt* = b adjusted for site potential
cjt* = c adjusted for site potential
SI = site potential
x = base site index for a representative species on each habitat
Then
a* = ajt (1.0 – mjt) / (ajt +bjt* +cjt*)
bjt** = bjt (1.0-mjt) / (ajt + bjt* +cjt*)
cjt** = cjt (1.0 –mjt) / (ajt + bjt* +cjt*)
This procedure assures that ajt * , bjt **, and cjt** are all less than 1 and that ajt + bjt** +cjt**+ mjt =1. It also leaves
mortality unaffected by site potential.
3
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
FlexFIBER will run under the following X86 operating systems Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me,
Windows NT3.1, Windows NT4.0, and Win/2000. Attempt an install only on Win/95, Win/98, Win/Me,
Win/NT 4, Win/2000. FlexFIBER also requires 32 Megabytes of temporary storage and 100 Megabytes of
storage as operational management unit.
3.1 Install
1. Place the FMRC CD in your CD-drive.
2. Double click the Install Icon.
End of installation.
3. Double click on the shortcut that you just created (FlexFIBER startup screen should appear), Figure 3. Included files:
FlexFIBER.exe
FlexFIBER9.0 program
DivIndex.exe
Diversity Index Program
WinSVS.exe
Stand Visualization Program
12
Tbl2svs.exe
Viewpic.exe
Wild1.mde
Measurements.exe
FlexINV.doc
FlexVariablelist.doc
Flexinv.ico
Manual.doc
Manual.pdf
Commandoption.doc
list.doc
Sample Inventory Run.txt
Speclist.txt
Tblsvs.txt
Utility.txt
Winsvs.hlp
Viewpic.hlp
FlexFIBER to SVS program
Image viewing program for SVS
Wildlife Database
Measurement unit conversion GUI
Flex inventory manual
Variable list that may be passed to FIBER
FlexFIBER program ICON
FlexFIBER 9 Manual
FlexFIBER 9 Manual
Command line option available in FlexFIBER
FlexINV Variable Extract form FlexINV.doc
Sample inventory & FIBER run.
Species list, names for code FlexFIBER 9.0
Information about Tbl2svs program
SVS utilities manual
Online SVS help
Online Viewpic help
************************************************************************
** Resource Information Management & Spatial Analysis Laboratory
**
**
and
**
**
Forestry Alumni: Forest Management And Planing Laboratory
**
**
-----------**
** Department of Forest Management University of Maine Orono, Me. **
**
-----------**
**
Forest Inventory and Modeling Project
**
**
-----------**
**
By
**
**
Dr. Thomas B. Brann
**
**
---**
**
Dr. Dale S. Solomon
**
**
-----------**
**
For further information contact Dr. Thomas B. Brann
**
**
University of Maine
**
**
Orono, Maine, U.S.A.
**
**
04469-5755
**
**
(207) - 581 - 2836 (NO Voice Mail)
**
**
E-Mail: TomBrann@Maine.edu
**
**
E-Mail: Dale.Solomon@Maine.edu
**
**
FlexFIBER Version 9 Compile No: x Date: x/xx/xxxx COPYRIGHT
**
************************************************************************
Figure 3. FlexFIBER startup screen.
A future version of FlexFIBER is being constructed and will use a mouse select Graphical User Interface (GUI). The
file structure of FlexFIBER will be changed and additional features will include: a GIS interface, a plantation stand
simulator, expanded tree products, products by weight, tree grade processing for both hardwood and softwood, graphic
output without a spreadsheet, internal spreadsheet for data entry, improved plot description, and links to MeWildOne.
Inquires can be made by any of the following methods:
Email: TomBrann@maine.edu
US Mail: Dr. Thomas B. Brann, 250 Nutting Hall, University of Maine, Orono, Me. 04469-5755
Fax: Tom Brann, (207)-581-2875
13
4
FILE STRUCTURE
Modern forest management requires the use of data in different forms to be made accessible to users with varying
levels of experience and understanding. As an aid to effectively managing information, FlexFIBER uses a system
designed to store, process, and summarize large amounts of forest inventory data in an efficient and flexible manner. The
data management system used by FlexFIBER is expressed in its file structure where files are arranged as a hierarchical
system of interrelated folders (Figure 4).
Management units are the highest level of data management and are primarily used to represent an ownership, or
geographic area. Below management units are compartments, which are subdivisions of management units and usually
represent administrative districts or current conditions. Administrative districts (compartments) are often separated
geographically, and therefore may have different topography, soils, and markets or even tree height. FlexFIBER stores
information according to these differences in control files in the control folders (CTL, BIN, and HGT). These differences
affect the volume and value of the trees contained in the numerous stands (stored in the STD folder) found with the
compartment. These folders (management units, compartments, stands) are known as organization folders. Together they
allow forest inventory data that is being analyzed under different management philosophies, conditions, or assumptions to
be assemble, accessed, and synthesized in an efficient manner.
Multiple stands may be stored within each compartment in the STD folder and each stand is represented in Flex by a
forest inventory description file (HDR). This information is often reported as summary tables and stored as output files in
several different folders (PRT, SVS, and DIV). FlexFIBER will create a subdirectory (FIB) that contains the data
necessary for growth projection.
For FIBER to project growth and yield, a one-acre tree list (TPA) and local volume tables are required. Stand growth
can be predicted with and without management. FIBER defines management in terms of when should treatments take
place (initiator), what is the stand condition goal (treatment), and how will this goal be achieved (cutting guide). Once the
user has projected a stand, he/she may view numerous summary reports (General Report, STK, PAI, CPI, SVS, and DIV).
4.1
Organizational and Control Folders
Three folders are used primarily to organize information and three other folders are used to control information.
Management units, compartments, and stands are used to organize data according to certain properties such as ownership,
geographic area, or current condition. Within any given ownership or geographic area there exists certain assumptions
concerning tree characteristics and value. The user may define these criteria for each compartment or, in the case of height
information, for each stand. FlexFIBER will store this information as files in the control folders (CTL, BIN, and HGT).
The criteria defined by the user will be applied to all of the forest inventory data contained within the compartment.
4.1.1 Management unit
Management units are the highest level of data organization (ownership) within the FlexFIBER system. The primary
function of a management unit is to allow the user to assign the name and location of data (what filing cabinet is my data
stored in?). When creating a management unit, the user is prompted to assign the full path to the unit (c:\B&B), its unique
name (Bob and Bob Property), and an abbreviation (B&B). The name that the user assigns to the management unit will
appear on all output reports generated within that unit. The user may create multiple management units. Consulting
foresters may choose to have a management unit for each client. The location of each management unit is stored by
FlexFIBER in the Manage.unt file, located in FlexFIBER’s home directory (Winsvs). Within each management unit the
user may define multiple sub-divisions or compartments.
4.1.2
Compartments
A compartment is the second level of data organization (administrative districts). Compartments are subdivisions of
management units and are stored in a management unit folder (what drawer in a filing cabinet is my data stored in?). The
user may choose to create as many as 200 different compartments (drawers) within a management unit (filing cabinet).
Compartments may be used to represent certain geographic areas or administrative districts. It is at the compartment
level that the user defines many of the criteria concerning species, products, and their associated financial values.
This information is stored in the control (CTL) and binary (BIN) folders located within each compartment (folders in the
filing cabinet drawers).
14
When defining a compartment, the user is prompted to give it a unique name (e.g., Bog Brook). Once the user has
defined a compartment, FlexFIBER automatically creates two control folders (CTL and BIN) (see below). The CTL and
BIN subfolders contain all the information required by Flex to process forest inventory data and produce output reports.
These control folders (CTL and BIN) contain default values; however, the user may change these values using Flex. The
STD folder is used to store the forest inventory data to be processed within a compartment using Flex.
Legend
Management Unit
Folder
Flow
File
Multiple
Folders
Multiple
Files
Compartment
BIN
4.1.3
CTL
4.1.3
HGT
4.1.4
Output
HDR
4.3.1
DATA
4.3.2
BIN
4.5.2
SDS
4.5.3
General
Report
4.8.3
DIV
4.8.8
Initiator
4.7.1
Volume
Tables
4.6.2
STPA
4.8.1
TRT
4.7.2
MTPA
4.8.2
TPA
4.6.1
STK
4.8.4
SVS
4.8.6
Image
PRT
4.4.1
FIB
4.5.1
STD
4.1.5
Stocking
PAI
4.8.5
Annual
Growth
SVS
4.4.2
Image
Cutting
4.7.3
STPA
4.8.2
CPI
4.8.6
Period
Growth
Figure 4. FlexFIBER file structure and program flow.
15
4.1.3
Control (CTL) and binary (BIN) folders
Control and binary folders are contained within a compartment folder, are created automatically, and are used by the
program to calculate volume and value by species, including how and what the user desires to view for output. Each time
the user accesses a compartment, FlexFIBER automatically reads the files contained within these folders. Both of these
folders will contain the same information; however, the CTL folder is stored as an ASCII text file, which may be viewed
using standard word-processing programs. The BIN folder stores this same information in binary form, for use by the
computer only. Users should not attempt to alter the contents of these folders using programs external to Flex. If the
user wishes to change species-product definitions, output reports, or any other information contained within these folders,
they must do so using the appropriate menu options provided by Flex. This is because each time these definitions are
changed, Flex will automatically update CTL and BIN files. Following any changes, all inventory information processed
will be according to the new criteria. Inventories processed prior to these changes will require reprocessing to reflect any
changes.
4.1.4
Height and height folder
Tree height is a vital piece of information used to help determine tree volume. Flex has four different means of
determining tree height: (1) from the field data, (2) by a height equation file, (3) by equations set at the compartment
level, or (4) by default equations. The height folder and its associated files represent the second of these four options and
it is contained within the compartment folder. This folder is created automatically and contains user defined height
equation files that predict tree height as function of diameter. These files are accessed by the program upon user request
prior to processing a stand. Up to 200 different height equation files may be created by species using equation form (1 of
6), intercept, and slope coefficients. The six different equation forms are
Model (1)=> Total Height = a + b(dbh)
Model (2)=> Total Height = a + b / dbh
Model (3)=> Total Height = a + b(ln(dbh))
Model (4)=> ln(Total Height) = a + b(ln(dbh))
Model (5)=> Total Height = a + b(log(dbh))
Model (6)=> log(Total Height) = a + b(log(dbh))
It is important to note that all height equations predict total tree height. The height equation files can be considered the
most advanced method to provide the user with a great deal of flexibility, allowing the development of site-specific
equations. Flex also provides the user with numerous menu options designed to help create the height equation files.
Height equations that are defined at the compartment level for each species are store in the CTL and BIN folders. The
disadvantage of defining height equations at the compartment level is that all stands, regardless of the site they occupy,
will have their height determined using these equations.
The preferred option is to determine tree height for all trees or for a sub-sample of trees in the field and enter it as part
of the inventory data file (below). Flex will then use the actual tree height (merchantable or total height) to calculate
volume. Flex will also develop height equations based on this data and display them as the first table in the stand text
report (below). When inventory data files contain a sub-sample of tree heights, Flex will fill in the missing height
information with equations developed from this sub-sample as long as the equations meet the user specified sample size
and predictive power (r2). When equations developed from a sub-sample do not meet the user specified sample size and/or
r2 or no height information is found (in the data or as equations), Flex will use a default set of equations to predict tree
height. The use of the default equations is the least preferred option as these equations may not be appropriate for certain
sites.
4.1.5
Stand folder (STD)
The stand folder (STD) contains the third and fourth levels of data organization in FlexFIBER. This folder (STD) is
automatically created by Flex when the user creates a compartment. The stand folder is where the user stores the forest
16
inventory data to be processed by the program. Inventory data stored within the stand folder uses two separate files: the
inventory description or header file (HDR) and sample unit/individual tree data file (DATA).
4.2
FlexInv
The role of FlexInv in the FlexFIBER system is to organize stored information, as well as to process inventory data
and create and view summary outputs. Control files/folders (CTL, BIN, and HGT) contain information related to species,
height, products, codes, specifications, value, form, and volume calculation. Flex allows the user to edit the information
contained in these files. These options may be selected using menu items provided in the FlexInv Master Menu (Figure 5).
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with" ,Compartment=>"comp1"
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 EXIT The Program .
Selection = < 0 > ?
_________________________________________________________________
Figure 5. FlexInv Master Menu.
From the FlexInv Master Menu the user has the option to change management unit (1), or exit the program (2).
4.3
Inventory Data
Inventories are samples of tree characteristics used to obtain estimates of tree or stand parameters. These inventories
are composed of different measures, which when aggregated represent and quantify aspects of stand conditions. Within
the STD folder, Flex stores information gathered during forest inventories using two different file types (HDR and DATA
[Figures 6 and 7]). The inventory description file or header (HDR) lists and describes sampling techniques and tree/site
parameters. The header file also describes the stand that the inventory is attempting to quantify and the location (within
the computer) of the data used to quantify that stand. The inventory data file (DATA) contains information from each
sample location (sample unit). By using this two file system, Flex can efficiently manage forest inventory data without
limiting flexibility in inventory techniques. This system also facilitates reaggregation of data when appropriate.
_________________________________________
"FlexInv Version 1.0 Copyright 1995"
!Stand_name,"only"
!Stand_abbreviation,"only"
!Table_Header_1,"cruised 2 APR 2000"
!Table_Header_2 ,"for procurement class"
!Collection_date,"2000"
!area, 18.4000,"Acres"
!Design,"!random"
!BAF, 10.0000
!Dtape,"Inches "
!Total,"Pole Hypsometer", 6.6667,"feet"
!FORMAT,"!Species","!DBH 4.5 feet","!Growing stock”
!DATA
#!POINT # .... comment here ....
#!POINT # .... comment here ....
!in_file etna.txt
____________________________________________
Figure 6. Sample header file.
________________________
!Point # 1
rs 8.4 1
rs 9.6 1
rs 8.9 1
bf 10.9 1
bf 9.4 1
ce 5.7 1
bf 7.7 2
rs 6.7 1
bf 8.2 1
!Point # 2
bf 10.1 2
bf 7.2 1
rs 7.2 2
bf 9.3 1
rs 9.2 2
______________________________
Figure 7. Sample data file.
17
4.3.1 Inventory Definition File (HDR)
The inventory definition file, or header (HDR), is the third level of data organization (the stand) in FlexFIBER.
Within a single compartment, up to 200 different header files may be defined that describe the forest inventory to be
processed in terms of the stand, location, ownership, the date the inventory was collected, the methods used, and the order
in which tree parameters are stored. However, advanced users may use header files to represent any collection of
inventoried plots of interest.
When defining a header file, the user is prompted to name the file, the stand that it represents, the inventory it
represents, the format of the data that describes the stand, and what file contains the data. Each header file must have a
unique standard ASCII character name. When defining the stand the user is prompted to assign the stand name, stand
abbreviation, and the area of the stand. Although the header file name and stand name need not be identical, for reference
it is advisable to assign each a like name. The primary difference between the file names is that the user refers to the
header file name when processing data, while the stand name and/or abbreviation is used on all output tables.
When defining the inventory within the header file, the user is prompted to describe the date of inventory, the sample
design, the blow up factor for each sample unit, and how tree diameters and height were measured. When defining data
formats, it is necessary to tell Flex the order in which individual tree parameters are stored (i.e., species, then dbh, then
total tree height…..). It is critical that tree parameters appear in the inventory data file in the same order as
described in the data format statement. The final piece of information contained in a header file is the name of the file
or files that contain the inventory data (DATA). Each header file may reference up to 200 different inventory data files.
4.3.2 Inventory data file (DATA)
The inventory data file (DATA) is the fourth level of data organization (sample units/data) in FlexFIBER (what files
are in the STD folder in the cabinet drawer). Inventory data files are used to store the field data to be processed. Users
may choose to enter inventory data using options provided by Flex, or they may choose to create these files using external
programs such as a spreadsheet, word-processing, database, or GIS program. However, all inventory data files must be
stored in the STD folder within the appropriate compartment and management unit as comma-, tab-, or spacedelimited ASCII files with a .TXT file extension. Each inventory data file must have a unique name. The previous
header file (HDR) will look for inventory data according to these names, generally named after the stand inventoried. The
general structure of an inventory data file is sample unit type, sample unit name, followed by individual tree parameters
for each tree found within that sample unit. Sample unit type refers to the kind of sampling used (e.g., !Plot for fixed area
sample or !Point for point samples). The keyword used to identify the sample unit type will be displayed in the inventory
definition file following the !Data line (see Figures 6 and 7). The sample unit name can be as simple as 1, 2, 3… or a
complex name. The sample unit name must be proceeded by # (see Figure 7), as this symbol is reserved in FlexFIBER to
denote comments. The number of individual tree parameters entered will depend on the number of parameters measured.
Inventory data files generally contain all of the sample units taken within a particular stand or forest strataum. However,
advanced users may organize these files to explore different data relationships. The user may define up to 200 different
inventory data files in each compartment, each with a unique name. Each inventory data file, like header files, may
reference or point to another data file up to three levels deep. Although this may be a confusing at first, it does provide
users with a great deal of flexibility.
4.4
Flex Output
One of the reasons for collecting forest inventory data is to be able to assess forest conditions using summary data.
Flex allows the definition of 17 different output tables in five different forms and may create an output file for each stand
processed (or one summary file for all stands processed) that is stored in the PRT folder. These files use the same name as
the header file used to create them and are stored as ASCII text files viewed using any standard word processor or the
menu option provided by Flex. Each output table contains a heading that identifies management unit, stand name, two
lines of optional input data, date of inventory, report name, the variable being summarized, and the date and time the stand
was processed by Flex (Figure 8). In addition to creating user defined output tables, Flex also creates and files required by
the Stand Visualization System (SVS) and the Diversity profiler (DIV). Flex also creates and populates all of the files and
folders required by FIBER to project future stand conditions.
18
Management Unit Folder Name
From the Inventory Description File
(HDR) !Stand_name
Lines 1 and 2 from Inventory Description
File (HDR) !table_header_1 s
From Inventory Description File
(HDR) Collection_date
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
Bobs Land
|
Table Name
Defined by User
|
H3A
|
|
Initial Inventory
|
|
Cruise by: John Doe
|
Variable Presented
|
1996
|
| in the Table
Stand & Stock Table
|
|
All Species Summary
|Date and Time From
|
Compiled: "March 25,1999 at 22:12"
|
|____________________________________________________________________________|Computer’s Internal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Clock
| dbh 4.5 | Number of | Basal | Total
| Merch. | Small & |Inter 1/4 |
|
feet
|
Trees
|
Area | Height | Height | Upper Pulp| bd.ft. |
| Inches | Count
|
Sqft | feet
|
feet
| Cubic Feet|
I_bf
|
|
|
/ac
|
/ac
| /Tree
| /Tree
|
/ac
|
/ac
|
|__________|___________|_________|_________|__________|___________|__________| Species and Product
| <= 5.0 |
11.00|
1.50|
1.00|
---- |
---- |
---- | Specifications
|
6.0 |
30.56|
6.00|
36.00|
20.88|
94.59|
---- |
Defined in CTL and
|
7.0 |
33.68|
9.00|
53.33|
36.94|
200.10|
---- |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIN Files
Summary of Data File.
Default Tree Height Used When No Height Data Are
Found in Data File
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Columns
Defined1|by User
in Report
Generator
| >= 24.0 |
1.9
6.00|
58.00|
56.59| 134.91|
---- |
Summary Statistic Will Vary with Sample Design
|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Totals |
150.58|
97.50|<
49.45>|<
42.33>|
1471.46|
4815.84|
|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mean
|
150.58|
97.50|
49.45|
42.33|
1471.46|
4815.84|
| Std. Dev.|0.7313D+02|0.4138D+02|0.5881D+07|0.1418D+07|0.8890D+03|0.2630D+04|
|
n =
|
10 |
10 |
1505 |
1550 |
10 |
10 |
|Std. Error|
23.13|
13.09|
5.09|
2.56|
281.13|
831.70|
|
|c.v.= 49% | c.v.= 42%|
|
| c.v.= 60%| c.v.= 55%|
| 95% AE% |
34.74%|
30.36%|
20.20%|
11.86%|
43.22%|
39.07%|
| 90% AE% |
28.15%|
24.60%|
16.94%|
9.95%|
35.02%|
31.66%|
| 85% AE% |
24.17%|
21.12%|
14.83%|
8.70%|
30.07%|
27.18%|
| 80% AE% |
21.24%|
18.56%|
13.20%|
7.75%|
26.42%|
23.89%|
| 75% AE% |
18.89%|
16.50%|
11.85%|
6.96%|
23.49%|
21.24%|
| 70% AE% |
16.89%|
14.76%|
10.67%|
6.27%|
21.01%|
18.99%|
|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|
Figure 8. Sample FlexInv inventory data output .
