UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATION SESSION
Unit Code: AUD 4012
Unit Title: Advanced History
and Theory 1
Date: Monday 3rd September 2012
Time: 09.15-11.15
_____________________________________________________________________
ANSWER ANY TWO (2) QUESTIONS. EACH QUESTION CARRIES 50% of the final
mark of this examination paper.
1. State and discuss the architectural theory of an architect/architectural
theorist who flourished in the later part of the Twentieth century.
2. Ecology is a recurrent concept in contemporary architecture. With
reference to the work of two architects, illustrate how this theme is
addressed in their respective architectural projects.
3. “Architecture, as prostitution, is one of the oldest professions. Indeed,
it is the oldest vocation”. Discuss.
Page 1 of 1
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATIONS SESSION
Unit Code: BCE3001 Unit Title: Construction Systems
and Materials 4
Date: 4 September 2012
Time: 09.15 - 11.15 a.m.
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
A
6m
4m
ANSWER QUESTION 1 AND ANY OTHER SEVEN QUESTIONS
rock surface
Figure 1
1.
A large warehouse is to be built on a flat site consisting of rock with about 1m of
top soil which must be removed before building operations commence. It is being
proposed that the construction is carried out in block masonry. Floors are to be solid with
a cast-in situ concrete subfloor and terrazzo tiles for the floor finish. The finished floor
level of the warehouse is about 1.7 metres below external paving level.
(a) By means of a well-detailed drawing approximately to scale, show two different
ways how the details marked A can be constructed to ensure that all walls and floor of the
warehouse are free from any rising damp. (10 marks for each part)
(b) If the floor finish of the warehouse was to be 150mm above external paving level,
show, by means of a well-labelled sketch, how detail A would be constructed. (10
marks)
You may make any reasonable assumption as to materials and finishes other than the
ones indicated.
1
2. You are preparing a full set of working drawings for the construction of a fully
detached dwelling. Describe the three basic aims which would be important in the
preparation of these drawings and the type of drawing to achieve each specific aim. (10
marks)
3.
A two-storey fully detached building is to be erected using masonry construction
on a relatively flat site where an investigation has revealed that the soil consists of a stiff
clay of unknown depth. The floorplan of the building has an overall area of about 400
square metres and there are no other buildings in the immediate vicinity. Describe with
appropriate drawings the type of foundation you would consider suitable for this type of
building.. (10 marks)
4.
The basic principle of foundation design is that at any point the load imposed by
the building does not exceed the permissible stress of the soil. Discuss how this can be
achieved in practice where the average load imposed by the building is less than the
permissible stress of the soil. (10 marks)
5.
A masonry retaining wall separates two paved areas with a level difference of 2.5
metres between them. Rock level is about 200mm below the level of the lower paved area
and the wall has therefore to retain fill. By means of a well-labelled sketch show how this
wall may be constructed to ensure that it is dry on the exposed surface and to avoid buildup of water pressure behind it when it rains. (10 marks)
6.
A fully detached dwelling is to be built on a relatively flat site consisting of a stiff
clay with about 1 metre of topsoil. The finished floor level of the dwelling is to be about
300mm above the existing site levels, while external paving will be at about 150mm
below the internal floor finish. The floor finish in parts of the building consists of ceramic
tiles on a proper subfloor while in other parts consists of wall-to-wall carpeting. By
means of a suitable sketch show how this floor may be constructed, showing clearly the
detail of the junction between the floor and the external wall and between the two
different types of floor finishes. (5 marks for each part)
7.
Describe the basic principles behind the design of the two types of semipermeable walls and show by means of a well-labelled sketch drawn approximately to
scale a typical construction for each of the two types. (10 marks)
8.
(a) The wall system has to achieve a balance between the aesthetic aims of the
designer and specific quantifiable criteria. Discuss.
(b) Describe the effect of the wind on the structural stability of a wall and the
integrity of the components of the wall system. (5 marks for each part)
9.
The structural stability of a masonry wall depends primarily on the proper
bonding of its constituent elements. Discuss this statement indicating how proper bonding
may be carried out in the case of a cavity wall built of concrete block and a single leaf
wall built of stone masonry. (5 marks for each part)
2
Figure 2
10.