19
4.4.1
Output folder (PRT)
The output folder (PRT) is created automatically when the user processes a stand using a header file and its associated
data files. The PRT folder contains text files for each stand processed. Each text file will have the same name as its
associated header file. The amount and kind of information contained within an output file will depend on the amount and
kind of information requested by the user. Flex allows the user to create upto 17 output table definitions. These tables
come in five different forms: (1) statistics by dbh, species, and species groups, (2) statistics or discrete codes by species,
(3) a single statistic or discrete codes by diameter class and species, (4) estimates by sample unit, or (5) forest summaries.
In order to receive information by discrete codes that code must be turned on (see Discrete Variables). Forest summary
tables contain selected statistics for each stand processed and require that more than one stand be processed. All other
tables are created for each stand processed. All output files may be viewed using menu option provided by Flex or through
the use of an external spreadsheet or word-processing program. The CTL and BIN files store the type and kind of table the
user wishes to create. It is important to remember that the user must have at least 1 of the 17 tables turned on in
order to create output.
4.4.2
Stand visualization (SVS)
The SVS folder contain the files required by the USDA Forest Services Stand Visualization System (SVS)
(McGaurery 1997) to generate visual representations of processed forest inventory data. SVS image files are created
automatically once the user processes a stand. This image can be an effective tool for checking and conceptualizing
inventory data. The SVS program is public domain software and is distributed with FlexFIBER. The user may choose to
view an SVS image using menu options provided by FlexFIBER. Only advanced users who are completely familiar with
SVS should attempt to view images created by FlexFIBER from outside the program. Before the user can view an SVS
image he/she must select the DOS version of SVS, using the menu options provided, as the preferred viewer. Flex
can not generate an SVS image file when output diameter class ranges are set to metric. It is also important to note
that SVS files are replaced/ over-written each time the stand is processed.
4.4.3 Diversity calculation file (DIV)
Diversity index calculation files can be created upon user request for each iteration of stand projection. These files are
stored in the DIV folder within the compartment folder and may be viewed using the menu options provided. These files
are overwritten each time the stand is projected.
4.5
FIBER
FlexFIBER allows forest managers to process forest inventory data for projections of future growth and yield. Each
time a stand is processed Flex automatically creates and populates the folders and files required by FIBER to make
projections of stand growth and development. When FIBER is selected using the menu option, the program enters the FIB
folder and the FIBER Main Menu (Figure 9) will appear on the screen. The FIB folder contains one or more stand
directory folders (SDS), each named after the header file used to create them. Within each stand folder will be a TPA file
and volume table files. The TPA file contains trees per acre estimates by species, diameter, and quality for each sample
unit found in the inventory data file associated with the stand’s header file. The volume tables contain estimates of total,
merchantable, pulpwood or boardfoot volume by species and diameter developed from the inventory data file. Once the
user has chosen to project the stand’s growth, the SDS folder contains (upon user request) numerous output files and
folders concerning stocking (STK), periodic growth (CPI), annual growth (PAI), stand visualization system (SVS)
images, diversity profiles (DIV) files, or a detailed text report of growth, harvest, mortality, and ingrowth by species and
diameter for each five-year period projected. This folder may also contain (upon user request) simulated tree per acre
estimates used by FIBER or processed by Flex. Different harvesting scenarios may be simulated by creating three
different files contained in the FIB folder. These files are the initiator, which describes when a harvesting strategy begins,
the treatment, which describes the desired results of harvesting, and the cutting guide, which describes how harvesting
will be conducted. These harvesting strategies may be applied to any stand (SDS folder and TPA file) contained in the
FIB folder.
20
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1 { Stand1 } Select stand directory.
2 Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
3 "OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
4 Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
5 Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
6 Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
7 {Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
8 Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
9 Initiator Menu:
10 Treatment Menu:
11 Tree diameter limits are off.
12 A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
13 Projection Menu:
14 Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
15 Report Management Menu
16 Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
17 Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
18 Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ?
________________________________________________
Figure 9. FIBER Main Menu.
The FIBER Main Menu and the numeric values associated with each menu option will vary depending on which
menu option have been activated. The FIBER Main Menu will appear as above once the user has selected a stand
directory and a TPA file. From the FIBER Main Menu, the user has the option to select a stand directory (1), set ingrowth
controls (2), determine ecological habitat type (3), control projected plot characteristic (advanced) (4, 5, and 6), select a
TPA file (7), change ingrowth quality ratios (8), define an initiator or treatment (9 and 10), turn diameter limits on or off
(11), turn A-line limits on or off (12), project growth (13), view output reports (14), turn output report on or off (15), turn
STPA and MTPA files on (16 and 17), or return to Flex (18).
4.5.1 FIBER folder (FIB)
The FIB folder is automatically created by Flex each time the user processes a stand. However, the user may choose
not to create this folder and its contents using the appropriate menu option in Flex. This folder represents the fifth level
(projections) of data organization in FlexFIBER. It is important to remember that this folder is a subdivision of a
compartment and its contents are subdivision of stands. The FIB folder contains all of the information required and
generated by FIBER. Within the FIB folder there will be numerous subfolders (SDS), one for each stand processed. These
folders will have the same name as the header files used to created them and will contain the tree list (TPA) and volume
table information based on that same header file and associated data file. These files must be located in their
appropriate SDS directory within the FIB folder in order to make projections. It is important to remember that the
user must first choose to process a stand (header) in order to create this folder and associated files. Simply put,
FlexFIBER will not project the growth of a stand using FIBER unless the stand has been processed by Flex. However,
advanced users may choose to work around this limitation by creating this folder and its associated files. Another folder
contained within FIB is the FIBER binary folder (BIN). FIBER will access the FIB folder and read the FIBER BIN files
whenever the user chooses FIBER from the Flex master menu. The “BIN” files establish control information for all
FIBER subdirectories (SDS). Another series of files common to all SDS folders are the management files (Initiator,
Treatment, and Cutting). These files describe the management options and must be defined before FIBER can model
treatments.
4.5.2 FIBER binary files (BIN)
The FIBER binary folder (BIN) and associated files function similar to the BIN files in Flex. The BIN folder contains
information related to desired output files, projection preferences and assumptions that may be changed with the
appropriate menu options. The user chooses the FIBER projection preferences to include sample unit stocking level,
21
sample unit projection length, and projection length of all sample units combined. Internal assumptions are related to the
quality of the species which ingrow. This folder and its contents are only used by the program.
4.5.3 FIBER stand directory system folders (SDS)
FIBER stand directory system folders (SDS) are created and named automatically each time a stand (header file) is
processed in Flex. The information contained within this folder is based on the inventory data file referenced by the
header file and a tree list file (TPA) and several volume table files that are created automatically by Flex each time a stand
is processed. Once the stand has been processed, numerous other files may be found in this folder. This folder and its
contents must be contained within the FIB folder of a compartment, within a management unit, before FIBER can
access them. When using FIBER the user must select a stand directory from up to 200 available SDS folders. Once a
stand directory (SDS) is chosen, a TPA file should be selected.
4.6
Stand Data Files
Two essential pieces of information are required to project the growth and development of a stand in FIBER. FIBER
uses tree lists (TPA) for estimates of trees per acre by species, diameter, quality, and site as the starting condition. The
second piece of information required by FIBER is a volume table that contains estimates of volume by species and
diameter. This information is automatically created within the FlexFIBER system each time the user processes a stand in
Flex.
4.6.1
Tree list file (TPA)
Tree list files (TPA) are automatically created and placed in the appropriate folders each time a stand is processed by
Flex. The TPA file is used by FIBER as the basis of growth and yield projections. It is important to remember that
although TPA file may contain trees smaller than 4.5 inches, FIBER will not project the growth of trees smaller than
4.5 inches. These small diameter trees are used primarily for the determination of Ecological Habitat Type, and can also
be used to direct ingrowth. Each time a user selects a stand directory a prompt is given to select a TPA file. An SDS folder
may contain multiple TPA files (not including STP and MTPA files (see 4.8.1 and 4.8.2)). However, this situation should
only be used by advanced users. Tree list files are generated using tree data contained within the inventory data files
referenced by the header file. The TPA file contains trees per acre estimates for each sample unit, formatted according to
FIBER’s specifications. The TPA file structure used by FIBER is not the same as that used by FIBER 3.0. It is
recommended that FIBER 3.0 files be processed by Flex prior to being used by FIBER. However, advanced users may
choose to reformat these old files or create new files by appending different TPA files with a different inventory date, thus
allowing the user to take advantage of FIBER’s delay plot option. The contents of a TPA file may be viewed by using the
appropriate FIBER menu option form or an external program for viewing.
4.6.2 Volume tables
Each time a stand is processed, Flex automatically creates, populates, and places in the appropriate SDS folder several
volume table files required by FIBER. The five expressions of volume that are contained in these tables are based on the
inventory data: (1) total cubic foot volume, (2) merchantable cubic foot volume, (3) pulpwood cubic foot volume, (4)
sawlog boardfoot volume, and (5) total tree height. These tables are viewed by using the appropriate menu option
provided in FIBER or by using external programs. Volume tables are stored as comma delimited ASCII files with
volume/height values by species and diameter class. Advanced users may choose to edit or create their own files,
containing specified volume measures based on their experience and preferences. It is important to remember that
FIBER does not predict volume per se, but rather FIBER predicts diameter growth and computes volumes
according to these tables and associated equations. The total tree height table (file) is only accessed by FIBER when
generating SVS images files.
All volumes and heights are predicted using total tree height as predicted by height equations. When Flex
creates these tables, it will first attempt to use height equations derived from the inventory data. If these height equations
do not meet the user-specified predictive power or do not continually increase with diameter the default equation will be
used. User-specified height equation files or height equations set by species at the compartment level will always take
precedence over the default equations. The user is encouraged to examine the volume and height files prior to
22
projecting growth, to ensure that the proper height and equations were used to construct these files and that the
files do not contain anomalies.
4.7
Management
FIBER 4.5 models management activities using heuristic rules. These rules are defined in three different files:
initiators, treatments, and cutting guides. The initiator defines when management activities may occur. The treatment
defines the results of management activities and the cutting guide defines how those results are achieved. FIBER
implements these rules by first checking each sample unit at each iteration to determine if it has reached the condition
defined in the initiator file currently active. If a sample unit meets the conditions defined in the initiator, FIBER then
references an associated treatment. Each treatment then references a cutting guide. FIBER will then remove trees
according to the priorities assigned in the cutting guide until the conditions specified in the treatment are met or all of the
species specified in the cutting guide have been removed. These heuristic rules allow users to model the implications of
different management alternatives on a large number of sample units quickly and efficiently. These rules are a significant
departure from the selection system formerly used in FIBER 3.0. However, the FIBER 3.0 system of individually
selecting each tree, at each iteration, on each sample can be invoked using a special command line option.
4.7.1
Initiator file
The initiator file is the first of three files used by FIBER to model forest management activities. The initiator file
describes when management can occur in terms of time, site, species composition, and/or minimum/maximum levels of
basal area, trees per acre, board foot volume, cubic foot volume, quadratic mean stand diameter, and/or stocking
according to the A-,B-, or C- line. FIBER will check each plot, at each iteration, to determine if the conditions
specified in the initiator have been met. If met, FIBER will then refers to one or more associated treatments.
Initiator files are stored in the FIB folder and can be accessed by any stand (SDS) folder within the FIB folder. Initiator
files are stored as binary files and may not be altered by programs external to FIBER. Users may view, edit, and define an
initiator file using the menu options provided. Novice users should define one initiator per initiator file each initiator file.
However, each initiator file may contain up to 200 initiators for expanded capabilities to model management regimes for
advanced users.
An initiator is generally named after the conditions it defines that warrant management. The next step is to link, or
associate, the initiator with a particular treatment file (TRT). An initiator must be linked to one or more treatments
before stand manipulations can be modeled. This can be done if a treatment has been defined and its associated file
is currently open. The final step in this process is to write (save) the initiator to a file (initiator file). If the user does not
write the initiator file they will not be able to access it in the future. In practice, the initiator file name is similar to that
of the initiator itself; however, the length of the file name is limited by whatever operating system the user is using.
4.7.2 Treatments (TRT)
The treatment file (TRT) is the second of the three files used by FIBER to model management activities. Treatment
files store one or more treatments that describe the desired resulting stand condition in terms of site, species composition,
and/or minimum/maximum levels of basal are, trees per acre, board foot volume, or cubic foot volume to be retained or
removed, resulting quadratic mean stand diameter, and/or stocking according to the A, B, or C line. Each treatment is
associated with one or more initiators. Once the conditions specified in an initiator have been met, FlexFIBER
references any associated treatment. FlexFIBER will attempt to reach the condition, defined in the treatment,
using a cutting guide. Treatments are stored in treatment files in the FIB folder and as such can be accessed for use with
any stand (SDS folder) within the FIB folder. Treatment files are stored as binary files and may not be altered by
programs external to FIBER. Users may view, edit, and define a treatment using the menu options provided. Each
treatment file may contain multiple treatments each defining a different resulting condition. Beginners, however, should
not attempt to do this until they are completely familiar with the program. It is recommended that beginning users have
one treatment per treatment file. Advanced users will find this option to be a powerful tool that provides them with the
capability to model complete management regimes. When more than one treatment is contained within a treatment
file, FIBER will implement the treatment that has the greatest impact on basal area. Each treatment file may contain
up to 200 treatments and there may be up to 200 treatment files.
23
When defining a treatment, the user is prompted to assign a name. Generally, the name should reflect the resulting
conditions that it defines. The user is then prompted to define the desired resulting conditions of management. The next
step is to link the treatment with a particular initiator. A treatment must be linked to one or more initiators before
stand manipulations can be modeled. This can be done if an initiator has already been defined and its associated
file is currently open. Once the desired resulting stand condition has been defined, the user must then define how that
condition will be achieved (cutting guide) (see below). A cutting guide must be specified before stand manipulations
can be modeled. The final step in this process is to write (save) the treatment to a treatment file. If the user does not
write the treatment file, they will not be able to access it in the future. In practice, the treatment file name is similar to
that of the treatment itself; however, the length of the file name is limited by whatever operating system the user is using.
4.7.3
Cutting guide (cutting)
Cutting guides (cutting) are the final files used by FIBER to model management activities. Each cutting guide is
directly associated with, and named after, a treatment. Cutting guides are accessed through the menu option provided in
the treatment menu and describe how the desired stand condition is achieved. How is a prioritized list of tree removal or
retention specified according to minimum or maximum levels of basal area to be removed/ retained. How trees are
removed (removal type) is specified as either nonremoval (leave), larger trees first (from above), smallest trees first (from
below), or equally (uniform) across the diameter range. Trees are specified by species or species group, quality (AGS,
UGS, or AGS and UGS), and diameter range. Priorities (1-999) are assigned in numerical order (1 being the highest). The
user defines what is to be cut first and what is to be cut last. The user also has the option to delay ingrowth for a given
number of years in cutting guides. Cutting guides are stored as binary files in the FIB folder and are accessed whenever
the user selects the associated treatment. There can only be one cutting guide associated with each treatment. There
must be a cutting guide defined for each treatment before stand manipulations can be modeled.
When defining a cutting guide, the user is first prompted to assign a sequence number. Each cutting guide may have
up to 900 sequences. A sequence is used to represent a class of harvesting activities. The user may choose to have all the
activities associated with removing poor quality stems (UGS) in one sequence while operations associated with removing
financially mature trees could be in another sequence. FlexFIBER implements sequences in numerical order (lowest to
highest). Although the user may define multiple sequences, it is recommended that beginners only use one. Once the user
has assigned a sequence number they are then prompt to define an entry. Each sequence may have up to 900 entries.
Entries describe the removal of a particular species or species group, of a particular quality, within a given diameter range,
in a given order, with or without minimum and maximum removal/residuals. The first step in defining an entry is to assign
it a sequence. Entries are implemented in numerical order as determined by their assigned sub-sequence. After
defining the entry’s priority sequence, the user then defines the species or species group to be removed, its quality,
diameter range, removal type, and minimum or maximum amount of basal area to remove or retain. The user may also
choose to delay the ingrowth of this species or species group as a function of the entry’s implementation. Once the user
has defined an entry, they have the option to define more entries, sequences, or return to the treatment menu. It is
important to remember that Flex FIBER will only remove those tree specified in the cutting guide. It is recommend
that the last entry in the last sequence be a removal of “all species,” AGS and UGS, across all diameters.
4.8
FIBER Output
In FlexFIBER 9.0 the user may request a simulated trees per acre file for each iteration in two different forms by
sample unit (STPA) and stand average (MTPA), a detailed report of growth, mortality, ingrowth, and harvest by species
(general report), three different, spreadsheet-ready, growth summary reports (Stocking, Annual Growth, and Periodic
Growth), SVS images at each iteration, and diversity index calculation files. Simulated trees per acre files contain
projected per acre estimates by species, diameter, and quality for each iteration. This file has the same format as the TPA
file used by FIBER and can be simulated again under different management scenarios by FIBER or processed as an
inventory by Flex. The general report is formatted so that it can be viewed by any standard word-processing program.
This informative report contains detailed information on growth, mortality, ingrowth, and harvest by species for the stand
as a whole, as well as summary information for each sample unit. Stocking reports contain summary information related
to density management diagrams and stocking charts. Annual and period growth reports contain summary statistics related
to stand growth, mortality, ingrowth, and harvests for each iteration on a per acre per year/period basis. SVS and diversity
24
output contain all the information required by their respective programs to visually represent the stand or calculate
diversity indices. All of these files may be viewed using menu options provided by FlexFIBER.
4.8.1 Simulated trees per acre on a sample unit basis (STPA)
Simulated trees per acre on a sample unit basis (STPA) files can be created by the user using the appropriate menu
options. These files contain future tree distributions as predicted by FIBER for each sample unit. All STPA files have the
STPA file extension and have “_(date)” (date = future date, i.e., 2025) added to the stand name (stand name is identical to
header file name). The format of these files is identical to that of the TPA file used to create them and as such they can be
used like a TPA file. Advanced users may choose to reprocess these files in Flex to produce output files.
4.8.2 Simulated trees per acre for stand average (MTPA)
A simulated trees per acre for the stand average (MTPA) file can be created by the user using the appropriate menu
option. These files contain future tree distribution as predicted by FIBER representing the average acre of a stand’s plots.
All MTPA files have the MTPA extension and also have “_(date)” added to the stand name. The format of these files is
identical to that of the TPA used to create them. However, an MTPA file will have one sample unit. The tree distribution
of this sample unit will be based on the stand average tree distribution of all sample units combined. Advanced users will
find these files useful for assessing the loss of variance due to data aggregation.
4.8.3 General report
The general report is automatically created each time the user projects a stand and is found in the SDS folder. This is
formatted using ASCII text and can be viewed using the menu option provided or any standard word-processing program.
The default mode of the general report contains stand summary based on the stand averages for each iteration that include
current vegetative cover type, weighted mean elevation, weighted mean site index, top three species (in terms of basal
area), percentage hardwood and softwood (by basal area and volume), total cubic foot volume, quadratic mean stand
diameter, 1-inch and 2-inch q-value, trees per acre, current basal area, and A-line, B-line, and C-line position. This report
also includes period mortality (volume and present dollar value) by species (based on stand average) and a sub-sequenceby-sub-sequence summary of cutting guide implementations for each sample unit. Dollar values will be presented in this
report if the user defines species and product values in Flex. These values will be discounted if the user has entered a
discount rate in FIBER. Using the appropriate menu options, additional information available in the general text report
includes species by diameter summaries of trees per acre, volume, and value of the initial trees, ingrowth trees, and
mortality trees. When all of these outputs options are turned on, the general report can become quite large. That is why the
file is replaced each time the stand is projected.
4.8.4
Stocking report (STK)
Stocking reports can be created upon user request and are stored in the STK folder within an SDS folder as commadelimited files. Stocking reports may be viewed using the menu options provided or standard spreadsheet or text editors.
This report is generally named after the TPA file used to create it and may be overwritten or appended each time the stand
is projected. Stocking reports contain information related to density management diagrams, Northeast stocking charts, and
other measures of stand stocking. This information includes forest cover type; percentage hardwood (basal area basis);
live, merchantable, and log values in trees per acre; basal area; quadratic mean stand diameter; cubic foot volume per tree;
A-line, B-line, and C-line basal area; softwood B-line; hardwood B-line; weighted mean B-line; and weighted A-line
percentage. Values reported in this table are projected and occur at the beginning of each iteration and following each
harvest for the average acre of the stand.
4.8.5
Annual growth (PAI)
The annual growth report (PAI) is created upon user request each time a stand is projected. Once created, the user has
the option to overwrite or append the file each time the stand is processed. The report is generally named after the TPA
used to create it. The user may choose to assign this file some other name. The annual growth report is stored in the PAI
folder within the SDS folder as a comma-delimited file and may be viewed using the menu options provided or any
25
standard spreadsheet or text editor. The annual growth report contains information related to stand growth including gross
growth of initial volume; gross growth including ingrowth; net growth of initial volume; net growth including ingrowth;
and net increase on a basal area, cubic-foot volume, or dollar-value basis for total, softwood, and hardwood, sawtimber
and pulp. Dollar values will only be reported if the user has entered species and product values in Flex. All growth
statistics are calculated over one iteration (five years) and are reported on an annual basis. This report also contains all of
the information required to calculate these same growth statistics. This information is reported as the average of the
beginning and ending of the period inventories (mid-point of the period) on the average acre in the stand on a per acres
basis.
4.8.6
Period growth (CPI)
The period growth report (CPI) is created upon user request each time a stand is projected and may be over- written or
appended each time the stand is processed. The report is generally named after the TPA used to create it and is stored in
the CPI folder within the SDS folder as a comma-delimited file. This file may be viewed using the menu option provided
or any standard spreadsheet or text editor. Information includes gross growth of initial volume; gross growth including
ingrowth; net growth of initial volume; net growth including ingrowth; and net increase on a basal area, cubic-foot
volume, or dollar-value basis for total, softwood, and hardwood, sawtimber, and pulp. Dollar values will only be reported
if the user has entered species and product value in Flex. All growth statistics are calculated over one iteration (five years)
and are reported for that iteration. This report also contains all of the information required to calculate these same growth
statistics. This information is reported as the average of beginning and ending of the period inventories (mid-point of the
period) on the average acre in the stand on a per acre basis.
4.8.7
Stand visualization system images (SVS)
SVS images can be created upon user request for each iteration of the stand projection. These files are stored in the
SVS folder within the SDS folder and may be viewed using the menu options provided. SVS images are named after the
TPA file used to create them with “_(date)” added to the name to identify the date and stand conditions at the beginning of
an iteration (before growth or harvest) that the image represents. These files are identical to those created in Flex and will
be overwritten each time the stand is projected.
4.8.8 Diversity calculations (DIV)
Diversity index calculation files can be created for each iteration of stand projection. These files are stored in the DIV
folder within the SDS folder and may be viewed using the menu options provided and are overwritten each time the stand
is projected.
5
GETTING STARTED
The Getting Started section is structured to give first time users of FlexFIBER knowledge of the basic options
available. Information covered in this section includes starting FlexFIBER, creating the necessary data organization files
(management unit and compartment), entering field data, creating a header file, editing default parameters (species
product information), designing and viewing output reports, projecting growth with FIBER, and defining management
action (initiators, treatment, and cutting guides). Expanded or alternative options not covered are available upon request.
This section is organized into two columns, with the left-hand column containing screen output and the right-hand
side containing a brief narrative that describes the menu and actions that appear in the left-hand column. It is important to
note that the left column screen output contained in the sections below assumes that the user is running the FlexFIBER 9
released 9/12/2000 for the first time. If the user is running an earlier release date or has used the program before, the
screen output may be slightly different. Within this column there will also be a series of italicized comments that inform
the user of recommended procedures, critical processes, and other information. Bold information in the left-hand column
should be entered for execution to proceed through the guide. Comments contained within a shaded background describe
the computer processes that will automatically occur.
Occasionally while working through this section, the user may find him/herself making an inappropriate menu
selection. Provided the selection prompt does not contain a default selection (<0>), enclosed in brackets, the user may
26
return to the previous menu by pressing the Enter key without making a menu selection. Pressing the Enter key when the
selection prompt contains a value other than “0” will automatically select that menu option and the program will proceed
to the next menu. If a default selection is present and the user wishes to return to the previous menu they may simply type
the word “Back” and the program will usually return to the previous menu. If the user is lost or unable to exit a menu
screen, they may type the word “Exit” and the program will terminate.
27
Starting FlexFIBER
************************************************************************
**
Resource Information Management & Spatial Analysis Laboratory
**
**
and
**
**
Forestry Alumni: Forest Management And Planing Laboratory
**
**
-----------**
** Department of Forest Management University of Maine Orono, Me. **
**
-----------**
**
Forest Inventory and Modeling Project
**
**
-----------**
**
By
**
**
Dr. Thomas B. Brann
**
**
---**
**
Dr. Dale S. Solomon
**
**
**
**
-----------**
**
For further information contact Dr. Thomas B. Brann
**
**
University of Maine
**
**
Orono, Maine, U.S.A.
**
**
04469-5755
**
**
(207) - 581 - 2836 (NO Voice Mail)
**
**
E-Mail: TomBrann@Maine.edu
**
**
E-Mail: Dale.Solomon@Maine.edu
**
**
FlexFIBER Version 9 Compile No: 1 Date: 9/12/2000 COPYRIGHT
**
************************************************************************
FlexInv Master Menu
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 EXIT The Program
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
___________________________________________
The user may choose to create a
shortcut to FlexFIBER on the Desktop.
See operating system manual for
instructions or section 3.1.
The first screen is the FlexFIBER
introduction screen (left). This section
identifies the points of contact and
version of the program.
FlexFIBER is continually beginning
improved. (Contact program
developers for up dates.)
Select/Define Management Units
When using FlexFIBER first, select or
define a management unit (see section
4.1.1); option 1 from the introduction
screen (left).
If management units have been defined
in the past, the user may select a unit
by choosing the appropriate menu
option. If no units exist or to establish a
new unit, select option 1 (left).
You have access to the following Management Units.
1 Add a management unit.
Selection = < 0 > ?
Once the FlexFIBER folder has been
installed from the CD to the local drive
(usually C), the user may initiate
FlexFIBER by double clicking on
FlexFIBER9.exe; located in the Winsvs
folder.
1
Enter the "Full path name" to the Management Unit to be Added
Path: ?
c:\GetStart
That Management Unit "c:\GetStart" is not in the database.
Would you like to ADD it now{ enter "yes" or "no" } < yes > ?
Enter A Management Unit Name (40 characters)
Name: ?
Getting Started with FlexFIBER
Enter A Management Unit Name abbreviation (20 characters)
<Getting Started with> ? Getting Started
Management unit set to "Getting Started".
“Enter”
When defining a new unit, give the full
DOS path to the unit. This unit will be
added to the database by selecting yes
when prompted. The user must then
give the unit a name and abbreviation
(left), which will appear on output
tables.
When defining DOS path, the unit’s
name should be eight characters or
fewer, with no spaces. The unit name
should be easily recognized by the user.
28
_________________________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 Select or Change The Compartment.
3 EXIT The Program .
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
___________________________________________
List of Compartments in Unit "Getting Started with"
1 Add A Compartment directory.
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
Enter A New Compartment Name (8 characters or less.) ?
Comp1
Selecting/Defining Compartments
Once the user has selected a
management unit, options allow for the
selection of a different management
unit (1) or select/define a compartment
(2) (left).
If compartments (see section 4.1.2)
have been previously defined, the user
may choose that compartment using the
appropriate menu option. If no
compartment has been defined, to
establish a new compartment select
option 1 (left). When defining a new
compartment the user is prompt to
enter a name.
Compartment names should be eight
characters or fewer, with no spaces.
Compartment names should be
recognizable to the user.
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
Discrete variable database management.
Field data
Change Table Definitions.
{
} Process a Stand:
Obtain total tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
Obtain merchantable tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
Adjust for cull estimates {FIBER volumes reduced for CULL}.
Options
Print / Edit Report Files.
Run FIBER
{
} Process a Simulated fiber tree list:
Setup Spectrum Interface
Setup Fiber Batch Files
EXIT The Program .
Selection = < 0 > ? 15
___________________________________________
After a compartment has been selected
or its name assigned, Flex will
automatically read or create the
required control and binary files.
FlexInv Master Menu
Once the user has created and selected
a path to a new compartment, the
FlexInv Master Menu will appear.
From this menu the user has the option
to change management unit (1),
compartment (2), define inventory
definition (3), diameter class species
information (4), information (5), edit
discrete variables (6), edit field data
(7), output table definitions (8), process
an inventory (9), define height controls
(10 and 11), adjust FIBER volume
table information (12), view output
(13), edit option (14), use FIBER (15),
process a FIBER tree list (16), define
batch files (17 and 18), or exit the
program (19).
29
___________________________________________
Field Data File
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with" ,Compartment=>"comp1"
To enter field data (see section 4.3.2),
select option 7 from the FlexInv Master
Menu (left).
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 Select or Change The Compartment.
3 Inventory definitions
4 Species list information editor:
5 Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
6 Discrete variable database management.
7 Field data
8 Change Table Definitions.
(ETC)
Selection = < 0 > ? 7
____________________________________________________________________________
Select an Inventory field data file (.txt).
1 Enter a NEW File Name.
Selection = < 0 > ?
1
Enter the new file name. ?
Stand1
Flex will automatically start the preferred text editor once a data file has been
selected or named. The user then enters inventory information using spaces,
commas, or tabs to separate individual tree data. Each tree should be entered as a
separate line. Sample units are identified and separated by “!Point“ (or “!Plot“,
etc. see FlexInv manual for information). Following “!Point “ the user enters a
space followed by # space and any comment desired. The # symbol is a reserved
symbol in Flex and is used to identify comments (see Section 4.3.2). Once all of the
data have been entered and saved the user then closes the text editor. The computer
will automatically return to Flex.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Select an Inventory field data file (.txt).
If field data have previously been
entered, the user may choose to edit the
file by selecting the appropriate menu
option. To enter a new inventory data
file, select option 1 (left) and assign the
file a name (Stand1) (left).
Inventory data file names are restricted
to eight characters. Avoid using spaces
and “_”. File names should help the
user identify the data.
If a text editor is not automatically
opened, it is because an editor has not
be defined. See “Defining Report
Editor”.
Inventory data files may be created
external to FlexFIBER.
Once data have been entered and saved,
the user can make a new file, edit a file,
or return to the Master Menu by
selecting the appropriate menu option
(default will return to FlexInv Master
Menu).
See Appendix for sample field data.
1 Enter a NEW File Name.
2 Stand1
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
__________________________________________
30
_________________________________________________________________________
Inventory Definition File
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 Select or Change The Compartment.
3 Inventory definitions
4 Species list information editor:
5 Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
6 Discrete variable database management.
7 Field data
8 Change Table Definitions.
9 {
} Process a Stand:
10 Obtain total tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
11 Obtain merchantable tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
12 Adjust for cull estimates {FIBER volumes reduced for CULL}.
13 Options
14 Print / Edit Report Files.
15 Run FIBER
16 {
} Process a Simulated fiber tree list:
17 Setup Spectrum Interface
18 Setup Fiber Batch Files
19 EXIT The Program .
Inventory definition files or headers
(see section 4.3.1) are used to describe
stands or any other aggregation of
forest inventory data (stored in
inventory data file). To create an
inventory definition (HDR) file select
option 3 from the FlexInv Master Menu
(left).
Selection = < 0 > ? 3
____________________________________________________________
If an inventory definition file has been
previously created, the user may
choose to edit using the appropriate
menu options (2) (left). If no inventory
definition file exists or the user wishes
to create a new file, then select option 1
(left).
Selection = < 0> 1
_______________________________________________________________
If a previously defined file (option 2)
has been selected, Flex will
automatically open the file. The user is
allowed to edit and save the file. When
this preferred editor is closed, the
computer will automatically return to
Flex.
__________________________________________________________
When creating a new file, the user is
prompted to assign the stand file a
name (left). This name will be used
whenever the user wishes to process
information.
Select an Inventory definition file (.hdr or .std).
1 Enter a NEW File Name.
2 Demo
Enter the new file name. ?
Stand1
__________________________________________________________
Stand Name<
> ?
Once the inventory definition file name
has been assigned (“Stand1” left) the
user is prompted for a stand name and
an abbreviation of the stand name that
the header file represents (left).
Bob’s Stand
___________________________________________________________
Stand name abbreviation< Bob’s Stand > ?
Bob
_____________________________________________________________________
31
_____________________________________________________________________
Table Heading Line 1,(Optional)< > ? Learning to use Flex
_____________________________________________________________________
Table Heading Line 2,(Optional)<
> ?
For the First Time
Note: The above line may be left blank, but is best to identify.
_______________________________________________________________
Year of data collection {Required}(19xx-20xx) <
___________________________________________
Select a portion of the year
1 January
2 February
3 March
4 April
5 May
6 June
7 July
8 August
9 September
10 October
11 November
12 December
13 Before Growth
14 While Growing
15 After Growth
16 Use year as the only date.
Selection = <
16
0 > ?
2000
> ?
Note: Pressing the Enter key automatically selects the default value (above)
_________________________________________
Stand area {Non-zero required} < 0.00 Acres > ?
1
Once the year has been define (left),
the user is prompted to define the
portion of the year in which the
inventory was conducted (left). The
default is to use year only option 16.
The user is prompted to define the size
of the stand (left). This value will be
used as the blow up factor for all per
stand area estimates.
20
__________________________________________
Sampling design
1 Random
2 Systematic
3 Total enumeration
4 Random prim. w/systematic sec. "clusters"
5 Double sampling with regression (points)
Selection = <
Once the user has named the stand,
he/she is prompted to define two
optional table lines (left). These lines
will appear in the heading of all Tables
produced by Flex using the header file.
The user should select the appropriate
sample design that identifies the
statistical procedures used. Default is a
random design, (option 1 left).
> ?
___________________________________________
Sample units
1 Fixed area plots
2 Horizontal points
3 Horizontal line segments
4 Linear strips
Selection = < 1 > ? 2
___________________________________________
Once sample design has been assigned,
the user selects the type of sample unit
that determines how individual tree
data will be expanded. The default
value is fixed area plots (option 1)
(left).
Note: Enter values other than the default by using the appropriate value (above).
32
___________________________________________
The following section will vary with
sample unit type.
Select a variable plot expansion factor
1 Basal Area Factor
2 Plot Radius Factor
3 Limiting Distance pairs (LD dbh)
4 Diameter Factor
Selection = < 0 > ?
1
Basal Area Factor {Square Feet/acre/tree} ?
___________________________________________
10
Diameter measurement device
1 Diameter tape
| These are field determined dbh|
2 Biltmore stick | values. Use () to average,
|
3 Calipers
| [] for quadratic mean, and, |
4 Optical calipers| {} for the geometric mean.
|
5 Tree circumference
6 Yard stick as a Biltmore with a known reach.
7 Calibrate a yardstick Biltmore for reach (ys dd).
Selection = < 1 > ?
___________________________________________
{Diameter measurement units} Distance Conversion Factors
1 Temporary Change of Base Units.
2
1.000000 feet (ft)
= 1.0 ft
3
12.000000 Inches (in)
= 1.0 ft
4
0.060606 Rods (rod)
= 1.0 ft
5
0.015152 Chains (ch)
= 1.0 ft
6
0.000189 Miles (mi)
= 1.0 ft
7
30.479999 Centimeters (cm) = 1.0 ft
8
0.304800 Meters (m)
= 1.0 ft
9
0.000305 Kilometers (km)
= 1.0 ft
10
0.061538 Logs (logs)
= 1.0 ft
Selection = <
3
>
Once a sample unit type has been
selected, the user defines an expansion
factor related to that sample unit type.
For point samples, the type of
expansion factor and its size are
defined (left).
The user is prompted to define how tree
diameters were measured. The default
measurement device is a diameter tape
(option 1) (left). If two dbh
measurements are taken, the user may
enter both values in the field data file,
and Flex will calculate an average dbh
if the value are enclosed in (), a
quadratric mean when enclosed in [],
and a geometric mean when enclosed
in {}.
The units used to measure diameter
need to be defined. The default
measurement units for diameter are
inches (option 3) (left). If some other
unit of measure was used to gather field
data, the user should select the
appropriate option.
___________________________________________
Height measurement technique
1 Height determined in the field.
2 Altimeter
|Instrument Base distance required. |
3 Clinometer
| Note: With the percent scale the |
4 Hega Altimeter | base distance is 1.0 or 100, for |
5 Blume Leiss
| topographic scale use 66 feet.
|
6 Reference pole (The Pole length required.)
7 Yard stick hypsometer with known reach (Merritt hypsomiter).
8 Calibrate a yardstick Merritt hypsomiter for reach (ys dd hh)
Next, the means of measuring height
and units must be defined. The default
height measurement technique is
determined in the field (option 1) (left).
Selection = < 1 > ?
___________________________________________
The following section will vary by height measurement technique. Option 1 is the
only technique that requires no further data such as pole length (option 6), or base
distance (option 2). It is important to note that option 1 should be used whenever
tree height (merchantable or total) is entered directly in the field data file. Other
options should be selected when tree height is to be calculated from field
measurements.
33
{Height measurement units} Distance
________________________________________________________
Conversion Factors
1 Temporary Change of Base Units.
2
1.000000 feet (ft)
=
3
12.000000 Inches (in)
=
4
0.060606 Rods (rod)
=
5
0.015152 Chains (ch)
=
6
0.000189 Miles (mi)
=
7
30.479999 Centimeters (cm) =
8
0.304800 Meters (m)
=
9
0.000305 Kilometers (km)
=
10
0.061538 Logs (logs)
=
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
Selection = < 2 > ?
____________________________________________________________________
The following section will be the same for all header files.
________________________________________________
Format construction: select the next field
1 Forward up the list
2 Skip 1 field
3 End of line
4 Sample unit name
5 Growing stock
6 FIBER Habitat
7 Crown Class
8 Sample unit name
9 Tree Grade
10 Species
11 Area Represented
12 Number of Trees
13 DBH 4.5 feet
14 dbh 1.3 meters
15 Total Tree Height
16 Merch. Tree Height
17 Limiting distance
18 Sawlog Length
19 Pulp Length
20 Stump Height
21 Stump DIB
22 Live Crown Ratio
23 Crown Radius
Selection = < 0 > ? 10
__________________________________________
Numeric value will change each time a format statement is selected. Note the
change in the numeric vale for Number of Trees from “12” (above) to “10” (below)
when Species (option 10) was selected (above).
Format construction: select the next field
1 Forward up the list
2 Skip 1 field
3 End of line
4 Growing stock
5 FIBER Habitat
6 Crown Class
7 Sample unit name
8 Tree Grade
9 Area Represented
10 Number of Trees
11 DBH 4.5 feet
12 dbh 1.3 meters
(Etc.)
Selection = <
Units used to measure height must be
defined. The default unit is feet (option
2) (left). If tree heights were measured
in meters, select option 8.
Next define the format or order in
which data will appear in the field data
file.
This is one of the most important steps
when defining a header file (HDR). The
sequence in which options are selected
from this screen must be identical to
the sequence of individual tree data
found in the associated data file
(DATA).
When defining the format statement in
the header file, Flex provides the user
with a menu screen containing the
possible forms of input data (left). Due
to the large number of possible inputs
(see Appendix A) and limited screen
size, this menu is contained on multiple
screens. To view input options
contained on other screens the user
should select option 1.