Figure 2 above shows the detail of the jamb of an opening in a masonry wall.
(a) Discuss the function of the polyethylene DPC bonded to expanded polystyrene
as used in this construction.
(b) The drawing says “cavity insulated as required”. Describe the criteria you
would use to assess the amount of insulation, if any, and the way it is placed in the cavity.
(5 marks for each part)
3
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATIONS SESSION
Unit Code: BCE3002 Unit Title: Environmental Control
Systems 2
Date: 10 September 2012
Time: 09.15 – 11.15 a.m.
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
ANSWER EACH SECTION ON A SEPARATE BOOKLET
ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS FROM EACH SECTION
Section A – Answer five questions
1.
The indirect system of cold water supply is normally used locally. Give reasons for this
standard practice and indicate the problems that can arise in consequence of this practice
(10 marks)
2.
Indicate a solution for the problems listed below as part of the design of the hot water
system of a building:
(a) The provision of hot water in individual hotel bedrooms to avoid long dead legs if hot
water comes from a central heating plant,.
(b) A changing room for a small sports facility includes three showers which are used
intermittently at any time of the day. How would you recommend the provision of hot water to
the showers to ensure that adequate amounts of hot water are available at any time.
(c) A small hairdressing salon needs a supply of hot water for one washbasin. Suggest
means of satisfying this requirement taking into consideration the need to conserve energy while
at the same time hot water would be available when required.
(4 marks, 3 marks, 3 marks)
3.
Describe how the following details may be carried out so as to have an effective sanitary
installation:
(a) The connection of a WC to the drainage pipes.
(b) The connection of a washbasin to the drainage system if all pipework is internal.
(4 marks, 6 marks)
4.
Discuss
(a) the provision of sanitary facilities in dwellings; and
(b) the provision of washing facilities in an institution where a substantial number of
persons would need to use the facilities in a short period of time.
(5 marks for each part)
5.
The local system of drainage of foul water is only possible because of climatic
conditions. Discuss this statement indicating how the local system of foul water drainage is
carried out. Why would this system be ineffective if used in a cold climate? (6 marks, 4 marks)
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6.
(a) Suggest ways for the disposal of surface water if a connection to a storm water sewer
is not possible.
(b) Why is a storm water sewer separate from the foul water sewer to be preferred over a
combined system.
(5 marks for each part)
7.
Access points on external drains are essential in case there are blockages in the system.
List the various types of access points used indicating the preferred use of each type.
(10 marks)
Section B – Answer five questions
8.
(a) Describe three (3) containment types for physical distribution of electricity in
buildings giving examples of their application.
(6 marks)
(b) Describe, with the aid of sketches or diagrams, the physical wiring of two – way
switches.
(2 marks)
(c) Mention 4 different types of access control systems
(2 marks)
9.
An office measuring 12m x 22m and 3.1 m high requires an illuminance of 400 lux. The
room has a white ceiling and dark grey walls. 6300lm double lamps luminaries are used and
their normal spacing to height ratio SHR is 1.5. The maintenance factor is 0.9 and the light loss
factor is 0.8 for these types of luminaires.
(a) Calculate the number of luminaires needed.
(4 marks)
(b) What is the number of light fittings in length and width.
(4 marks)
(c) Find the electrical power consumption of the lighting system if each light
fitting is 58W.
(2 marks)
(
10.
)
(a) Describe two sources of renewable energy that would be appropriate for a domestic
terraced house in Malta.
(4 marks)
(b) Explain clearly how air conditioning differs from ventilation. Give reasons for the use
of ventilation in different areas of a hotel taking into consideration the following areas: (i) Car
park, (ii) Guest rooms, (iii) Kitchen, (iv) Foyer and circulation areas, (v) Offices, (vi) W.C.’s.
(6 marks)
11.
(a) What size of copper pipe is required for a water flow of 1.5l/s. What is the pressure
drop for a straight pipe measuring 500m long (give your answer in bar).
(6 marks)
(b) What is the water hammer pressure if the water valve is abruptly closed?
Speed of sound in water to be 1438m/s
(4 marks)
12.