Each time a menu option is selected,
Flex updates the menu to reflect that an
option has been chosen. This causes the
numeric value assigned to each option
to change. The user continues to select
the appropriate menu options until all
of the input data contained in the field
data file has been defined. Once all of
the input data have been defined, press
Enter to proceed to the next screen
(left).
0 > ?
34
There are a number of commands that control the processing of a field data
file. One command allows the user to direct the input data processor to
obtain the information, normally found in the field data .hdr file, from
another file found in the same stand-data directory. Up to three
redirections may be chained together. If a "?" is entered as the file in a
redirection statement, FlexInv will ask the user for the file name at run
time. The remaining optional commands control the construction of height
equations during execution and override any instructions given from the
keyboard.
If you use these special commands, be careful, there are no second
chances.
Continue ? Exit < Continue > ?
___________________________________________
Misc. commands
1 Attach an Inventory field data file (xxx.txt)
2 Attach a Fiber (xxx.tpa) file
3 Insert:"Clear all height prediction equations."
4 Insert:"Load height coefficients from a file."
5 Insert:"Save height coefficients to a file."
6 Insert:"Load height SUMS-OF-SQUARES DATA from a file."
7 Insert:"Save height SUMS-OF-SQUARES DATA to a file."
8 Insert:"Add SUMS-OF-SQUARES in a file to those in memory."
9 Insert:"Subtract SUMS-OF-SQUARES in a file from those in memory.
10 Insert:"ADD SUMS-OF-SQUARES from the field data to those in memory.
11 Insert:"DO NOT add SUMS-OF-SQUARES from the field data to memory."
12 Edit this Inventory Definition file
13 Return to the Master Menu
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
___________________________________________
Attach an Inventory Field data file:
1
2
3
4
Use the keyboard to enter a file name!
Select from existing files.
Create a file.
Cancel option request.
Selection = < 1 > ? 2
___________________________________________
Attach an Inventory Field data file:
1 Stand1
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
___________________________________________
Once the format statement has been
defined, Flex will display a warning
message explaining some data options
available to the user (left). The default
reply to this screen is to Continue.
The last step in defining a header file is
to define miscellaneous commands.
Options 3-11 are consider advanced
options and are used to create height
equations (see section 4.1.4) from two
different field data files. Option 12
allows the header file to be edited.
Options 1 and 2 allow the user to attach
data files (left).
When attaching a field data file (option
1) (left), the user has the option to use
the keyboard to define the full path to
the data file (1), select from existing
files (2), or to create a field data file (3)
(left). If field data files have been
created previously, the user should
select option 2, otherwise use option 3
to create a new field data file.
When selecting previously defined data
files, Flex will display a list of all of
the data files contained in the STD
folder (left). Flex will then prompt the
user to attach additional file(s) (left).
When the user has attached all of the
files desired, use the Enter key to
finish defining the header and return to
the FlexInv Master Menu (left).
ANOTHER ? Attach an Inventory Field data file:
See Appendix for sample header files
1 Stand1
Selection = <
0 > ?
_________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 Select or Change The Compartment.
3 Inventory definitions
(Etc.)
35
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
Species Product Information
Forest inventory data may include
merchantable tree volume or value
estimates that will vary by species and
product. To define species information
in Flex, select option 4 from the
FlexInv Master Menu (left).
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Selection = < 0 > ? 4
___________________________________________
Select a species.
1 Forward up the list
2 All Species
3 Softwood
4 Hardwood
5 balsam fir
6 red spruce
7 black spruce
8 white spruce
9 hemlock
10 cedar
11 white pine
12 tamarack
13 sugar maple
14 red maple
15 yellow birch
16 paper birch
17 American beech
18 white ash
19 aspen
20 red oak
21 other hardwood
22 oak
23 spruce
Flex has over 200 predefined species
and cannot display the full list so the
user must select option 1 (Forward up
the list) to scroll through the species
supported. The first seventeen species
are supported by FIBER (option 5-21)
and were used in its construction. To
edit species information, the user
should select the appropriate menu
option for that species (6 left).
Selection = < 0 > ? 6
___________________________________________
Select item to edit.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Name:
" red spruce "
Alpha. code:
" RS "
Numeric code: " 97 "
USFS FIA code: " 097 "
Species group: " Softwood "
FIBER species: " red spruce "
Default GFC:
" 78 "
Stump height: " 0.5 feet. "
Cubic ft./Ecd: " 85 "
Int 1/4 DIB: (All ) 0.0 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Doyle DIB:
(Soft) 6.5 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Scribner DIB:(Soft) 6.5 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Pulp DIB:
(RS ) 4.0 in. dbh:(RS ) 5.0 to
"Total height" red spruce : "Y =
0.0000 +
"Merch. height" red spruce : "Y =
0.0000 +
Volume equations.
Edit volume equation links
(All ) 41.5 @
(All ) 41.5 @
(All ) 41.5 @
(All ) 41.5 @
0.0000/(dbh)"
0.0000/(dbh)"
0.00/mbf
0.00/mbf
0.00/mbf
0.00/Ecd
Selecting a species will automatically
display the species Select to Edit Menu
(left). This menu contains species code
information (option 1-6), form class
(7), merchantability limits, value, and
price appreciation rate for sawlogs by
log rule (10 and 12), merchantability
limits, value, and price appreciation
rate for pulpwood (13), stump height
(8), cubic-feet per Eastern standard
cord (9), and height and volume
equation information (14, 15, 16, and
17). All of this information is used to
identify and calculate the volume and
value for the species. The user may use
predefined defaults or edit these values.
To define the pulpwood product
specifications the user should select
option 13 (left).
Selection = < 0 > ? 13
_______________________________________________________
Note: Merchantablility limits need not be the same for Int., Doyle, and Scribner log
rules. Codes enclosed in ( ) next to each merchantability limit describe the species
or species group to which these limits apply.
36
The following section is the same
process when defining pulpwood or
sawtimber (Int., Doyle, and Scribner)
product specifications.
___________________________________
Select item to edit.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Name:
" red spruce "
Alpha. code:
" RS "
Numeric code: " 97 "
USFS FIA code: " 097 "
Species group: " Softwood "
FIBER species: " red spruce "
Default GFC:
" 78 "
Stump height: " 0.5 feet. "
Cubic ft./Ecd: " 85 "
Int 1/4 DIB: (All ) 0.0 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Doyle DIB:
(Soft) 6.5 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Scribner DIB:(Soft) 6.5 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Pulp DIB:
(RS ) 4.0 in. dbh:(RS ) 5.0 to
"Total height" red spruce : "Y =
0.0000 +
"Merch. height" red spruce : "Y =
0.0000 +
Volume equations.
Edit volume equation links.
(All ) 41.5 @
(All ) 41.5 @
(All ) 41.5 @
(All ) 41.5 @
0.0000/(dbh)"
0.0000/(dbh)"
0.00/mbf
0.00/mbf
0.00/mbf
0.00/Ecd
Selection = < 0 > ? 13
___________________________________________
Select item to edit.
1
Minimum DIB
2
Minimum dbh
3
Maximum dbh
4
Value
5 Annual Appreciation Rate
4.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
To define the value per eastern
standard cord select option 4 (left) and
enter the dollar value (90 left). Once a
value has been entered, Flex will return
to the previous menu. Other options
may be edited or press Enter (left) to
return to the species information menu.
inches
inches
inches
/Ecd
percent
Selection = < 0 > ? 4
____________________________________________
Enter the new sawlog price( per Ecd )<0.00 US Dollars >?
___________________________________________
Select item to edit.
1
2
3
4
5 Annual
Minimum DIB
4.00
Minimum dbh
5.00
Maximum dbh
0.00
Value 100.00
Appreciation Rate
90
inches
inches
inches
/Ecd
0.00 percent
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Select item to edit.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Name:
" red spruce "
Alpha. code:
" RS "
Numeric code: " 97 "
USFS FIA code: " 097 "
Species group: " Softwood "
FIBER species: " red spruce "
Default GFC:
" 78 "
Stump height: " 0.5 feet. "
Cubic ft./Ecd: " 85 "
Int 1/4 DIB: (All ) 0.0 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Doyle DIB:
(Soft) 6.5 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Scribner DIB:(Soft) 6.5 in. dbh:(All ) 0.0 to
Pulp DIB:
(RS ) 4.0 in. dbh:(RS ) 5.0 to
"Total height" red spruce : "Y =
0.0000 +
"Merch. height" red spruce : "Y = 0.0000 +
Volume equations.
Edit volume equation links.
Selection = < 0 > ?
______________________________
When defining pulpwood product
specifications, the user is prompted to
define the minimum top (small end)
diameter inside bark (1), minimum
diameter at breast height (2), and
maximum diameter at breast height (3)
for merchantable trees of that species
(left). The user may also define the
value per cord (3) and the expected
price appreciation rate (4) (left).
(All ) 41.5 @ 0.00/mbf
(All ) 41.5 @ 0.00/mbf
(All ) 41.5 @ 0.00/mbf
(All ) 41.5 @ 100.00/Ecd
0.0000/(dbh)"
0.0000/(dbh)"
Press Enter to return to the species list
menu and edit other species or press
Enter again to return to the FIBER
Main menu.
Note: Product specificatiosn apply to
all stands within a compartment. When
referencing species and product
specifications, Flex first checks the
species itself, then the species group
(softwood or hardwood), and finally
the “All” species. If the species
specification, differ from those of the
species group, the species
specification, will be used. If the
species and species group are the
same, Flex then compares the group to
the “All” species category. If the
groups are different, the group
specification will be used, otherwise
the “All” category is used. The user
may take advantage of this structure
and minimize the amount of time spent
specifying products.
37
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
Discrete variable database management.
Field data
Selection = < 0 > ? 5
___________________________________________
Definitions for "Number of Trees".
1 Report heading => "Number of Trees"
2 Default units for reports => Count
3 English base. Diameters measured at 4.5 feet.
4 Diameter class size => 1.000 Inches
5 Round borderline tree diameters UP.
6 Use measured diameter.
7 Minimum diameter class lower limit => 0.50 Inches
8 Place trees smaller than 0.5 in the 1.000 diameter class.
9 Maximum diameter class upper limit => 40.50 Inches
10 Place trees larger than 40.5 in the 40.000 diameter class.
Selection = < 0 > ?
4
Note: Options 8 and 10 act as on/off switches, allowing the user to either sum trees
larger (smaller) than the maximum (minimum) diameter class into the maximum
(minimum) diameter class, or to ignore (not sum their volume, value, or count) those
trees altogether.
___________________________________________
{Select diameter class units} Distance Conversion Factors
1 Temporary Change of Base Units.
2
1.000000 feet (ft)
=
3
12.000000 Inches (in)
=
4
0.060606 Rods (rod)
=
5
0.015152 Chains (ch)
=
6
0.000189 Miles (mi)
=
7
30.479999 Centimeters (cm) =
8
0.304800 Meters (m)
=
9
0.000305 Kilometers (km)
=
10
0.061538 Logs (logs)
=
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
Diameter Classes
Summary statistics for forest inventory
data are often presented by diameter
class. The range and size of the
diameter class will alter the tabular
output data. To define diameter class
information in Flex, the user should
select option 5— Trees/Acre—from
the FlexInv Master Menu (left).
Flex will display the Diameter Class
Definition Menu (left). The output
column heading for Trees/?? (1), the
default output units (2), the diameter
class basis (English or Metric) (3),
rounding rule (5), when volume is
calculated (6), minimum and maximum
diameter classes (7 and 9), and what to
do with trees larger or smaller than the
minimum or maximum (8 and 9).
To edit the diameter class size, select
option 4 (left), and Flex will prompt the
user to define the diameter class units
(left). The default unit is inches 3 (left).
Next, a prompt is given to define the
diameter class width (left). The class
width is equal to the distance between
the midpoint of two consecutive classes
(left). The default value of 1.0 inches
may be changed to 2.0 inches.
Selection = < 3 > ?
___________________________________________
______________________________________________
The diameter class width is equal to the distance between the midpoint of two
consecutive diameter classes.
Diameter class width in Inches < 1.000 Inches > ? 2
______________________________________________________
38
_____________________________________________________________
Present minimum diameter class MIDPOINT is < 1.0000 Inches > ?
A total of 40 diameter classes are allowed.
The minimum diameter class midpoint is
2
2.000 Inches< 1.000 to
3.00>.
“Enter”
The midpoint of the largest possible diameter class is
79.000 to 81.00>.
80.000 Inches<
“Enter”
Present maximum diameter class MIDPOINT is <
80.0000 Inches > ?
“Enter”
By defining the midpoint of the
smallest diameter class (left), Flex will
display the diameter class range for the
smallest class (left). If the displayed
class boundaries are acceptable the user
should press Enter. Then repeat the
process for maximum diameter class
range and midpoint.
___________________________________________
The tree diameter, for calculations?
1 Use measured diameter.
2 Use diameter class midpoint.
Selection = < 1 > ? 1
____________________________________________
Note: It is recommended that option 1 in the above menu be selected as option 2 can
have a significant impact on calculated and reported inventory volumes.
___________________________________________
Once the user has entered the
appropriate diameter class ranges, Flex
will prompt the user on where to place
trees into a diameter class. The choices
are before volume, value, and basal
area are calculated (2) or after volume,
basal area, and value are calculated (1).
Option 1 is the default and preferred
option (left).
Definitions for "Number of Trees".
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Report heading => "Number of Trees"
Default units for reports => Count
English base. Diameters measured at 4.5 feet.
Diameter class size => 1.000 Inches
Round borderline tree diameters DOWN.
Use measured diameter.
Minimum diameter class lower limit => 1.00 Inches
Place trees smaller than 1.0 in the 2.000 diameter class.
Maximum diameter class upper limit => 81.00 Inches
Place trees larger than 81.0 in the 80.000 diameter class.
Selection = <
0
> ?
Once the user has determined how to
place trees into diameter classes, Flex
automatically returns to the diameter
class definition menu (left). This menu
will reflect the changes made by the
user. The user may select another
option or press Enter. If no selection is
made, the program will return to the
FlexInv Master Menu (left).
__________________________________________
39
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
Discrete variable database management.
Field data
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ? 6
___________________________________________
Note: Option 1 and 2 can not be edited from this menu. If the user wishes to edit
these variable they should use the species list editor.
Status of Discrete database variables
1 139 Code(s), Summary ON, Species
2
3 Code(s), Summary ON, Species Group
3
0 Code(s), Summary OFF, Condition Class
4
0 Code(s), Summary OFF, Crown Class
5
5 Code(s), Summary OFF, Physiographic Class
6
6 Code(s), Summary ON, Growing stock
7 19 Code(s), Summary OFF, Past FIA Type
8
7 Code(s), Summary OFF, Tree Grade
9
0 Code(s), Summary OFF, Current FIA type
10
8 Code(s), Summary OFF, FIBER Habitat
Selection = < 0 > ? 8
The following Tree Grade "codes" are defined.
To select one for editing enter its number.
___________________________________________
Tree Grade Code List
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Present report heading => "Tree Grade"
Summary Off
Add a new code.
Delete an existing code.
1, grade 1
2, grade 2
3, grade 4
5, grade 5
6, grade 6
9, pulpwood
Selection = < 0 > ?
3
Discrete Variables
Many individual tree attributes such as
grade, quality, and crown position,
cannot be quantified as continuous
data, rather these variables are often
handled as discrete categories (good vs.
bad; living vs. dead). To define discrete
variables in Flex the user should select
option 6–Discrete variable data base
management (left).
The discrete variable database status
menu (left) displays the different
discrete code categories, summary
status (on or off), and the number of
different codes defined for that
category.
Once a user has selected a discrete code
category to edit (option 8) (left), Flex
automatically dispalys the category’s
code list (left). From this menu the user
has the option to edit the category name
(1), turn summary capability on or off
(2), add new codes (3), or delete
existing codes (4). The remaining
options display existing codes. The
total number of codes, summed across
all categories, that may be defined is
500.
To define a new variable code, select
option 3—Add a new code (left).
The following section will be the same
whenever the user chooses to add a
new code.
Note: All species codes found in the field data file must be defined in the discrete
code database. The format statement, found in the header file, should contain the
discrete code category name. Discrete code category summaries must be turned on
in order to receive summary statistics in output reports. See section 4.4
40
____________________________________________
A null line, i.e. "ENTER" only, will terminate
the "Code"-"Full Name" loop.
New Tree Grade Code: < ? > ?
4
Full Name: <Spruce-Fir> ? grade 4
___________________________________________
Tree Grade Code List
1 Present report heading => "Tree Grade"
2 Summary Off
3 Add a new code.
4 Delete an existing code.
5
1, grade 1
6
2, grade 2
7
3, grade 4
8
5, grade 5
9
6, grade 6
10
9, pulpwood
11
4, grade 4
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
___________________________________________
Tree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Grade Code List
Present report heading => "Tree Grade"
Summary ON
Add a new code.
Delete an existing code.
1, grade 1
2, grade 2
3, grade 4
5, grade 5
6, grade 6
9, pulpwood
4, grade 4
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Status of Discrete database variables
1 139 Code(s), Summary ON, Species
2
3 Code(s), Summary ON, Species Group
3
0 Code(s), Summary OFF, Condition Class
4
0 Code(s), Summary OFF, Crown Class
5
5 Code(s), Summary OFF, Physiographic Class
6
6 Code(s), Summary ON, Growing stock
7 19 Code(s), Summary OFF, Past FIA Type
8
7 Code(s), Summary ON, Tree Grade
9
0 Code(s), Summary OFF, Current FIA type
10
8 Code(s), Summary OFF, FIBER Habitat
Selection = <
0
When defining a new discrete code, the
user is prompted to assign the new code
(4) (left) and define it (grade 4) (left).
Once defined, Flex will automatically
return to the code list menu (left). This
new code list will reflect the changes
made (11) (left).
To provide summary statistics by
discrete codes the code, category’s
summary must be turned on by
selecting option 2 (left).
Flex will automatically up date the
code list (left). If the summary was on
and the user selected the option 2, then
summaries will be turned off and vice
versa.
Note: Turning code summaries on only
tells Flex to calculate summary
statistics. It does not mean that Flex
output will contain summary statistics
for that code. To get summary statistics
by discrete data code, the user must
request a table containing that code
(see Defining Output Tables).
To exit the discrete code category press
Enter without selecting an option
(left). Flex will automatically return to
the discrete variable database status
menu (left). Pressing the Enter key
again will return the user to the FlexInv
Master Menu.
> ?
41
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
Discrete variable database management.
Field data
Change Table Definitions.
{
} Process a Stand
(ETC)
Selection = < 0 > ? 8
_________________________________________
Note: At least one table must be defined and turned on for FlexInv to create
summary tables. All output table will be contained in the PRT folder as text (.TXT)
files.
__________________________________________
Current Table Status.
1 [ On] Stand & Stock Table < dbh; Species Grouping >
2 Unused Table
3 Unused Table
4 Unused Table
5 Unused Table
6 Unused Table
7 Unused Table
8 Unused Table
9 Unused Table
10 Unused Table
11 Unused Table
12 Unused Table
13 Unused Table
14 Unused Table
15 Unused Table
16 Unused Table
17 Unused Table
18 Delete ALL Tables
19 Turn All Tables ON
20 Turn ALL Tables OFF
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
__________________________________________
Defining Output Tables
Collected inventory data are often
presented in the form of summary
tables (see section 4.4) using a wide
variety of different summary statistics.
In Flex, to define, edit, or eliminate
summary tables and statistics, select
option 8–Change Table Definitions—
from the FlexInv Master Menu (left).
Flex will automatically display the
Current Table Status (left) and give the
status (on or off) of previously defined
tables. The user may define up to 17
different tables. A default Stand and
Stock Table (option 1) is defined and
turned on. Options 19 and 20 turn all
tables on or off, respectively. Option 18
deletes all tables (see Note).
At least one table must be on and
defined for Flex to create output.
Deleting a table cannot be undone.
The user may also choose to delete,
edit, turn on or off an individual table
by selecting the table status menu
(option 1 left). If the table is currently
on, selecting it will turn it off and vice
versa.
To define a new output table the user
selects one of the “Unused Tables”
(option 2 left).