For the services listed below mention what aspects or design considerations would be
taken into consideration that would influence the system and size selection for the design of a
hotel:
(a) Hot & Cold water supply
(4 marks)
(b) Electrical supply
(4 marks)
(c) Air conditioning
(2 marks)
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Table 1: Utilization factors for a bare fluorescent tube fitting with two 58W 1500mm lamps (%)
Luminace factors
Room index
Ceiling
Walls
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
70
50
48
53
59
64
71
75
79
83
86
70
30
40
46
51
57
64
69
73
78
82
70
10
35
40
46
51
59
64
68
74
78
50
50
43
48
52
57
63
67
70
74
76
50
30
37
41
46
51
57
62
65
70
73
50
10
33
37
42
46
53
58
61
67
70
30
50
39
42
46
50
55
59
61
65
67
30
30
34
37
42
46
51
55
58
62
65
30
10
30
33
38
42
48
52
55
59
62
Table 2: Luminance factors for painted surfaces
13.
Surface
Typical colour
Luminance factor range (%)
Ceiling
White, cream
70 – 80
Ceiling
Sky blue
50 – 60
Ceiling
Light brown
20 – 30
Walls
Light stone
50 – 60
Walls
Dark grey
20 – 30
Walls
Black
10
Floor
-
10
Calculate the U value for the following wall construction:
Wall is constructed with 200mm stone outer leaf, 100mm polystyrene insulation, 250mm
concrete block inner leaf and 12mm internal plaster, with the following data:k- values :Stone
1.0/W m K
Polystyrene
0.04 W/m K
Plaster
0.14 W/m K
Concrete block
1.2 W/m K
Thermal resistances:Inside surface
0.12 m2 K/W
Outside surface
0.06 m2 K/W
(10 marks)
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P age |4
5
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
YEAR III
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATION SESSION
Unit Code: BCE 3003
Unit Title: STRUCTURES 3
Time: 09.15 – 11.15hrs
Date: Wednesday 12th September 2012
___________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER ALL PARTS OF QUESTION No.1 IN SECTION A
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN SECTION B
START EACH QUESTION ON A FRESH PAGE
CANDIDATES ARE ALLOWED THE USE OF PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS
_________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION A
1.
(a) Discuss briefly the different forms of strain energy within the members of a loaded
structure in the elastic and post-elastic loading stages and explain why strain energy is
generated.
[8 Marks]
(b) A simply-supported beam of span L is discretized into 7 nodes (Node 1 at the lefthand pin support, Node 7 at the right-hand pin support and the other nodes spaced
equally at L/6). The stiffness influence coefficient giving the force required at the jth
node to cause a unit displacement at the ith node is defined as kij. Using the Principle
of Superposition, obtain an expression for the mid-span deflection if point loads of P2,
P4 and P5 are applied respectively at nodes 2, 4 and 5 along the beam.
[9 Marks]
(c) Explain concisely the differences between the Flexibility and Stiffness Methods of
analysis of indeterminate structures and how the Principle of Superposition is used in
both methods.
[8 Marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
Page 1 of 3
_________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION B
General Notes
(i)
All Numerical integration is to be carried out using Simpson's Rule.
(ii) The end-moments of a fixed-ended beam AB of span L subjected to a load W at a
distance a from the left-hand support A and a distance b from the right-hand support B
are given by :
MA =
2.
W a b2
L2
and
MB =
W a2 b
L2
With reference to the frame shown in Fig.Q2, determine the vertical displacement at the
cantilever tip D due to the applied external loading using the Principle of Virtual
Work. Assume that all members are prismatic and have equal flexural rigidities, EI.
[25 Marks]
3.
Using the Flexibility Method, analyse the frame shown in Fig.Q3 and draw the
corresponding bending moment and shear force diagrams.
[25 Marks]
4.
Using the Direct Stiffness Method, analyse the continuous beam shown in Fig.Q4 and
draw the corresponding bending moment and shear force diagrams.
[25 Marks]
5.
Using the Moment Distribution Method, analyse the continuous beam shown in Fig.Q5
and draw the corresponding bending moment and shear force diagrams.
[25 Marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
Page 2 of 3
BCE 3003 - STRUCTURES 3
6m
L/2
A
L
L/2
C
B
D
EI
L/2
4m
2W
W
2EI
L/2
EI Constant
35 kN
2m
B
A
C
Fig. Q2
Fig. Q3
2wL
wL
w
3L/4
2EI
A
L/2
EI
B
L
3EI
C
D
L
3L/2
Fig. Q4
15 kN/m
10 kN
25 kN
1.5m
1.5m
A
2EI
4.5m
B
3EI
C
6m
EI
D
3m
Fig. Q5
Page 3 of 3
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATIONS SESSION
Unit Code: BCE3005
Unit Title: Construction
Technology 5
Date: 6 September 2012
Time: 09.15 – 11.15 a.m.
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
ANSWER QUESTION 1 ANY OTHER SEVEN QUESTIONS
1.
Figure 1 below shows a sketch of a section through a proposed school gymnasium
(floor area 18m long by 12m wide) with adjacent ancillary facilities. The building is to be
fully detached and is to be located on a site within the school grounds. A site
investigation has revealed that the land consists of solid rock with a cover of about 1m
depth of fill and soil. The building is to be constructed of concrete block masonry with
the roof of the ancillary facilities being made of cast in-situ concrete. The roof of the
gymnasium is going to be constructed either as a lightweight roof or of precast
prestressed concrete planks.
(a) For the second roof option indicated above, draw the detail marked A in the
sketch below. (20 marks)
(b) If a lightweight roof is selected show how the part marked B in the sketch
below may be detailed. (10 marks)
You may make any reasonable assumption for other details of construction not
indicated here.
B
2.8m
7m
A
12m
Figure 1
2.
Describe the methods used to achieve suitable falls on a flat roof. Which of these
methods would you recommend for the roof of a warehouse, 20m long by 12m wide, if
downpipes can only be located on the shorter sides? (6 marks, 4 marks)
3.
The intermediate floors in a block of apartments are to be constructed of
reinforced concrete cast in-situ with tiled floorings above and a directly applied ceiling
Page 1 of 3
below. All walls are made from concrete blockwork, cavity walls being used for the
external walls.
(a) Discuss the functional requirements of these intermediate floors and how the
choice of materials and construction method satisfied these needs
(b) By means of a suitable sketch show a detail of the junction between the floor
and an external wall. (4 marks, 6 marks)
4.
Figure 2 below shows the specific design requirements for a flat roof projecting
over the wall plane. If the wall is constructed of concrete block masonry, show how this
detail may be built for either a cast in-situ concrete roof or a timber flat roof. (10 marks)
Figure 2
5.
By means of suitable sketches, describe the following structural elements used for
roofs: (a) open-web beam; (b) castellated beam; (c) composite slab; (d) a close couple; (e)
a fully-rigid portal frame. (2 marks for each part)
6.
An external staircase is required to provide circulation between two open spaces
at a difference in level of 2.1 metres. The staircase must consist of one flight and is
continuously supported by the ground below which consists of compacted fill. You are
required to design this staircase The width of the staircase is to be sufficient to allow two
persons to use the stairs simultaneously.
(a)
Work out the overall size of the proposed staircase and the dimensions
of each individual step.
(b)
What safety precautions you would consider essential in the design of
the staircase, suggesting materials and design features to achieve these
aims. (5 marks for each part)
Note: The relationship between the height of the riser and depth of the going is given by
the formula:
(2 x rise) + (going) = 585 to 610 mm
Page 2 of 3
7.
Lightweight partitions can be very useful to subdivide space where structural
considerations make it impossible to use heavy partitions, but lightweight partitions have
serious limitations. Discuss this statement with reference to the subdivision of space
within an office development. (10 marks)
8.
(a) Describe how you would specify the details of the main entrance to a
shopping complex if it is necessary that the door be kept close at all times except when
actually in use and the entrance has to be full accessible to all users including wheelchair
users, etc.
(b) Discuss the safety requirements for an internal door in a building used by
the general public. (6 marks, 4 marks)
9.
In the design of a school building, describe the criteria you would consider in
the selection of a suitable flooring for the various spaces in the school including (a) a hall
used primarily for physical education (b) sanitary facilities, (c) the main circulation
spaces, i.e. corridors and staircases, and (d) classrooms. Suggest the types of floors you
would consider acceptable. (10 marks)
10.