Stand & Stock Table
1 Delete ?
2 Edit ?
3 Printing of this table is ON
Selection = < 2 > ? 0
___________________________________________
Note: Entering “0” will return the user to the previous menu. This works for most
menus however, some menus will not accept “0”.
__________________________________________
Current Table Status.
1 [ On] Stand & Stock Table < dbh; Species Grouping >
2 Unused Table
3 Unused Table
4 Unused Table
42
___________________________________________________
Table Format:
1 (Type One) Selected Statistics by dbh with Species Grouping
2 (Type Two) Selected Statistics by Species
3 (Type Three) A Single Statistic by Diameter Class and Species.
4 (Type Two) Discrete Data Codes by Species.
5 (Type Three) Discrete Data Codes By Diameter Class
6 (Type Four) Estimates By Sample Unit
7 (Type Five) Forest Summary (Stratified Estimates)
Selection = < 0 > ?
6
___________________________________________
Table Description Title Line :< > ?Sample
___________________________________________
Units
Note: Depending on the table selected above the user may be prompted to answer
additional questions concerning whether the table is to be produced by species,
species group, and/or growing stock.
_____________________________________________
Existing Column Definitions.
1 NOT Defined?
2 NOT Defined?
3 NOT Defined?
4 NOT Defined?
5 NOT Defined?
6 NOT Defined?
Selection = < 0 > ?
1
Note: The number of columns that may be defined will vary with table type and
format.
__________________________________________
Select A product category
1 Total Stem
( Total tree above the stump )
2 Merchantable Stem
( Above the stump to DIB)
3 Topwood
( Tip of the tree above the DIB point )
4 Stump
( Ground to the top of the stump.)
5 Standing Tree Int 1/4 ( Sawlogs & Pulp )
6 Pulpwood
7 Cull
8 Trees/??
9 Basal Area (??)/??
10 Misc. Tree Attributes..
Flex has five different table types with
seven different formats (see section
4.4.1). Type One tables will display
eight different summary statistics by
dbh for each species. Type Two tables
will display multiple statistics by
species (for each discrete data code
option 4). Type Three tables will
display one statistic or discrete data
code by species and dbh. Type Four
tables will display multiple statistics by
sample unit. Type Five tables will
display multiple statistics for each
header file processed.
Once the table type and format has
been selected the user is prompted for a
name to appear in the heading of the
output table or tables that will be
created (left).
Each column in the table and the order
in which they will appear must be
defined by selecting the appropriate
menu option (1) (left).
When defining column summary
information, the user must define the
product category (left). The total stem
option (1), the merchantable stem (2),
unmerchantable stem (Topwood) (3),
stump (4), standing tree using Int ¼ log
rule (5), pulpwood (6), cull (7), trees
per ?? (8), basal area per ?? (9), or
other miscellaneous tree attributes (10).
Selection = < 0 > ? 9
___________________________________________
Note: Selecting options 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 10 (above) will display sub-menus.
The user should select the desired option from these sub-menus. Once an option has
been selected from these sub-menus Flex will automatically display the same menus
as below. Options 8 and 9 (above) will automatically display the same menus as
follows below.
43
_____________________________________________
Report Basis "/Acre"
1 Per Tree
2 Per Unit Area
3 Per Stand
Selection = < 2 > ? 2
___________________________________________
Note: The following screens and default values will vary by product category.
{Display variable values in ? units.} Area Conversion Factors
1 Temporary Change of Base Units.
2
1.000000 Square Feet (Sqft)
= 1.0 Sqft
3
144.000000 Square Inches (SqIn)
= 1.0 Sqft
4
0.003673 Square Rods (rd^2)
= 1.0 Sqft
5
0.000230 Square Chains (ch^2)
= 1.0 Sqft
6
0.000023 Acres (ac)
= 1.0 Sqft
7
0.000000 Square Miles (mi^2)
= 1.0 Sqft
8 9290.304000 Square Centimeters (cm^2) = 1.0 Sqft
9
0.092903 Square Meters (m^2)
= 1.0 Sqft
10
0.000929 Square Decameters (dm^2) = 1.0 Sqft
11
0.000009 Hectares (h)
= 1.0 Sqft
12
0.000000 Square Kilometers (km^2) = 1.0 Sqft
13
0.000092 Roods (rood)
= 1.0 Sqft
Selection = < 2 > ?
__________________________________________
{Report Column on A Per ? Basis:} Area Conversion
1 Temporary Change of Base Units.
2
1.000000 Square Feet (Sqft)
= 1.0
3
144.000000 Square Inches (SqIn)
= 1.0
4
0.003673 Square Rods (rd^2)
= 1.0
5
0.000230 Square Chains (ch^2)
= 1.0
6
0.000023 Acres (ac)
= 1.0
7
0.000000 Square Miles (mi^2)
= 1.0
8 9290.304000 Square Centimeters (cm^2) = 1.0
9
0.092903 Square Meters (m^2)
= 1.0
10
0.000929 Square Decameters (dm^2) = 1.0
11
0.000009 Hectares (h)
= 1.0
12
0.000000 Square Kilometers (km^2) = 1.0
13
0.000092 Roods (rood)
= 1.0
Selection = < 6 > ?
Factors
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Sqft
Once the user has defined the report column basis (above), Flex will automatically
prompt the user to define a new column. The user should continue defining columns
until all summary statistics desired are defined or all columns have been defined.
The final screen will look similar to the one below.
After selecting the desired product
category, the report basis (left) must be
selected to define the denominator of
the report column. Statistics can be
reported on a per tree (1), per unit area
(i.e., Acre) (2), or per stand (total area
as defined in the header file) (3). A
column for percentage is an additional
option for some report types.
Flex will prompt for a display variable
units conversion factor (left). With a
default option, usually the user will
collect field data in English units.
However, for output results to be
metric, the user can have Flex do the
conversion by selecting the appropriate
option.
In addition to the display variable
report basis, the user must define the
report column basis (left). The report
column basis is associated with the
report basis defined above (i.e., per
tree, per unit area, per stand), with the
default option in English units.
Once the output columns or desired
columns (all columns need not be
defined) are defined, press Enter while
in the Existing Column Definitions
Menu (left). Flex will return the
Current Table Status Menu (left). The
user may define another table or return
to the FlexInv Master Menu by using
the Enter key.
___________________________________________
Existing Column Definitions.
1 Basal Area
(Square Feet/ac)
2 Number of Trees
(Count/ac)
3 Total Volume
(Cubic Feet/ac)
4 Merch. Volume
(Cubic Feet/ac)
5 Inter 1/4 bd.ft. (Int_1/4 Board Feet/ac)
6 Net Pulp Cords
( 85 cu.ft./cd./ac)
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Current Table Status.
1 [ On] Stand & Stock Table < dbh; Species Grouping >
2 [ On] Sample Units < By Sample Unit >
3 Unused Table
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
44
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
Discrete variable database management.
Field data
Change Table Definitions.
{
} Process a Stand:
Obtain total tree height using "Fill In With Equations
Processing a Stand
Before summary statistics or growth
projection can be presented, the
inventory data must be processed.
Select option 9–Process a Stand—for
the location of the stand and treatment
of height information (left). The
recommended default option is to use
field data to make height information
(option 1).
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ? 9
____________________________________________
Note: The following processes will be the same for options 9 and 16.
___________________________________________
Height management options {NOTE: Options in data file will override.}:
1
2
3
4
5
CLEAR height functions & BUILD new one from field data.
RETAIN existing functions WITHOUT modification.
RETAIN and ADD new field data to the existing functions.
Read a height equation coefficient file into memory
More options.
Selection = < 1 > ?
_________________________________________
After selection of preferences for the
treatment of height information, Flex
will display a list of header files found
in the STD folder of the active
compartment (left). The user should
select the appropriate header file (1)
(left).
If this is the correct file (left), select
yes. Otherwise, type no and Flex will
return to the previous menu.
Note: If field data do not contain height information (this is not recommended), Flex
will automatically fill in this information with default equations. Options 2, 3, 4, and
5 are considered advanced options.
__________________________________________
Select a stand data file.
1 Demo.hdr
2 testing.hdr
Selection = < 0 > ?
1
_________________________________________
The stand name found in the file is:
"Demo Stand_ “
Once the correct file has been found,
Flex will proceed with processing the
stand. A series of lines will be
displayed on the screen (left) to
indicate that the program is working.
When finished, the program will return
to the FlexInv Master Menu.
Is this the CORRECT file (yes/no) < yes > ?
________________________________________________
Stratum area =>
20.00 Acres The gauge constant is 0.03030303
Horizontal Point Basal Area Factor 10.00 Square feet / acre.
Limiting distance multiplier (PRF) 2.75 Feet per inch of diameter.
Horizontal Line Diameter Factor
120.00 (inches / acre.)/ 66 foot line segment.
Basal Area per inch of tree diameter
0.6545 (Square Feet / acre.)/ 66 foot line segment.
Level 1 indirect file =>"Demo.txt".
****************************
(Etc.)
45
_________________________________________
****************************
Screening Sample Unit For Height Equation Data
Mapping Species Codes
1 :
... #1.1
The Flex input processor has discovered an undefined species,
in the !Species field of your data file. There are three ways
to proceed.
___________________________________________
How
1
2
3
would you like to proceed?
Ignore all trees with the species code "
redsp"
Map the code "redsp" to another, existing code.
Exit the program!
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
___________________________________________
How would you like to proceed?
1 Forward up the list
2 balsam fir
3 red spruce
4 black spruce
5 white spruce
6 hemlock
7 cedar
8 white pine
9 tamarack
10 sugar maple
11 red maple
12 yellow birch
13 paper birch
14 American beech
15 white ash
16 aspen
17 red oak
18 other hardwood
19 oak
20 spruce
21 moose maple
22 white cedar
23 red pine
Selection = < 0 > ?
3
Note: Once an unknown code has been mapped all other trees with this same code
will automatically be mapped to the same species. This applies to all stands
processed following mapping.
Occasionally when processing forest
inventory data, a species that is not
defined in the species list will occur.
Flex will prompt the user for the
interpretation of the unknown species
code or name (left).
The user may choose to handle this in
three different ways. The user may
choose to ignore the species code (1),
map the unknown code to an
identifiable existing code (2), or exit
the program and fix the data error (3).
If the user chooses to ignore the
unknown code, that tree and all other
trees with the same code will not be
included in the volume, basal area,
value, trees per acre, or other summary
statistics. If the user desires to keep the
tree (including its associated attributes)
and all of the trees with the same code,
the user must tell Flex what species that
code represents. This process is called
“mapping”. To map an unknown
species code to an existing species code
the user should select option 2 (left).
Flex will automatically present a
species list (left). The user should scroll
through the species list until the
appropriate species is found. Select the
appropriate species (3) (left) and Flex
will continue to process the stand data.
****************************
Screening Sample Unit For Height Equation Data
2:
... #1.2
****************************
Screening Sample Unit For Height Equation Data
3 :
... #1.3
46
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
Discrete variable database management.
Field data
Change Table Definitions.
{
} Process a Stand:
Obtain total tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
Obtain merchantable tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
Adjust for cull estimates {FIBER volumes reduced for CULL}.
Options
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ? 13
___________________________________________
Setup options
1 Screen pause OFF
2 Lines per screen => 24 .
3 Measurement unit & Volume table functions.
4 TBL2SVS Command line control
5 SVS Command line control
6 Adjust tree data to RETAIN trees when errors are detected.
7 General default cubic feet of solid wood per 4x4x8 cord => 85.000
8 Edit missing species code maps.
9 Valid total height equation minimum sample size = 30
10 Valid total height equation minimum R-Square = 0.6000
Selection = < 0 > ? 8
___________________________________________
Species Map editor?
1 Clear all species maps!
2 Delete specific species map entry.
3 Add a New species map entry.
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
___________________________________________
Select a species map entry to DELETE
1 Code: "redsp" is mapped to "red spruce"
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
___________________________________
Select a species map entry to DELETE
NO Species Mappings Defined.
Clearing Mapped Species Codes
To undo or clear mapped species codes,
the user should select option 13—
Options—from the FlexInv Master
Menu (left).
Flex will display the Setup Options
Menu (left). The user will have the
options to turn the screen pause on or
off (1), define the number of lines per
screen (2), define measurement and
volume table function (3), edit SVS
output command (4 and 5), define
action when erroneous tree data are
detected (6), define volume per cord
(7), edit mapped species codes (8), set
minimum sample size for height
equation development (9), or set
minimum height equation R-square
(10). To edit mapped species code
option 8 (left), Flex will prompt the
user to either clear all species maps (1),
delete a specific map (2), or map a
species code (3) (left). To delete a
specific code the user should select
option 2.
Flex will then automatically list all of
the mapped species (left). The user
should select the appropriate map or
maps (1 left). Press “Enter” to return
to the “Species Map Editor” menu
(left). “Enter” again will return the
user to the “Setup Options” menu (left).
Continue ? Exit < Continue > ?
___________________________________________
Species Map editor?
1 Clear all species maps!
2 Delete specific species map entry.
3 Add a New species map entry.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Setup options
1 Screen pause OFF
2 Lines per screen => 24 .
3 Measurement unit & Volume table functions.
4 TBL2SVS Command line control
5 SVS Command line control
6 Adjust tree data to RETAIN trees when errors are detected.
7 General default cubic feet of solid wood per 4x4x8 cord => 85.000
8 Edit missing species code maps.
9 Valid total height equation minimum sample size = 30
10 Valid total height equation minimum R-Square = 0.6000
Selection = <
0
> ?
47
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
Discrete variable database management.
Field data
Change Table Definitions.
{
} Process a Stand:
Obtain total tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
Obtain merchantable tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
Adjust for cull estimates {FIBER volumes reduced for CULL}.
Options
(ETC)
Selection = < 0 > ? 13
___________________________________________
Setup options
1 Screen pause OFF
2 Lines per screen => 24 .
3 Measurement unit & Volume table functions.
4 TBL2SVS Command line control
5 SVS Command line control
6 Adjust tree data to RETAIN trees when errors are detected.
7 General default cubic feet of solid wood per 4x4x8 cord => 85.000
8 Edit missing species code maps.
9 Valid total height equation minimum sample size = 30
10 Valid total height equation minimum R-Square = 0.6000
Selection = < 0 > ? 9
__________________________________________
Valid total height equation minimum sample size < 30 > ?5
___________________________________________
Setup options
1 Screen pause OFF
2 Lines per screen => 24 .
3 Measurement unit & Volume table functions.
4 TBL2SVS Command line control
5 SVS Command line control
6 Adjust tree data to RETAIN trees when errors are detected.
7 General default cubic feet of solid wood per 4x4x8 cord => 85.000
8 Edit missing species code maps.
9 Valid total height equation minimum sample size = 5
10 Valid total height equation minimum R-Square = 0.6000
Set Minimum Parameters for
Height Equations
When inventory data files contain
height information, Flex will use this
data to develop equations to predict
total tree height. These equations will
then be used to build volume tables for
use by FIBER. However, to avoid
using equations with anomalies, Flex
requires that these equations have given
predictive power (see section 4.1.4). To
set the minimum predictive power that
height equations must meet, select
option 13—Options from the Flex
Master Menu (left).
Note: This process is the same for
setting the minimum sample size or Rsquare.
To set the minimum sample size that a
species height equation must have to be
valid the user should select option 9—
Set Options Menu (left). The user will
then be prompted to set the minimum
sample size (5) (left).
Once the minimum sample size is
defined, Flex will return to the Setup
Options Menu. To return to the FlexInv
Master Menu press Enter (left).
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 Select or Change The Compartment.
3 Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
4 Inventory definitions
5 Field data
6 Change Table Definitions.
7 Species list information editor:
8 Discrete variable database management.
9 {
} Process a Stand:
(ETC)
48
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 Select or Change The Compartment.
3 Inventory definitions
4 Species list information editor:
5 Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
6 Discrete variable database management.
7 Field data
8 Change Table Definitions.
9 {
} Process a Stand:
10 Obtain total tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
11 Obtain merchantable tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
12 Adjust for cull estimates {FIBER volumes reduced for CULL}.
13 Options
14 Print / Edit Report Files
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ? 14
___________________________________________
Note: The user must have defined at least one table and successfully processed a
stand for an output report to have been created (see section 4.4).
___________________________________________
FlexInv View Menu Options
1 Select a spreadsheet data viewer < MicroSoft Excel >.
2 Select a text viewer < MicroSoft Word >.
3 Open/Create a Species Code List file.
4 Stand Text Reports
5 Display a stand using SVS.
6 A Compartment (Stratified) Report
Defining a Report Editor
After the forest inventory data have
been processed the user may choose to
view, print, or edit the output tables but
must first define Print/Edit Report Files
(option 14) from the FlexInv Master
Menu (left).
From the Print/Edit Reports, Flex
automatically displays the FlexInv
View Menu. This menu defines
spreadsheet and text viewers (1 and 2),
opens a species code list (3), opens a
stand output report (4), displays an
SVS image (5), and opens a forest
summary report (6) (left). Flex attempts
to locate popular editors. If options 1
and 2 do not define an editor, see notes
(left).
All Flex output is formatted as text files
but may be view with a spreadsheet
program by identifying them as “|”
delimited.
Selection = < 0 > ?
Note: FlexFIBER will automatically attempt to located several of the most common
spreadsheet and text editors. If the program was unable to find these programs in
default locations the user will have to specify their location.. This can be done by
selecting the type of editor options 1 or 2. Flex will display a screen similar to the
one below. Choose option 3 (below) and type in the full DOS path to the editor of
your choice. Using the run command on Windows operating systems will help you
test the path statement.
49
Viewing Output Reports
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1 Select or Change The Management Unit
2 Select or Change The Compartment.
3 Inventory definitions
4 Species list information editor:
5 Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
6 Discrete variable database management.
7 Field data
8 Change Table Definitions.
9 {
} Process a Stand:
10 Obtain total tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
11 Obtain merchantable tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
12 Adjust for cull estimates {FIBER volumes reduced for CULL}.
13 Options
14 Print / Edit Report Files
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ? 14
_________________________________________________
FlexInv View Menu Options
1
2
3
4
5
6
Select a spreadsheet data viewer < MicroSoft Excel >.
Select a text viewer < MicroSoft Write >.
Open/Create a Species Code List file.
Stand Text Reports
Display a stand using SVS.
A Compartment (Stratified) Report
Selection = < 0 > ? 5
___________________________________________
Select an SVS ASCII file to convert and view.
Forest inventory data are generally
displayed as tables and graphs. These
tables or graphs are created in Flex,
once output tables and a Report Editor
have been defined and a stand
processed. To view output data, select
option 14—Print/Edit Reports—from
the FlexInv Master Menu (left).
The FlexInv View Menu (left) allows
the user to define editors (1 and 2) or
view different output reports (3, 4, 5,
and 6). To view an output report, select
option 5 (left).
Flex will automatically display a list of
header files (stratified reports will
contain all header files in one report)
that have been processed. Select the
appropriate option (1 left) to start the
editor.
When finished viewing the report,
the user MUST close the editor and
the computer will return to the FlexInv
View Menu (left). To return to the
FlexInv Master Menu press Enter.
1 Demo
Selection = < 0 > ?
1
Flex will automatically start the editor defined in option 1 or 2. When the user has
finished viewing the output information, they should simply close the editor and Flex
will resume as follows.
_________________________________________
FlexInv View Menu Options
1 Select a spreadsheet data viewer < MicroSoft Excel >.
2 Select a text viewer < MicroSoft Write >.
3 Open/Create a Species Code List file.
4 Stand Text Reports
5 Display a stand using SVS.
6 A Compartment (Stratified) Report
Selection = <
0
> ?
___________________________________________
50
___________________________________________
FlexInv Master Menu For: Mgt. Unit=>"Getting Started with"
,Compartment=>"comp1"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Select or Change The Management Unit
Select or Change The Compartment.
Inventory definitions
Species list information editor:
Trees/Acre, Diameter Classes: Width = 1.000; Range 4.5 to 32.5 Inches
Discrete variable database management.
Field data
Change Table Definitions.
{
} Process a Stand:
Obtain total tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
Obtain merchantable tree height using "Fill In With Equations".