Windows have to be carefully designed to ensure that rainwater does not
enter the building. Describe how this aim can be achieved in practice in the design and
installation of a typical casement window made of timber or aluminium. (10 marks)
Page 3 of 3
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
SEPTEMBER 2012 RESIT SESSION
Unit Code: BCE3007
Date: 7th Sep. 2012
Unit Title: Road Engineering
Time: 9.15am – 11.15am
Answer All Questions
This is an OPEN BOOK Exam
1.
The peak hour traffic for each arm of a roundabout is indicated in the table
below:
Arms
Arm A
Arm B
Arm C
Arm D
Directions Routes
Peak Hour
Traffic
(Vehicles per
hour)
QL
QC
QR
QL
QC
QR
QL
QC
QR
QL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
600
86
92
256
78
534
286
324
95
87
QC
11
96
QR
12
73
a) Determine the values of Qz, Qk, the efficiency and the waiting time for
each direction.
(23 marks)
b) Does the roundabout operate efficiently at the peak hour?
(2 marks)
Page 1 of 3
1
2.
a) Determine the design relevant loading B for traffic flowing on an arterial
road having the following properties:
Number of lanes: 4 (in both directions)
Width of lanes: 3.5m
Maximum longitudinal slope: 4%
And with the following traffic flows:
ATV (HGV) in the first year: 600 vehicles/24hrs
Mean annual growth of heavy traffic 1%
The service time N shall be taken as 30 years.
(10 marks)
b) What road pavement shall one opt for if the plate bearing test has provided
a sub-grade strength less than 45 MN/m2?
Please draw an annotated sketch of the selected road pavement.
(5 marks)
3.
a) Define Road Users. What are their main needs?
(3 marks)
b) What technologies are being employed in order to improve mobility
management in cities?
(6 marks)
4.
a) What are the main functions of the Authority for Transport in Malta?
(4 marks)
b) What functions do Local Councils have vis-a-vis roads?
(3 marks)
c) Which roads fall under the responsibility of TM and which roads fall under
the responsibility of Local Councils?
(3 marks)
5.
a) If a road has an AADT of 40,000 vehicles what kind of road section would
you recommend? Please present a sketch of the chosen road section,
indicating the position of the carriageway, the central reserve and the
shoulders.
(6 marks)
b) Under what road classification (arterial, distributor or local access) would
such a road fall?
(3 marks)
6.
Page 2 of 3
a) What factors would affect your decision to choose a priority junction versus
a roundabout or a signal controlled junction?
(3 marks)
2
b) If you are looking at a diagram showing the full cycle times of a signal
controlled junction, what do the green times denote?
(2 marks)
7.
a) Name 3 properties which define the quality of aggregates used for
bituminous materials?
(3 marks)
b ) What is the recommended range of bitumen content by weight of the total
mixture for: wearing, binder and base courses?
(6 marks)
8.
If a 300mm thickness of Type 1A material is specified, in what thicknesses
should the Type 1A material be compacted, and what are the number of
passes required if the Contractor has a smooth-wheeled roller having a mass
per metre width of roller of 6 tons?
(3 marks)
9.
a) Define the terms shrinkage limit, plastic limit and liquid limit which describe
the different states of soil consistency.
(3 marks)
b) Give example of a soil which has a high permeability and another which is
suitable for the construction of road embankments.
(2 marks)
10.
Reproduce the table below on your answer booklet and fill up the blank
spaces :
From
Node
No.
NA 8
WU2
ED1
GA34
NU6
In the locality
of
San Pawl ilBahar, Malta
To
Node
No.
NA4
SU13
ND8
GA44
NR18
In the locality
of
Mellieha,
Malta
On
Route
No.
1
Road
Designation
Arterial
(
(10 marks)
Page 3 of 3
3
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
YEAR 4
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATION SESSION
Unit Code: BCE 4002
Unit Title: STRUCTURAL MASONRY
rd
Date:
Monday 3 September 2012
Time: 0915 - 1215hrs
________________________________________________________________________
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
This is an open book examination. Candidates are allowed access to textbooks and notes.
Programmable calculators are allowed in this examination, but not palm-top computers. No
means of electronic communication are allowed, and all mobiles/smart-phones must be switched
off during examination.
Figure 1 shows a part plan and a typical section of a proposed redevelopment project, wherein
it is required to maintain an existing masonry façade to front a new office building. The existing
masonry façade is six floors high, over a further basement storey, totaling 27.75m in all. It is
constructed of double skin limestone blockwork masonry, with traditional through bondstones. The two leaves of masonry are each 200mm thick, with a 50mm cavity. The basic
geometrical information about the masonry façade is indicated in Fig. 1. The existing 5m wide
window openings consist of concrete lintols faced with masonry.
Each office slab is required to carry an imposed load of 6.0kN/m2. The column grid in the office
building is required to be not less than 6m in each direction, but retained façade window
openings should not be obstructed by new columns. It can be assumed that lateral stability will
eventually be provided by vertical lift and stair cores, suitably located. The site is a level site on
the outskirts of a city, and a basic wind speed of 40ms-1 equivalent to approximately 1kN/m2, is
indicated as applicable. Ground conditions, at the lowest level, consist of sound compact
limestone, with a presumed bearing capacity of at least 1000kN/m2.
Information about the quality of the limestone masonry used indicates a reasonably consistent
good quality stone, with a normalized mean compressive strength, tested to MSA EN 772-6, of
18N/mm2. Information about the mortar used is not available, but it is presumed that mortar of
compressive strength class M2 has been used.
It is intended to use the masonry façade as a load-bearing component of the proposed office
building, which will otherwise consist of a conventional concrete column-beam-slab
construction. It is therefore also intended that the reinforced concrete structure be in some
way supported on, and tied to, the existing wall, at each floor level – which connection you are
required to study and advise upon.
(i)
You are required to assess the maximum vertical load that could be carried by the
most critical pier between window openings, taking into account the masonry unit
strengths and mortar quality indicated above, and taking into account any
slenderness/eccentricity reduction factors that may be applicable, in the context of
the window aperture geometry of the façade, and taking into account the fixing
system proposed by you at each slab level. You are required to take into account
both the eccentricities and the effective vertical heights that would result from your
proposed fixing system.
(35 marks)
On the basis of the load capacities derived above, determine whether the existing
masonry façade can, in general, be used as a load-bearing façade for the proposed
office development.
(15 marks)
If the beams that will be used to carry the office floors, and which are required to be
supported on the existing masonry façade, cannot be wider than 450mm, calculate
whether the bearing stresses between beam and wall can be carried satisfactorily.
(5 marks)
(ii)
The masonry façade is obviously also required to carry lateral loads into the
proposed reinforced concrete frame structure, which, it can be assumed, is
completely braced by the vertical lift/stair cores. You are required to assess whether
the existing façade has the required lateral load capacity. It is noted that the last
1.5m part of the existing façade will project upwards from the roof slab level, as
indicated in Fig.1; and that the ground between basement floor and existing ground
level consists of back fill of irregular quality.
(30 marks)
(iii)
The client has suggested that he would like to modify the existing masonry façade,
at ground floor level, with arches to replace the existing windows. A feasible
approach is considered to be that of constructing the arches under the existing
lintols, and then, to transfer the load on to the arches and remove the lintols.
Identify and advise on the geometrical, technical and structural limitations that
could constrain such a proposal.
(15 marks)
Fig. 1
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
YEAR 4
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATION SESSION
Unit Code: BEN 4002
Unit Title: BUILDING & LAND ECONOMICS
Date: Monday 3rd September 2012
Time: 0915 - 1045hrs
________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER Question 1 and either Question 2 or 3.
Question 1 carries a maximum of 60 marks whilst Questions 2 & 3 carry a maximum of 40 marks each.
CORRECTIONS SHOULD BE CLEARLY CROSSED OUT AND NOT ERASED BY ANY OTHER
MEANS.
1. Each property is unique, yet we use a Comparative Method of property valuation.
Discuss.
2. (a) Explain the relevance to the valuation of property of the following terms : value to
owner, market value.
(b) Discuss the circumstances in which you would make use of the Residual method
of valuation.