Adjust for cull estimates {FIBER volumes reduced for CULL}.
Options
Print / Edit Report Files.
Run FIBER
{
} Process a Simulated fiber tree list:
Setup Spectrum Interface
Setup Fiber Batch Files
Selection = < 0 > ? 15
_________________________________________________
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Demo_2000-2000} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Getting to FIBER
The ability to explore the forest
response to alternative forest
management scenarios is a powerful
part of the FlexFIBER system. To
project the dynamic processes that
result from forest management
scenarios, the user must access the
FIBER Main Menu by selecting option
15 from the FlexInv Master Menu
(left).
Note: If the user has just finished
processing a stand in Flex, the
program accesses the FIBER Stand
Directory and the FIBER Main Menu
will be displayed on the left (see
Selecting a FIBER Stand Directory).
Once chosen, the FIBER program will
automatically display the FIBER Main
Menu (left). The user has the option to
select a stand directory (1), change
ingrowth function (2), evaluate FIBER
habitat type (3), control projected plot
characteristics (advanced) (4, 5, and 6),
read a TPA file (7), change ingrowth
quality ratios (8), define an initiator or
treatment (9 and 10), set diameter limit
control (11), set A-line control (12),
project growth (13), view output
reports (14), turn output report on and
off (15), turn STPA and MTPA files on
(16 and 17), or return to Flex (18)
(left).
Note: Menu option numeric values may
change as the user begins to select
specific options.
51
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
Selecting a FIBER Stand
Directory
1 { } Select stand directory.
2 Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
3 "OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
4 Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
5 Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports
(ETC)
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
___________________________________________
Select a Stand name!
1 Stand1
FIBER will display a list of the stand
folders contained in the FIB folder of
the active compartment (left). Scroll
through the list to select the appropriate
stand (1) (left) and return to the FIBER
Main Menu (left).
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1 { Stand1 } Select stand directory.
2 Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
3 "OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
4 Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
5 Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
6 Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
7 {
} Select inventory tree list.
8 Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
9 Initiator Menu:
10 Treatment Menu:
11 Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
12 Report Management Menu.
(ETC)
Selection = < 0 > ? 7
___________________________________________
Select an inventory file name!
1 Stand1_1999
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
_______________________________________________
Processing sample unit No. 1 " #1.1 "
27 Records read.
retained.
27 Records
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Note: The user must select a stand
directory before he/she can project
growth or view output files. The user
need not select a stand directory if
he/she would like to create initiators or
treatments.
Selecting a TPA file
Next select a tree list or TPA file
option 7—Select inventory tree list—
from the FIBER Main Menu(left).
FIBER will continue to read all of the input sample units until all have been read. FIBER
will then return to the FIBER Main Menu. Note the appearance of the Projection option.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
To select a stand directory the user
should select option 3—Select stand
directory from the FIBER Main Menu
(left).
All the tree lists contained in the stand
directory will be displayed. The user
should select the desired file (1 left).
Once the correct file has been located,
FIBER will read the data and return to
the FIBER Main Menu(below).
Note: The user must select a TPA,
STPA, or MTPA file before growth can
be projected. Stand directories may
contain more than one TPA file;
however, creating this situation
requires advanced knowledge of
FIBER.
After projecting the growth of a stand,
the user should reread the TPA file
prior to making another projection.
This will reset the date of the file to that
of its associate header file.
52
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ? 11
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Diameter and A-Line Controls
FIBER operates in several different
modes. These modes are Diameter
limits on or off and A-line limits on or
off in any combination. These modes of
operation will determine how FIBER
will handle certain operations (see
sections 2.3.3 and 2.3.4).
To rotate FIBER’s mode of operation
from diameter limits off to diameter
limits on and vice versa select option
11 from the FIBER Main Menu (left).
To switch the operation mode from Aline limits on to A-Line limits off and
vice versa, select option 12 from the
FIBER Main Menu (left).
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameters are limited by site:species.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ? 12
___________________________________________
Note: A-line “off” mode is experimental.
______________________________________________
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameters are limited by site:species.
A-Line restrictions OFF (Experimental!?)
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ?
______________________________________
53
__________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1 { Stand1 } Select stand directory.
2 Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
3 "OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
4 Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
5 Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
6 Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
7 {Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
8 Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
9 Initiator Menu:
10 Treatment Menu:
11 Tree diameter limits are off.
12 A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
13 Projection Menu:
14 Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
15 Report Management Menu
16 Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
17 Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
18 Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ? 15
___________________________________________
Report Management Menu
1 Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
2 " ON" Screen guide reports. " ON" File guide reports.
3 "OFF" Detailed Stand reports
4 "OFF" "TEXT" "5 Year Periodic Inventory Summary"
5 "OFF" "TEXT" "Periodic Annual Increment Summary"
6 "OFF" "TEXT" "Misc. Mortality,Ingrowth and/or, Cut"
7 "OFF" "FILE" "The Plot Classification Series" for ALL classes
8 "OFF" "FILE" "5 Year Periodic Stocking Series"
9 "OFF" "FILE" "Periodic Annual Increment Series".
10 "OFF" "FILE" " 5 Year Periodic Increment Series".
Selection = < 0 > ? 8
___________________________________________
Report Management Menu
1 Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
2 " ON" Screen guide reports. " ON" File guide reports.
3 "OFF" Detailed Stand reports
4 "OFF" "TEXT" "5 Year Periodic Inventory Summary"
5 "OFF" "TEXT" "Periodic Annual Increment Summary"
6 "OFF" "TEXT" "Misc. Mortality,Ingrowth and/or, Cut"
7 "OFF" "FILE" "The Plot Classification Series" for ALL classes
8 " ON" "FILE" "5 Year Periodic Stocking Series"
9 "OFF" "FILE" "Periodic Annual Increment Series".
10 "OFF" "FILE" " 5 Year Periodic Increment Series".
Selection = <
0
Report Management
To turn output summary statistics for
growth and yield projections on or off,
the user must define what reports to
view. To identify output reports in
FIBER select option 15—Report
Management Menu—from the FIBER
Main Menu (left).
FIBER will display the Report
Management Menu (left) that contains
a list of preformatted reports for FIBER
to create and turn their status on or off.
Options 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are all
formatted as text reports and are
contained in one file (see General
Report). Options 8, 9, and 10 are
formatted as spreadsheet reports (see
CPI, PAI, and STK).
Note: The Screen Guide Report scrolls
across the screen during projection and
is placed in the General Report. The
user cannot turn the General Report
off.
To turn a report on (or off), select menu
option (8) (left). FIBER will update the
status of the selected report (left).
To exit the Report Management Menu
press Enter without making a selection
(left). FIBER will return to the FIBER
Main Menu (left).
> ?
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
54
_____________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
___________________________________________
Ingrowth Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ingrow any FIBER species suited to the plot habitat
No ingrowth on any plot.
Ingrow species initially found on the plot.
Ingrow species initially found on the plot with dbh >= 4.5".
Ingrowth any species found in the initial STAND.
Ingrowth adjusted From the "Projection Menu" .
Manually set for each plot, as it is loaded.
Selection = < 0 > ? 3
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow species initially found on the plot.
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Ingrowth Controls
Ingrowth can be one of the most
variable but critical elements of forest
growth and species successional
changes. To help forest managers
project and control species that will
ingrow into a stand, FIBER has seven
different ingrowth control options. To
select these ingrowth options, choose
option 2 from the FIBER Main Menu
(left).
The ingrowth menu (left) allows the
user to select species that are expected
to ingrow into a stand. The options are
select all of the FIBER species suited to
the habitat (1), allow no ingrowth (2),
ingrow those species currently found
on the plot (3), ingrow only those
species currently greater than 4.5
inches on the plot (4), ingrow all
species found on all plots in the stand
(5), set ingrowth from the projection
menu (6), or manually set the ingrowth
for each plot at each iteration (7). The
user should select the type of ingrowth
that best reflects the current stand
conditions and the site on which the
stand is growing. Changing ingrowth
control does not change the ingrowth
equations used by FIBER. These
options allow for selected species to
grow into a developing stand (see
section 2.3).
Note: The user may delay ingrowth as
a function of management (see Cutting
Guide) or change ingrowth control
during a simulation.
Selection = < 0 > ?
55
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Ingrowth Quality
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow species initially found on the plot.
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ?
8
Select Species to change the "Ingrowth" UGS percent
1 Forward up the list
2 balsam fir
Ingrowth UGS 8. Current standing
3 red spruce
Ingrowth UGS 18. Current standing
4 black spruce
Ingrowth UGS 14. Current standing
5 white spruce
Ingrowth UGS 25. Current standing
6 hemlock
Ingrowth UGS 68. Current standing
7 cedar
Ingrowth UGS 0. Current standing
8 white pine
Ingrowth UGS 15. Current standing
9 tamarack
Ingrowth UGS 14. Current standing
10 sugar maple
Ingrowth UGS 25. Current standing
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
UGS
UGS
UGS
UGS
UGS
UGS
UGS
UGS
UGS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
_________________________________________________________
Enter UGS percent of "Ingrowth" for "balsam fir" <
___________________________________________
Select Species to change the
2 balsam fir
Ingrowth
3 red spruce
Ingrowth
4 black spruce
Ingrowth
5 white spruce
Ingrowth
6 hemlock
Ingrowth
7 cedar
Ingrowth
8 white pine
Ingrowth
9 tamarack
Ingrowth
10 sugar maple
Ingrowth
8 > ?
14
"Ingrowth" UGS percent Forward up the list
UGS 14. Current standing live UGS 0.
UGS 18. Current standing live UGS 0.
UGS 14. Current standing live UGS 0.
UGS 25. Current standing live UGS 0.
UGS 68. Current standing live UGS 0.
UGS 0. Current standing live UGS 0.
UGS 15. Current standing live UGS 0.
UGS 14. Current standing live UGS 0.
UGS 25. Current standing live UGS 0.
The quality of ingrowth is an important
factor when projecting the growing
stock value of a stand (see section 2.3).
FIBER recognizes two different
expressions of quality. AGS are trees
that can produce sawlogs and UGS
trees that will not produce sawlogs.
Without high value sawlogs, the
volume of UGS trees in a stand can
have an impact on stand value. A
typical management objective is to
improve stand quality and could also
improve the quality of ingrowth. To
change the quality of ingrowth trees,
the user should select option 8 from the
FIBER Main Menu (left).
FIBER will define ingrowth quality and
present the Species UGS Percent Menu
(left). This menu will contain the
default percentage of ingrowth by
species not expected to reach sawlog
quality.
To change the UGS percentage, the
user selects the appropriate species (2)
(left). FIBER will then prompt the user
to define the new UGS percentage and
will update the display to reflect
changes (left).
To leave the Species UGS Menu, press
Enter without making a selection
(left), and FIBER will return to the
FIBER Main Menu.
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ?
__________________________________________
56
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow species initially found on the plot.
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ?
13
The menu below will vary by stand.
_______________________________________________
Stand projection control status:
1 Return without Executing this projection.
2 Present value discount rate 0.00 percent.
3 Manually set INGROWTH ( Changes ingrowth control ).
4 Current species (1): "hemlock", BA/ac. = 92.1 square feet.
5 Current species (2): "red spruce", BA/ac. = 40.6 square feet.
6 Current species (3): "red maple", BA/ac. = 10.1 square feet.
7 { Hemlock - red spruce } Plots found =>
6
8 {
500 } Elevation: " Weighted Mean From File Data."
9 {
2000 } Current year: (
6 acres on
6 plots)
10 {
50 } Site Quality:
11 {
10 } Projection length in years.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Enter a title line for this projection now.< > ?No Harvest
_________________________________________________
Do nothing Simulation from 2000 to 2005 Compiled: "April 5,2000 at 21: 7"
Initial Stand Guide Report. Years simulated. The present year is 2000 (
6
acres on
6 plots) Stand name ....... "Demo Stand"
Eco. habitat type (Mean Vegetation data).. " Hemlock - red spruce "
Weighted Mean Elevation = 1000
Weighted Mean Site Index = 50
Current species(1)... " hemlock ", BA/ac. = 92.1 square feet.
Current species(2)... " red spruce ", BA/ac. = 40.6 square feet.
Current species(3)... " red maple ", BA/ac. = 10.1 square feet.
Projection Menu
To project stand growth and yield using
FIBER, select option 13 from the
FIBER Main Menu (left).
Once 13 is chosen, FIBER will display
the Stand Projection Menu (left). From
this menu the user has the options to
change the FIBER habitat type (7),
define stand elevation (9), override
default site quality (10), change
projection length (11), define a
discount rate (2), and change ingrowth
control to manual (3). This menu also
displays the top three species in the
stand in terms of basal area (4, 5, and
6) and the current year and number of
sample units in the stand (9).
To project the stand forward, simply
press Enter without making a selection
(left). FIBER will prompt the user for a
projection title. The user should use a
name for the projection that references
the management scenario being
projected (No Harvest left).
Note: The projection name will appear
in all output reports created during the
simulation.
To remind the user that the program is
working, FIBER will display the
Screen Guide Report. When FIBER has
projected the stand for the specified
number of years, the program will
return to the FIBER Main Menu (left).
FIBER will continue to display the Screen Guide Report (above) for each iteration.
When FIBER has projected the specified time period the FIBER Main Menu will be
displayed
57
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow species initially found on the plot.
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ?
9
Initiator Menu:
1 Define a New Initiator.
2 Clear All Initiators.
3 Write an Initiator definition file
4 Read an Initiator definition file
Selection = < 0 > ?
FIBER will automatically display the
Initiator Menu (left), where the user
may define a new initiator (1), delete
active initiators from memory (2), save
(write) an initiator (3), or load (read) a
previously defined initiator (4).
1
Note; An initiator must be defined and loaded before it can be cleared. Clearing
initiator (2 above) will not delete saved files.
Enter a name for this initiator.<
> ?
“When 69 A”
Note; It is recommended that initiator be named after the condition
that they are defining.
__________________________________________
Edit an Initiator (ALL conditions must be satisfied).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Defining an Initiator
Forest managers often use a predictive
model to evaluate the possible
outcomes of management activities.
FIBER allows managers to model
different management scenarios in
terms of three different criteria: when
should management activity take place
(initiator), what is the desired result of
management (treatment), and how will
those results be achieved (cutting
guide) (see section 4.7). To define
when a management activity should
take place, the user should select option
9—Initiator Menu, from the FIBER
Main Menu (left).
Initiator name:" When 69 A "
CLEAR this initiator:
This initiator name may request a treatment.
Number of treatment linked to this Initiator => 0
Begin testing for treatment initiation immediately.
Re-test for treatment initiation every 5 years.
Never stop testing for treatment initiation.
For softwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
For hardwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
For mixedwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
Attempt treatment if basal area is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if
stems is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if Cu.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if Bd.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if
QMSD is greater than
0.
A-line not examined.
B-line not examined.
C-line not examined.
To define a new initiator (section
4.7.1), select option 1 from the Initiator
Menu (left), and FIBER will prompt
the user to name the initiator. Enter the
desired name (When 69 A left). FIBER
will then display the Initiator Definition
Menu (left).
From the Initiator Definition Menu, the
user may choose to turn the initiator off
or on (3), link the initiator to a
treatment (4), define the timing options
(5, 6, and 7), define site and stand type
options (8, 9, and 10), quantity options
(11, 12, 13, 14, and 15), and stocking
options (16, 17, and 18) (left).
Selection = < 0 > ?
_____________________________________________
58
__________________________________________
Edit an Initiator (ALL conditions must be satisfied).
1 Initiator name:" When 69 A "
2 CLEAR this initiator:
3 This initiator name may request a treatment.
4 Number of treatment linked to this Initiator => 0
5 Begin testing for treatment initiation immediately.
6 Re-test for treatment initiation every 5 years.
7 Never stop testing for treatment initiation.
8 For softwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
9 For hardwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
10 For mixedwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
11 Attempt treatment if basal area is greater than
0.
12 Attempt treatment if
stems is greater than
0.
13 Attempt treatment if Cu.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
14 Attempt treatment if Bd.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
15 Attempt treatment if
QMSD is greater than
0.
16 A-line not examined.
17 B-line not examined.
18 C-line not examined.
Selection = < 0 > ? 11
___________________________________________
Basal area range to try treatment options.
1 if "Total AGS" is over
0.0 try treatments.
2 if "Total UGS" is over
0.0 try treatments.
3 if "Total"
is over
0.0 try treatments.
4 if "Softwood AGS" is over 0.0 try treatments.
5 if "Softwood UGS" is over 0.0 try treatments.
6 if "Softwood"
is over
0.0 try treatments.
7 if "Hardwood AGS" is over 0.0 try treatments.
8 if "Hardwood UGS" is over 0.0 try treatments.
9 if "Hardwood"
is over
0.0 try treatments.
Selection = < 0 > ? 3
__________________________________________
The section below will be the same regardless of above selection.
___________________________________________
Basal area " "Total" ":
1 Minimum threshold for "Total" =>
0.0
2 Maximum threshold for "Total" => " No upper limit "
Selection = < 0 > ?
__________________________________________
If the user selects one of the above options FIBER will prompt the user to define
the threshold. The user should select the desired level. Once the desired level
has been selected, FIBER will display the above menu reflecting changes made.
___________________________________________
Basal area range options.
1 if "Total AGS"
is over
0.0 try treatments.
2 if "Total UGS"
is over
0.0 try treatments.
3 if "Total"
is over
0.0 try treatments.
4 if "Softwood AGS" is over
0.0 try treatments.
5 if "Softwood UGS" is over
0.0 try treatments.
6 if "Softwood"
is over
0.0 try treatments.
7 if "Hardwood AGS" is over
0.0 try treatments.
8 if "Hardwood UGS" is over
0.0 try treatments.
9 if "Hardwood"
is over
0.0 try treatments.
To define the basal area level a stand
must reach before harvesting activity
can occur, the user should select option
11 from the Initiator Definition Menu
(left).
The following section will be the same
regardless of whether the user is
defining required conditions in terms of
trees per unit area (12), cubic foot
volume (13), board foot volume (14), or
mean stand diameter (15).
Once the user chooses to define the
required stand conditions in terms of
quantity, FIBER will display the To
Try Treatment Options Menu . Ranges
may be defined in terms of all trees
(total), softwood trees, hardwood trees,
acceptable growing stock (AGS),
unacceptable growing stock (UGS), or
any combination of the above (left). To
define a condition in terms of all trees,
the user should select option 3 (left).
Note: The user may define a condition
by option number in the Initiator
Definition and Range Options Menus.
FIBER will prompt the user to define
the thresholds of that range (left). The
user may choose to define a minimum
(1), a maximum (2), or both (select 1,
then 2).
When finished defining a threshold
range, return to the range options menu
by pressing Enter twice without
making a selection (left). FIBER will
display the initiator definition menu
reflecting the changes made.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
If more than one range option (above) is defined, FIBER will consider all ranges
59
_____________________________________________________
Edit an Initiator (ALL conditions must be satisfied).
1 Initiator name:" When 69 A "
2 CLEAR this initiator:
3 This initiator name may request a treatment.
4 Number of treatment linked to this Initiator => 0
5 Begin testing for treatment initiation immediately.
6 Re-test for treatment initiation every 5 years.
7 Never stop testing for treatment initiation.
8 For softwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
9 For hardwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
10 For mixedwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
11 Attempt treatment if basal area is greater than
0.
12 Attempt treatment if
stems is greater than
0.
13 Attempt treatment if Cu.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
14 Attempt treatment if Bd.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
15 Attempt treatment if
QMSD is greater than
0.
16 A-line not examined.
17 B-line not examined.
18 C-line not examined.
Selection = < 0 > ? 16
__________________________________________
Initiate when the percent of the "A-line" reaches ?
69
When defining the percentage of a reference line, FIBER treats it as “>=”
statement.
___________________________________________
Edit an Initiator (ALL conditions must be satisfied).