3. What information should a valuation report contain ?
CC/cc
Page 1 of 1
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATIONS SESSION
Unit Code: CNM1412
Unit Title: Building
Elements I
Date: 7 September 2012
Time: 14:00 - 15.30
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
A
6m
4m
ANSWER QUESTION 1 AND ANY OTHER 5 QUESTIONS
Question 1 carries 50 marks. All other questions carry 10 marks each.
Sketches and drawings are to be drawn in pencil using conventional symbols and properly
labelled. Each question should be answered very briefly and generally in not more than 20
words.
rock surface
FIGURE 1
1.
A large warehouse is to be built on a flat site consisting of rock with about 1m of
top soil which must be removed before building operations commence. It is being
proposed that the construction is carried out in block masonry. Floors are to be solid with
a cast-in situ concrete subfloor and terrazzo tiles for the floor finish. The finished floor
level of the warehouse is about 1.7 metres below external paving level.
(a) By means of a well-detailed drawing approximately to scale, show two different
ways how the details marked A can be constructed to ensure that all walls and floor of the
warehouse are free from any rising damp. (30 marks)
(b) If the floor finish of the warehouse was to be 150mm above external paving level,
show, by means of a well-labelled sketch, how detail A would be constructed. (20
marks)
Page 1 of 2
You may make any reasonable assumptions as to materials and system of construction
which are not described above.
2.
A client has requested you to design a fully detached bungalow on a large site
which he owns. Describe briefly the steps you would follow in the preparation of all the
necessary documentation for carrying out this project. (10 marks)
3.
A two-storey fully detached building is to be erected using masonry construction
on a relatively flat site where an investigation has revealed that the soil consists of a stiff
clay of unknown depth. The floorplan of the building has an overall area of about 400
square metres and there are no other buildings in the immediate vicinity. Describe with
appropriate drawings the type of foundation you would consider suitable for this type of
building.. (10 marks).
4.
A warehouse is to be constructed on a plot of land 20 metres deep between two
existing streets with a difference in level of about 3 metres between the two streets. The
floors above are to be developed as offices and other commercial use. The door of the
warehouse is at the lower street level and the floor to floor height is about 4 metres (i.e.
about 1 metre above the upper street level. Describe briefly
(a) the loading which the wall at the back of the warehouse has to carry.(5 marks)
(b) the site precautions you would take to reduce the amount of water in contact
with this back wall. (5 marks)
5.
A warehouse 20 metres long and with a floor-to-ceiling height of 6 metres is
to be constructed of concrete block masonry walls. The side walls are to be built of
single-leaf concrete blocks. Describe how you would detail this wall to ensure its
structural stability both during construction and in use. (10 marks)
6.
Describe the basic principles behind the design of the two types of semipermeable walls and show, by means of a well-labelled sketch drawn approximately to
scale, a typical construction for each of the two types. (5 marks for each part)
7.
The function of a window cill is to protect the wall at the bottom of a window
opening from the penetration of considerable amounts of water. Describe how this is
achieved in the construction of a window cill in a two-leaf masonry cavity wall built of
stone masonry. Illustrate your answer with a simple sketch. (10 marks)
8.
Describe briefly
(a) the functions of a vapour barrier in a wall system;
(b) the two main types of structural systems used in wall construction;
(c) dry and wet internal finishes for walls.
(4 marks, 3 marks, 3 marks)
Page 2 of 2
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.Sc. (Hons) Built Environment Studies
YEAR 1
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATION SESSION
Unit Code: CVE 1611
Unit Title: INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURE SYSTEMS
th
Date:
Tuesday 4 September 2012
Time: 0915 - 1045hrs
________________________________________________________________________
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
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UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.Sc. (Hons.) in Built Environment Studies
YEAR 1
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATION SESSION
Unit Code: CVE 1612
Unit Title: STRUCTURES I
Date: Wednesday 5th September 2012
Time: 0915 – 1115hrs
________________________________________________________________________
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
ANSWER ALL PARTS OF QUESTION No.1 IN SECTION A
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN SECTION B
CANDIDATES ARE ALLOWED THE USE OF CALCULATORS AND GRAPH PAPER
________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION A
1.
(a) Explain briefly with the use of sketches the reasons why structures, which are
loaded axially, in bending, in shear and/or in torsion, return to their original unloaded
position after the applied load is removed. In which case is the original unloaded
position not fully retrieved even after the applied load is removed?