1 Initiator name:" When 69 A "
2 CLEAR this initiator:
3 This initiator name may request a treatment.
4 Number of treatment linked to this Initiator => 0
5 Begin testing for treatment initiation immediately.
6 Re-test for treatment initiation every 5 years.
7 Never stop testing for treatment initiation.
8 For softwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
9 For hardwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
10 For mixedwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
11 Attempt a treatment if basal area is greater than
12 Attempt a treatment if
stems is greater than
13 Attempt a treatment if Cu.Ft. Vol is greater than
14 Attempt a treatment if Bd.Ft. Vol is greater than
15 Attempt a treatment if
QMSD is greater than
16 When above 69 percent of the "A"-line
17 B-line not examined.
18 C-line not examined.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Selection = < 0 > ? 6
________________________________________________
____________________________________
Interval accumulation basis:
1 Begin Immediately, Re-examine every 5 years.
2 Begin Immediately, Re-examine every 5 years, until success, restart in 5
3 Begin Immediately, Re-examine every 5 years, disable after success.
To define the initiators in terms of New
England mixed species stocking charts,
the user should select the appropriate
reference line (A, B, or C) options 16,
17, or 18 (left).
After selecting a reference line, FIBER
will prompt the user to define what
percentage of that line (69) (left) must
be exceeded to warrant a management
action.
Once the user has defined the desired
stocking level, FIBER will display the
initiator definition menu to reflect any
changes made (left).
FIBER allows the user three options to
define an initiator in terms of elapsed
time, when to begin checking (5), how
often to check (6), and when to stop
checking (7). To define how often
FIBER should examine stand
conditions to determine whether a stand
should receive management, the user
should select option 6 (left).
Once the user has chosen how
frequently to examine the stand, FIBER
will display the interval definition
menu (left). From this menu, the user
may choose to have FIBER re-examine
the stand continuously at a regular
interval (1), re-examine continuously at
an irregular interval (2), or re-examine
at a regular interval until stand
conditions have been met (3).
To exit, press Enter without making a
selection (left) and the initiator
definition menu will reflect any
changes made.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
60
____________________________________________________
Edit an Initiator (ALL conditions must be satisfied).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Initiator name:" When 69 A "
CLEAR this initiator:
This initiator name may request a treatment.
Number of treatment linked to this Initiator => 0
Begin testing for treatment initiation immediately.
Re-test for treatment initiation every 5 years.
Never stop testing for treatment initiation.
For softwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
For hardwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
For mixedwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
Attempt treatment if basal area is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if
stems is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if Cu.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if Bd.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if
QMSD is greater than
0.
When above 69 percent of the "A"-line
B-line not examined.
C-line not examined.
Selection = < 0 > ? 8
_____________________________________________________
The following section will be essentially the same regardless of whether the user
selects option 8, 9, or 10.
___________________________________________
Initiator status in "Softwood" stands.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
Not Permitted > "Beech - red maple"
Not Permitted > "Cedar - black spruce"
Not Permitted > "Hemlock - red spruce"
Not Permitted > "Oak - white pine"
Not Permitted > "Sugar maple - ash"
Not Permitted > "Spruce - fir"
Permitted > "All or, unknown"
Selection = < 0 > ?
_____________________________________________
Note: The user may select more than one ecological habitat type.
___________________________________________
Edit an Initiator (ALL conditions must be satisfied).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Initiator name:" When 69 A "
CLEAR this initiator:
This initiator name may request a treatment.
Number of treatment linked to this Initiator => 0
Begin testing for treatment initiation immediately.
Re-test for treatment initiation every 5 years.
Never stop testing for treatment initiation.
For softwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
For hardwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
For mixedwood stands, on all FIBER habitats.
Attempt treatment if basal area is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if
stems is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if Cu.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if Bd.Ft. Vol is greater than
0.
Attempt treatment if
QMSD is greater than
0.
When above 69 percent of the "A"-line
B-line not examined.
C-line not examined.
Selection = <
0
Different stand conditions may warrant
different management practices
depending on the species composition
and site. To establish the species
composition and site requirements of
an initiator in FIBER, the user has three
options. For stands with the majority
(>74%) of their species composition in
hardwoods, the user should select
option 8. For stands with <74% but
>25% hardwood species, the user
should select option 10. For stands with
>74% of their species composition in
softwood species, the user should select
option 8 (left).
Once the user has selected the desired
species composition FIBER will
display a menu containing the different
habitats that that species composition
may be found on (left). These sites are
the six different ecological habitat
types used by FIBER. From this menu
the user should select the ecological
habitat type or types that may warrant
management. Each menu option is an
on/off switch with the menu displaying
the current status. Option 7 allows the
user to select all habitat types and is on
by default.
To exit the ecological habitat type
menu, press Enter without making a
selection (left). FIBER will then
display the initiator definition menu to
reflect any changes made.
Press Enter (left) to display the
initiator edit menu (below).
> ? ___________________________________________
61
___________________________________________
Initiator definition file (ALL conditions must be satisfied).
1
2
3
4
5
Define a New Initiator.
Clear All Initiators.
Write an Initiator definition file
Read an Initiator definition file
When 69 A
Selection = < 0 > ? 3
____________________________________________________
Note: The user should always save (write) the initiator definition to a file before
exiting the above menu. This will allow the user to access the definitions at a later
date. If the user does not save the definition, it will be lost when the user closes
FlexFIBER.
___________________________________________
Initiator definition file
1 Enter a NEW File Name.
Selection = < 0 > ?
1
Note: Beginners should use the same name for the initiator definition file as the
initiator. Beginners should also keep one initiator per initiator file.
Enter the new file name. ? “When 69 A”
___________________________________________
Select a Initiator definition file.
1
2
3
4
5
Define a New Initiator.
Clear All Initiators.
Write an Initiator definition file
Read an Initiator definition file
When 69 A
When finished, the user must save
(write) an initiator definition if they
desire access to that definition after
they exit the FlexFIBER program. To
write an initiator definition file, select
option 3.
FIBER will display all of the
previously defined initiator definition
files (left). To add the initiator
definition to a file containing other
definitions, the user should select the
appropriate file (recommended for
advanced users only). To create a new
definition file, select option 1.
Once the user has chosen to define a
new initiator definition file, FIBER will
prompt for a name (left). Enter a name
that helps identify the initiator or
initiators stored within the file. Once
the user has entered the appropriate
name, FIBER will return to the initiator
definition menu (left).
Press Enter and FIBER will display
the FIBER Main Menu to reflect that
an initiator has been saved or loaded
(read) (left).
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
62
___________________________________________
FIBER Main Menu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Defining a Treatment
{ Stand1 } Select stand directory.
Ingrow species initially found on the plot.
"OFF" "Output a file for FIBER habitat classification."
Plots below the lower range are retain as unstocked.
Exclude the area of Unstocked and Delayed plots from reports.
Plots with stocking less than 5 sqft/ac are unstocked.
{Stand1_1999-1999} Plots: All= 6, Mean=
6/ 6, Delay= 0/ 0
Change species ingrowth "AGS.vs.UGS" ratios.
Initiator Menu:(File “When” loaded)
Treatment Menu:
Tree diameter limits are off.
A-Line restrictions ON (Original)
Projection Menu:
Look at a FIBER reports, etc.:
Report Management Menu
Generation of a simulated sample unit tree list is turned off
Generation of a simulated mean unit tree list is turned off.
Return to FlexInv.
Selection = < 0 > ?
10
Thinning Definition Options.
1
2
3
4
Define a New Treatment.
Clear All Treatments.
Write a Treatment definition file
Read a Treatment definition file
Selection = < 0 > ?
__________________________________________
> ?”To
B Line”
It is recommended that treatments be named after the resulting desired
condition or initiator linked to track the treatments being conducted.
___________________________________________
Edit a treatment definition. (ALL conditions must be satisfied.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Once chosen, FIBER displays the
treatment status menu (left) with
options to define a new treatment (1),
delete active treatments from memory
(2), save (write) a treatment definition
(3), or load (read) a previously defined
treatment definition (4). To define a
new treatment, the user should select
option 1.
The user should enter the appropriate
name (“To B Line” left).
1
Enter a name for this treatment.<
Management activities are conducted to
achieve objectives. These objectives
are often associated with achieving a
desired stand condition after
management. To define this stand
condition (see section 4.7.2), FIBER
allows the user to select option 10, the
Treatment Menu from the FIBER Main
Menu (left).
Treatment name:" To B line "
This treatment is Selectable.
Clear this definition!
Number of active Initiators => 0
Apply in "Softwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Apply in "Hardwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Apply in "Mixedwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Min. residual,total basal area
5
Min. residual,total
stems
0
Min. residual,total Cu.Ft. Vol
0
Min. residual,total Bd.Ft. Vol
0
Thin to 0 percent of the "A"-line
Thin to 0 percent of the "B"-line
Thin to 0 percent of the "C"-line
Cutting guide editor.
Once named, FIBER will display the
treatment definition menu (left) to
rename the treatment (1), turn it
“on/off” (2), clear the definition (set
back to defaults) (3), link the treatment
to an initiator (4), define the stand
composition and site were the treatment
applies (5, 6,and 7), define the resulting
quantities or levels of removal (8, 9,
10, and 11), or resulting stocking level
in terms of stocking charts (12, 13, and
14). To define how the resulting
condition will be achieved using the
Cutting Guide Editor, choose option
15.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
63
___________________________________________
Edit a treatment definition. (ALL conditions must be satisfied.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Treatment name:" To B line "
This treatment is Selectable.
Clear this definition!
Number of active Initiators => 0
Apply in "Softwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Apply in "Hardwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Apply in "Mixedwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Min. residual,total basal area
5
Min. residual,total
stems
0
Min. residual,total Cu.Ft. Vol
0
Min. residual,total Bd.Ft. Vol
0
Thin to 0 percent of the "A"-line
Thin to 0 percent of the "B"-line
Thin to 0 percent of the "C"-line
Cutting guide editor.
Selection = < 0 > ? 4
===============================================================
Thinning name " To B line"
===============================================================
___________________________________________
Available initiators:
1 {NOT Linked & Active} "When 69 A
Selection = < 0 > ?
1
A treatment may only be linked to an initiator if there is an initiator currently loaded
and vice versa. Beginners should only link one initiator to a treatment and vice
versa.
___________________________________________
Edit a treatment definition. (ALL conditions must be satisfied.)
1 Treatment name:" To B line "
2 This treatment is Selectable.
3 Clear this definition!
4 Number of active Initiators => 1
5 Apply in "Softwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
6 Apply in "Hardwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
7 Apply in "Mixedwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
8 Min. residual,total basal area
5
9 Min. residual,total
stems
0
10 Min. residual,total Cu.Ft. Vol
0
11 Min. residual,total Bd.Ft. Vol
0
12 Thin to
0 percent of the "A"-line
13 Thin to 100 percent of the "B"-line
14 Thin to
0 percent of the "C"-line
15 Cutting guide editor.
Before FIBER can model alternative
management actions the user must link
a starting condition to a resulting
condition by selecting option 4 (left).
Once chosen, FIBER will display a list
and current status of initiators in
memory (left). Each initiator is linked
or not linked (1) (left).
The above menu will be similar when
the user chooses to link an initiator to a
treatment.
Once the user has selected the
appropriate available initiators, press
Enter and FIBER will display the
treatment definition menu to reflect the
changes made.
The process for defining the species
composition and habitat criteria is
identical to that used by an initiator.
Reference this process as defined under
an initiator (above).
Selection = < 0 > ?
The above menu displays a treatment definition with a resulting condition described
in terms of the B-line on a stand stocking chart. The process used to define this
condition is identical to defining this condition in an initiator. The process used to
define species composition and site characteristic in a treatment is also identical to
the process used to define these same options in an initiator. Although this manual
will not go over these processes in a treatment the user is encouraged to reference
the initiator definitions.
64
___________________________________________
Edit a treatment definition. (ALL conditions must be satisfied.)
1 Treatment name:" To B line "
2 This treatment is Selectable.
3 Clear this definition!
4 Number of active Initiators => 1
5 Apply in "Softwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
6 Apply in "Hardwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
7 Apply in "Mixedwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
8 Min. residual,total basal area
5
9 Min. residual,total
stems
0
10 Min. residual,total Cu.Ft. Vol
0
11 Min. residual,total Bd.Ft. Vol
0
12 Thin to
0 percent of the "A"-line
13 Thin to 100 percent of the "B"-line
14 Thin to
0 percent of the "C"-line
15 Cutting guide editor.
Selection = < 0 > ?
8
The following section will be similar upon selection of option 8, 9, 10, or 11.
___________________________________________
Basal area range options. ( 0.0< entry < 1.0 => percent of inventory )
1 "Total AGS"
Residual =
0.00
2 "Total UGS"
Residual =
0.00
3 "Total"
Residual =
5.00
4 "Softwood AGS" Residual =
0.00
5 "Softwood UGS" Residual =
0.00
6 "Softwood"
Residual =
0.00
7 "Hardwood AGS" Residual =
0.00
8 "Hardwood UGS" Residual =
0.00
9 "Hardwood"
Residual =
0.00
Selection = < 0 > ?
3
The section below will be the same regardless of the above selection.
___________________________________________
Basal area " "Total" ":
1 Minimum residual "Total" =>
5.0
2 Minimum "Total" to be removed =>
0.0
3 Maximum "Total" Remove all available.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Basal area range options.(0.0< entry<1.0=> percent of inventory )
1 "Total AGS"
Residual =
0.00
2 "Total UGS"
Residual =
0.00
3 "Total"
Residual =
5.00
4 "Softwood AGS" Residual =
0.00
5 "Softwood UGS" Residual =
0.00
6 "Softwood"
Residual =
0.00
7 "Hardwood AGS" Residual =
0.00
8 "Hardwood UGS" Residual =
0.00
9 "Hardwood"
Residual =
0.00
Selection = <
0
To define the level of basal area a stand
must reach before a harvesting activity
is initiated, the user should select
option 8 from the treatment definition
menu (left).
The following section will be the same
for defining resulting conditions in
terms of trees per unit area (9), cubic
foot volume (10) or, board foot volume
(11) (left).
FIBER will display the range of
quantity options menu. Ranges may be
defined in terms of all trees (total),
softwood trees, hardwood trees,
acceptable growing stock (AGS),
unacceptable growing stock (UGS), or
any combination of the above (left). To
define a condition in terms of all trees,
select option 3 (left).
Now define the thresholds of that range
(left). The user may choose to define a
minimum residual (1), a minimum
removal (2), a maximum removal (3),
or all of the above (select 1, then 2,
then 3).
Once the user has finished defining a
threshold range, FIBER will display the
treatment definition menu reflecting the
changes made after pressing the Enter
key twice (left).
> ?
If more than one range option (above) is defined, FIBER will consider each range to
be part of an “and “ clause.
___________________________________________
Edit a treatment definition. (ALL conditions must be satisfied.)
1 Treatment name:" To B line "
2 This treatment is Selectable.
3 Clear this definition!
4 Number of active Initiators => 1
5 Apply in "Softwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
(Etc.)
65
___________________________________________
Edit a treatment definition. (ALL conditions must be satisfied.)
1 Treatment name:" To B line "
2 This treatment is Selectable.
3 Clear this definition!
4 Number of active Initiators => 1
5 Apply in "Softwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
6 Apply in "Hardwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
7 Apply in "Mixedwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
8 Min. residual,total basal area
5
9 Min. residual,total
stems
0
10 Min. residual,total Cu.Ft. Vol
0
11 Min. residual,total Bd.Ft. Vol
0
12 Thin to
0 percent of the "A"-line
13 Thin to 100 percent of the "B"-line
14 Thin to
0 percent of the "C"-line
15 Cutting guide editor.
Selection = < 0 > ? 15
___________________________________________
Cutting Guide Definition Control For Treatment: "To B line"
1 Clear ALL Sequences:
2 Add a Sequence Set:
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
____________________________
Sequence No. < 0. > ? 5
___________________________________
Sequences are executed in numerical order by FIBER. The user should assign the
lowest sequence number to the group of activities to be executed first. FIBER allows
up to 900 sequences, although it is recommended that beginners use just use one.
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence
(0-9999): 10
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing: AGS & UGS
4
D iameter range: 5 inches thru 32
5
Tree Selection: From Above
6
Target Residual BA: All the qualified BA may be removed.
7
Maximum Removal BA: No limit on BA to be removed
8
Ingrowth Delay: 0 years
Defining Cutting Guides
Defining a management action based
on stand conditions and desired results
does not allow the resource manager to
determine the impacts and dynamics of
that management. This is because there
are different ways to reach the stand
condition objectives.
To define how the desired condition
can be achieved in FIBER, the user
should select option 15—Cutting Guide
Editor—from the Treatment Definition
Menu (left) (see section 4.7.3).
Once chosen, FIBER will display the
Cutting Guide Sequence Menu (left)
from which the user may choose to
delete all sequences currently loaded
(1) or define a new sequence number
(2). A sequence is a logical grouping of
individual activities that are used to
achieve a common objective. To define
a sequence number, the user should
select option 2 from the Cutting Guide
Sequence Menu.
Once the user has chosen to add a
sequence, FIBER will prompt for an
assignment of a sequence number (5)
(left). Once the sequence number has
been defined, FIBER will automatically
display the Sub-sequence Definition
Menu (left).
Selection = < 0 > ?
FIBER will execute sub-sequences in numerical order.
66
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999): 10
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing: AGS & UGS
4
Diameter range: 5 inches thru 32
5
Tree Selection: From Above
6
Target Residual BA: All the qualified BA may be removed.
7
Maximum Removal BA: No limit on BA to be removed
8
Ingrowth Delay: 0 years
Selection = < 0 > ?
2
___________________________________________
Select a species.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Forward up the list
All Species
Softwood
Hardwood
balsam fir
red spruce
black spruce
(Etc.)
Selection = < 0 > ? 4
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999):
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing:
4
Diameter range:
5
Tree Selection:
6
Target Residual BA:
7
Maximum Removal BA:
8
Ingrowth Delay:
The sub-sequence menu (left) allows
the user to define the removal sequence
order (1), and target the species (2),
quality of trees (3), diameter range (4),
type of harvest (5), residual level (for
that species of that quality in that
diameter range) (6), maximum removal
for this part of the harvest (7), and how
long the harvesting activity will delay
ingrowth (8).
To define the species selected for
removal by sub-sequence, the user
should choose option 2 (left). FIBER
will display a list of all possible species
and species groups. The user should
select the appropriate species (4) (left),
and FIBER will display the Subsequence Menu to reflect changes made
(left).
Option 3 will display the Species
Quality Menu (left).
10
Hardwood
AGS & UGS
5 inches thru 32
From Above
All the qualified BA may be removed.
No limit on BA to be removed
0 years
Selection = < 0 > ? 3
___________________________________________
AGS-UGS sequencing:"AGS & UGS"
From the Species Quality Menu, the
user may choose to target AGS trees
only (1), UGS trees only (2), or both
AGS and UGS trees equally (3). The
sub-sequence menu reflects the
changes made (left).
1 "AGS"
2 "UGS"
3 "AGS & UGS"
Selection = < 0 > ? 2
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999):
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing:
4
Diameter range:
5
Tree Selection:
6
Target Residual BA:
7
Maximum Removal BA:
8
Ingrowth Delay:
10
Hardwood
UGS
5 inches thru 32
From Above
All the qualified BA may be removed.
No limit on BA to be removed
0 years
Selection = < 0 > ?
67
___________________________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999):
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing:
4
Diameter range:
5
Tree Selection:
6
Target Residual BA:
7
Maximum Removal BA:
8
Ingrowth Delay:
10
Hardwood
UGS
5 inches thru 32
From Above
All the qualified BA may be removed.
No limit on BA to be removed
0 years
5
Maximum diameter class to be treated: < 32. > ? 16
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999):
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing:
4
Diameter range:
5
Tree Selection:
6
Target Residual BA:
7
Maximum Removal BA:
8
Ingrowth Delay:
10
Hardwood
UGS
5 inches thru 16
From Above
All the qualified BA may be removed.
No limit on BA to be removed
0 years
Selection = < 0 > ? 5
___________________________________________
Type of Cut:"From Above"
1
2
3
4
5
6
The user should enter the desired range
(5 min/16 max left).
To define how FIBER will remove
trees from the selected diameter range,
select option 5 from the sub-sequence
menu (left).
Selection = < 0 > ? 4
____________________________________________
Minimum diameter class to be treated: < 5. > ?
To define the minimum and maximum
diameter range targeted by the subsequence, the user should select option
4 (left).
From the next menu, the user may
select from removing the largest trees
first (1), the smallest trees first (2), all
tree equally (3), leaving largest tree
first (4), leaving smallest trees first (5),
or leave all trees equally (6). Once a
desired method has been chosen,
FIBER will display the sub-sequence
menu to reflect the changes made (left).
To define a target residual basal area
for the species, of the quality, within
the diameter range in question, the user
should select option 6 (left). FIBER
will then prompt the user to define a
residual level (see note.)
"From Above"
"From Below"
"Uniformly"
"Touch-A"
"Touch-B"
"Touch-U"
Selection = < 0 > ? 3
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999):
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing:
4
Diameter range:
5
Tree Selection:
6
Target Residual BA:
7
Maximum Removal BA:
8
Ingrowth Delay:
Selection = < 0 > ?
10
Hardwood
UGS
5 inches thru 16
Uniformly
All the qualified BA may be removed.
No limit on BA to be removed
0 years
6
Minimum Residual BA in sqft./ac (Decimal => Percent): < 0.00 > ?
0
Specifying a residual of 0 means that all available basal area may be removed.
Entering a decimal value implies a percentage of the available basal area should be
removed.
68
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999):
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing:
4
Diameter range:
5
Tree Selection:
6
Target Residual BA:
7
Maximum Removal BA:
8
Ingrowth Delay:
10
Hardwood
UGS
5 inches thru 16
Uniformly
All the qualified BA may be removed.
No limit on BA to be removed
0 years
Selection = < 0 > ? 7
___________________________________________
Maximum BA Removal in sq.ft./ac(Decimal =>Percent):<0.00 >?0
Maximum "Leave"BA in sq.ft./ac(Decimal =>Percent):<0.00 >?0
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999):
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing:
4
Diameter range:
5
Tree Selection:
6
Target Residual BA:
7
Maximum Removal BA:
8
Ingrowth Delay:
10
Hardwood
UGS
5 inches thru 16
Uniformly
All the qualified BA may be removed.
No limit on BA to be removed
0 years
Selection = < 0 > ? 8
___________________________________________
Years till ingrowth after this treatment: < 0. > ? 0
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 10
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999):
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing:
4
Diameter range:
5
Tree Selection:
6
Target Residual BA:
7
Maximum Removal BA:
8
Ingrowth Delay:
To define the maximum amount of the
target basal area to remove, the user
should select option 7 from the Subsequence Menu (left). FIBER will
prompt the user to define a maximum
removal or leave amount (left). The
user should enter the desired amount in
both locations and the treatment
definition menu will reflect the changes
made (left).
If harvesting might delay regeneration
of the species defined, select option 8
(left) from the Treatment Definition
Menu.
Once the user has chosen to delay the
regeneration of a species, FIBER will
prompt them to enter the number of
years to delay ingrowth. The user
should enter the desired period of time
(0 left).
To exit the treatment definition menu,
the user should press the Enter key
without making a selection (left). To
define another entry (sub-sequence),
select option 1.
10
Hardwood
UGS
5 inches thru 16
Uniformly
All the qualified BA may be removed.
No limit on BA to be removed
0 years
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Treatment : "To B line", Sequence : 5
1 Add An Entry:
2 Delete An Entry:
3 P( 10),Hardwood,UGS,D( 5 - 16),Uniform,BA-Res 0,MC-BA
0),ID( 0)
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
___________________________________________
Treatment: "To B line", Sequence No. 5, Sub_sequence No. 20
1 Sub-Sequence priority (0-9999): 20
2
Species:
3
AGS-UGS sequencing: AGS & UGS
4
Diameter range: 5 inches thru 32
5
Tree Selection: From Above
6
Target Residual BA: All the qualified BA may be removed.
7
Maximum Removal BA: No limit on BA to be removed
8
Ingrowth Delay: 0 years
Selection = < 0 > ?
_________________________________________________
69
__________________________
Treatment : "To B line", Sequence : 5
1
2
3
4
Add An Entry:
Delete An Entry:
P( 10),Hardwood,UGS,D( 5 - 16),Uniform,BA-Res 0,MC-BA 0),ID( 0)
P( 20),Softwood,AGS&UGS,D( 5 - 32),Above,BA-Res 0,MC-BA 0),ID( 0)
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Cutting Guide Definition Control For Treatment: "To B line"
1 Clear ALL Sequences:
2 Add a Sequence Set:
3 Sequence Set No: 5
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Edit a treatment definition. (ALL conditions must be satisfied.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Treatment name:" To B line "
This treatment is Selectable.
Clear this definition!
Number of active Initiators => 1
Apply in "Softwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Apply in "Hardwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Apply in "Mixedwood" stands, on "All FIBER habitats".
Min. residual,total basal area
5
Min. residual,total
stems
0
Min. residual,total Cu.Ft. Vol
0
Min. residual,total Bd.Ft. Vol
0
Thin to
0 percent of the "A"-line
Thin to 100 percent of the "B"-line
Thin to
0 percent of the "C"-line
Cutting guide editor.
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
Thinning Definition Options.
1
2
3
4
5
Define a New Treatment.
Clear All Treatments.
Write a Treatment definition file
Read a Treatment definition file
To B line
Once the user has finished defining a
sub sequence, FIBER will display the
sequence status menu. From this menu
the user may edit any previously
defined sub-sequences (3 and 4) (left),
delete previously defined subsequences (2), or add a new subsequence (1). To exit, press Enter.
FIBER will then display the Cutting
Guide Definition Menu (left).
From the Cutting Guide Definition
Menu, the user may choose to define a
new sequence (2), edit an existing
sequence (3), or delete all sequences
(1) (left) or press Enter without
making a selection (left). The Cutting
Guide Definition Menu will display the
Treatment Definition Menu (left). To
exit, press Enter.
To save a recently defined treatment,
the user should select option 3 from the
Treatment Status Menu (left). Once the
user has chosen to save a treatment,
FIBER will prompt the user to save the
treatment to an existing file or to create
a new file. To create a new treatment
file, the user should select option 1
(left).
FIBER will prompt the user to provide
a name. The user should enter the
desired name (“To B” left).
Selection = < 0 > ? 3
___________________________________________
Select a thinning definition file.
1 Enter a NEW File Name.
Selection = < 0 > ? 1
Select a thinning definition file.
Enter the new file name. ? “To B”
___________________________________________
Thinning Definition Options.
1
2
3
4
5
Define a New Treatment.
Clear All Treatments.
Write a Treatment definition file
Read a Treatment definition file
To B line
Selection = < 0 > ?
___________________________________________
70
6
SUMMARY
Once the user has completed the Get Started section they are encouraged to continue exploring the many options offered by
FlexFIBER. The user is also encouraged to keep in touch with the contact personnel listed in this manual for program updates
and application-specific documentation. As a program that is being actively developed and tested, FlexFIBER has the capability
to adapt to the changing needs of forest managers. Your comments and suggestions are greatly appreciated. Comments and
suggestions made by FlexFIBER users assist the developers in designing next version of the program. This version will contain a
more user-friendlier user interface, improved data management capabilities through the integration with a geographic
information system (GIS), improved species and product definitions, and many other features.
7
LITERATURE CITED
Avery, T.E.; Burkhart, H.E. 1994. Forest Measurements. 4ed, McGraw Hill Inc. 408p.
Bruce, D.B; Schumacher, F.X. 1942. Forest Measurements. Mc Graw Hill Inc.
Frank, R. M.; Blum, B.M. 1978. The Selection System of Silviculture in Spruce-fir Stands-procedures, Early Results, and
Comparisons With Unmanaged Stands. Res. Pap. NE-425. Broomall PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 15p.
Grizzle, J.E.; Starmer, C.F. ; Koch G.G. 1969 Analysis of Categorical Data by Linear Models. Biometrics Vol. 25.
Honer, T.G. 1964. The Use of Height and Squared Diameter Ratios for the Estimation of Merchantable Cubic Foot Volume.
Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 40, No. 3.
Honer, T.G. 1965. Volume Distribution in Individual Trees. Woodlands Review Section, Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada.
Woodlands Section Index 2340 (F-2).
Honer, T.G. 1965B. A New Total Cubic Foot Volume Function. Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 41, No. 4.
Husch, B.; Miller, C.I.; Beers, T.W. 1982. Forest Mensuration Third Edition. The Ronald Press Co. New York, 402p.
Leak, W.B. 1982. Habitat Mapping and Interpretation in New England. Res. Pap. NE-496. Broomall PA: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 28p.
Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States Trees (Native and Naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC; U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 375p.
McGaughey, R. J. 1997. Visualizing Forest Stand Dynamics using the Stand Visualization System, Proceedings of the 1997
ACSM/ASPRS Annual Convention and Exposition, April 7-10, Bethesda, MD: ASPRS Vol. 4:248
SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/SAT User’s Guide. Version 6, 4th ed. Vol. 1. Cary, NC; SAS Institute Inc.
Scott, C.T. 1979. Northeastern Forest Survey Board-Foot Volume Equations. Res. Note NE-271. Broomall, PA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 3p.
Scott, C.T. 1981. Northeastern Forest Survey Revised Cubic-Foot Volume Equations. Res. Note NE-304. Broomall, PA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 3p.
Shiver, B.D; Borders, B.E. 1996. Sampling Techniques for Forest Resource Inventory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 35p
Solomon, D.S. 1977. The Influence of Stand Density and Structure on Growth of Northern Hardwoods in New England. Res.
Pap. NE-362. Upper Darby, PA; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Solomon, D.S.; Frank, R.M. 1983. Growth Response of Unmanaged Uneven-aged Northern Conifer Stands Res. Pap. NE-517.
Broomall PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 17p.
Solomon, D.S.; Hosmer, R. A.; Hayslett, H.T., Jr. 1986. A Two-Stage Matrix Model for Predicting Growth of Forest Stands in
the Northeast. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. Vol. 16. No. 3.
71
Solomon, D.S.; Hosmer, R.A.; Hayslett, H. T., Jr. 1986b. FIBER Handbook: A growth model for Spruce-fir and northern
hardwood forest types. Res. Pap. NE-602. Broomall, PA; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Forest
Experiment Station. 19p.
Solomon, D.S.; Herman, D.A.; Leak, W.B. 1995. FIBER 3.0: An ecological growth model for Northeastern Forest types. Gen.
Tech. Rep. NE-204. Randor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Wiant, H.V., Jr. 1978. A Technique for Combining Related Regression into One Equation. Resource Inventory Notes BLM 16
72
8
APPENDIX A—INPUT VARIABLES
Numerical variable field names:
Variable name
'DBH 4.5 feet'
'Distance to tree'
'Top Sighting'
'Ground Sighting'
'Top Sighting'
'Ground Sighting'
'Merch. Height Sighting'
'Live Crown Ratio'
'Girard Form Class'
'Merch. DOB'
'Merch. DIB'
'Stump DIB'
'Stump DOB'
'Stump Height'
'dbh 1.3 meters'
'Crown Radius'
'Limiting distance'
'Pole sighting'
'Tree age'
'Tree Site Index'
'Easting'
'Northing'
'Elevation'
'Crown Coverage'
'Number of Trees'
'Leaning Tree Base'
'Merch. Tree Height'
'Total Tree Height'
'Sawlog DIB'
'Sawlog DOB'
'Sawlog Length'
'Pulp Length'
'Pulp Butt DOB'
'Pulp Cull'
'Sawlog Cull'
'Merch. Cull'
'Crown Point'
'Area Represented'
Format line declaration
'!DBH 4.5 feet'
'!Distance to tree'
'!Top Sighting'
'!Ground Sighting
'!Top Sighting'
'!Ground Sighting'
!Merch. Height Sighting'
'!Live Crown Ratio'
'!Girard Form Class'
'!Merch. DOB'
'!Merch. DIB'
'!Stump DIB'
'!Stump
'!Stump Height'
'!dbh 1.3 meters'
'!Crown Radius'
'!Limiting distance'
'!Pole sighting'
'!Tree age'
'!Tree Site Index'
'!Easting'
'!Northing'
'!Elevation'
'!Crown Coverage'
'!Number of Trees'
'!Leaning Tree Base'
'!Merch. Tree Height'
'!Total Tree Height'
'!Sawlog DIB'
'!Sawlog DOB'
'!Sawlog Length'
'!Pulp Length'
'!Pulp Butt DOB'
'!Pulp
'!Sawlog Cull'
'!Merch. Cull'
'!Crown Point'
'!Area Represented'
Measurement units
‘inches’
‘feet’
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.xx or xx
0.xx or “DIB” or “xx” > dbh
’inches’
’inches’
’inches’
’inches’
’inches’
’centimeters’
‘feet’
‘feet to surface of tree’
n/a
‘years’
‘feet at base age’
‘meters’
‘meters’
‘feet’
‘square feet’
‘count’
‘feet’
‘feet’
‘feet’
‘inches’
‘inches’
‘feet’
‘feet’
‘inches’
‘percent’
‘percent’
‘percent’
‘percent’
‘acres’
Discrete variables
'Species'
'Growing stock'
'Condition Class'
'Crown Class'
'Physiographic Class'
'Species Group'
'Tree Grade'
'Current FIA type'
'Past FIA Type'
'FIBER Habitat'
'Sample unit name'
'!Species'
'!Growing stock'
'!Condition Class'
'!Crown Class'
'!Physiographic Class'
'!Species Group'
'!Tree Grade'
'!Current FIA type'
'!Past FIA Type'
'!FIBER Habitat'
'!Sample unit name'
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
‘codes’
73
9
APPENDIX B—SAMPLE FIX AREA PLOTS
This data set contains sample field data collected using fixed area plot (1 acres). Input variables include species (numeric
code), DBH 4.5 feet, and number of trees (tree count). Note that the header file requires two pieces of information to be ignored,
data fields 3 and 5 (“!Skip” and “!new_line” following tree count).
Sample Inventory Definition for Fixed Area Plot
"FlexInv Version 1.0 Copyright 1995"
!Stand_name,"Cedar - Black spruce Ecological Type"
!Colection_date,"Data Set Created in November 1996"
!area, 1.0000,"Acres"
!Design,"!random"
!Plot, 1.0000,"Acres"
!Dtape,"Inches"
!Total,"direct","feet"
!FORMAT,"!Species","!DBH 4.5 feet","!Skip","!Number of Trees","!new_line"
!DATA
#!PLOT # .... comment here ....
#!PLOT # .... comment here ....
!in_file Stand1.txt
Sample Field Data for Fixed Area Plot
!plot # dataset CC compartment 1 plot 6 habitat CE-BS-TAM
1, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
1, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 4, 5, CE-BS-TAM
1, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
1, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
74
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 8, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 8, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
1, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
!plot # dataset CC compartment 2 plot 92 habitat CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 5, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 7, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
3, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
2, 6, 0, 5, CE-BS-TAM
75
2,
2,
3,
1,
3,
3,
3,
1,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
6,
5,
6,
5,
5,
5,
7,
5,
5,
5,
6,
5,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
6,
5,
5,
5,
6,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
7,
5,
5,
5,
6,
6,
5,
5,
5,
6,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
CE-BS-TAM
76
!plot # dataset DD compartment 1 plot 11 habitat CE-BS-TAM
25, 12, 3, 7, CE-BS-TAM
1, 8, 3, 7, CE-BS-TAM
1, 11, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 16, 3, 7, CE-BS-TAM
1, 7, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 7, 3, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 6, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
1, 8, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 7, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 6, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 7, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 7, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 7, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 9, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
1, 9, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 10, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 9, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 11, 4, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 8, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
1, 11, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 10, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 8, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 7, 3, 7, CE-BS-TAM
1, 10, 1, 7, CE-BS-TAM
25, 17, 3, 7, CE-BS-TAM
77
10 APPENDIX C—SAMPLE POINT SAMPLE
This data set contains sample field data collected using point sampling (10 factor prism). Input variables include Species,
DBH 4.5 feet, and Total tree height. Note that only a sub-sample of tree height were taken.
Sample Inventory Definition File for Point Sampling
"FlexInv Version 1.0 Copyright 1995"
!Stand_name,"Nokomis West Lot Stand 6"
!Stand_abbreviation,"Noko W S 6"
!Table_Header_1,"Nokomis High School Woollot"
!Table_Header_2 ,"Tracy Daras and Mike Tibbetts"
!Collection_date,"October 14 1997"
!area, 12.0000,"Acres"
!Design,"!random"
!BAF, 10.0000
!Calipers,"Inches"
!Total,"direct","feet"
!FORMAT,"!species","!DBH 4.5 feet","!Total Tree Height"
!DATA
#!POINT # .... comment here ....
#!POINT # .... comment here ....
!in_file Stand2.txt
Sample Field Data for Point Sampling
!point #stand 6 #1
wb
9
60
wb
6
ce
4
24
rm
5
yb
10
52
rm
8
!point #stand 6 #2
he
20
60
wb
19
65
!point #stand 6 #3
as
16
55
rs
5
rs
10
45
he
8
rs
9
55
rm
9
78
11 APPENDIX D—SAMPLE DOUBLE SAMPLING
This data set contains an example of forest inventory using double sampling. Input variables are species, dbh 4.5feet,
Growing Stock (a discrete code 1= AGS, 2=UGS), Tree Grade (a discrete code 1-9), Merchantable tre height, Sawlog length,
percentage Pulpwood cull, and percentage Sawlog cull.
Sample Inventory Definition File for Double Sampling
#!Double_BA XXX # where XXX is the tree count on a BA point
"FlexInv Version 1.0 Copyright 1995"
!Stand_name,"Compartment 36"
!Stand_abbreviation,"Comp. 36"
!Colection_date, 5 15 1996
!area, 45.000,"Acres"
!Design !Point_Double
!BAF, 10.0000
!Dtape,"Inches"
!Merchantable,"direct","feet"
!FORMAT,"!species","!DBH 4.5 feet","!Growing stock","!Tree Grade","!Merch. Tree Height" ,"!Sawlog Length","!Pulp
Cull","!Sawlog Cull"
!DATA
#!POINT # .... comment here ....
#!POINT # .... comment here ....
#!Double_ba NN # .... comment here ....
!in_file Stand3.txt
Sample Field Data For Double Sampling
!Double_BA 12
!Double_BA 14
!POINT #1.5
YB
13.9
1
6
29
22
HE
10.9
1
2
27
23
RM
10.8
1
9
28
RS
11.7
1
3
34
31
HE
11.8
1
2
31
24
RM
6.9
1
9
26
RM
7.9
1
9
28
RS
8.6
1
9
33
RM
12.7
1
4
32
11
RM
8.1
1
9
23
RS
12.4
1
3
35
23
HE
14.3
1
3
26
22
HE
15.1
1
1
37
32
!Double_BA 10
!Double_BA 15
!POINT #1.6
HE
8.5
1
9
8
PB
13.8
1
3
25
25
RS
9
1
3
27
22
RM
14.2
1
2
27
27
SM
22.3
1
2
34
34
67
0
70
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
79
SM
17.6
BE
12.9
BE
15.7
RO
16.2
PB
14.1
PB
12.1
RS
10.7
HE
11.9
RS
12.2
PB
10.4
!POINT #2.1
BE
11.8
BE
14.3
BE
13.3
BE
10.6
BE
9.4
BE
17.8
OH
6.3
OH
8.8
WA
19.6
SM
18.2
!POINT #2.2
SM
10.9
RO
8.6
RM
14.4
RO
24.5
RO
19.9
RO
14.1
HE
12.2
HE
14.5
HE
21.1
HE
14.9
RO
9
SM
13.3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
6
2
2
6
3
3
2
3
9
32
12
17
24
23
26
26
19
32
24
26
12
17
24
23
26
26
17
26
4
50
0
0
70
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
70
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
4
9
9
2
9
9
3
1
37
37
27
33
21
36
18
31
41
34
25
27
27
4
13
0
0
30
0
36
0
0
22
27
22
4
10
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
9
2
1
1
3
2
3
3
1
9
3
19
32
28
40
23
33
32
39
37
35
29
31
24
28
23
28
24
32
33
32
16
7
0
6
7
8
14
0
16
0
5
6
15
21
21
0
31
0
0
80