[8 Marks]
(b) A simply-supported beam of span L is discretized into 5 nodes (Node 1 at the lefthand simply-supported end, Node 5 at the other simply-supported end, and the other
nodes spaced equally at L/4). The flexibility influence coefficient giving the
displacement measured at the ith node caused by a unit load applied at the jth node is
defined as fij. Using the Principle of Superposition, obtain an expression for the
deflection at the mid-span of the beam if point loads of P3 and P4 are applied
respectively at Nodes 3 and 4 along the beam.
[9 Marks]
(c) With reference to a steel test specimen subjected to tensile loading, explain two
ways in which the ductility of the steel material may be measured.
[8 Marks]
1
________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION B
2.
In a testing laboratory, it was observed that an element within a thin steel plate under
plane stress conditions, elongated by 0.00525m per m length along the x-axis, elongated
by 0.00375m per m length along the y-axis and distorted through an angle of 0.00450
radians. Using Mohr's Circle graphical construction, determine the principal strains
acting on the element. Furthermore, find the principal stresses at that point if the
material elastic constants for steel are E = 205,000 N/mm2 and ν = 0.30.
[25 Marks]
3.
A simply-supported steel beam has a hollow box cross-section with an overall depth of
350mm and an overall width of 200mm. The top flange has a thickness of 12mm, the
bottom flange has a thickness of 25mm, while the thickness of each of the two webs is
8mm. Given that maximum shear force and maximum bending moment within the
beam are 55kN and 135kNm respectively, determine the maximum shear stress and the
maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses within the beam.
[25 Marks]
4.
A timber beam with a cross-section of 150mm wide x 300mm deep is strengthened by
two steel plates glued onto the top and bottom faces of the timber beam such that the
timber beam is sandwiched between the two steel plates. The cross-sectional
dimensions of the top and bottom steel plates are 150mm wide x 10mm thick and
150mm wide x 20mm thick respectively. The modulus of elasticity of steel and timber
are 200kN/mm2 and 10kN/mm2 respectively. Furthermore, the maximum allowable
bending stresses in the steel and timber are 120N/mm2 and 10N/mm2 respectively.
Determine the maximum bending moment of resistance of the composite beam.
[25 Marks]
5.
A beam, with a C-shaped channel cross-section, has top and bottom flanges measuring
120mm x 15mm and a web with a clear height (between flanges) of 320mm and a
thickness of 8mm. Using Mohr's Circle construction, determine the position of the
principal axes and the magnitude of the principal moments of inertia of the crosssection. Comment on the results obtained for this beam cross-section.
[25 Marks]
6.
(a) In what ways does a plastic hinge differ from an actual hinge within a structure
subjected to bending? With the use of sketches, describe the spread of plasticity within
2
the cross-section of a beam that is subjected to flexural loading commencing from the
elastic stage and ultimately ending at the plastic stage.
[15 Marks]
(b) Discuss the imperfection-sensitivity of axially-loaded pin-ended columns and
explain why Euler column buckling theory is inappropriate for direct use within routine
design applications. Describe one way in which the axial load-carrying capacity of a
column may be increased without changing the cross-section of the column.
[10 Marks]
________________________________________________________________________________
3
________________________________________________________________________________
General Hints
(i)
The principal stresses, σ1 and σ2 are given by :
E
ε1 + ν ε2
1 – ν2
E
σ2 =
ε2 + ν ε1
1 – ν2
σ1 =
where, ε1 and ε2 are the principal strains, ν is Poisson's ratio and E is the modulus of
elasticity.
(ii)
The shear stress, τ, at a Point A at a distance, y, away from the neutral axis of a beam of
prismatic cross-section, with at least one axis of symmetry and subjected to bending
only is given by:
V A' y'
.
Ib
In this expression, V is the applied shear force, A' is the cross-sectional area of that part
of the section between Point A and the extreme fibre of the section, y' is the distance of
τ =
the centroid of A' from the neutral axis, I is the moment of inertia of the whole crosssection and b is the width of the section at Point A.
(iii) The fundamental equation of bending at a section along a beam with, at least, one axis
of symmetry is given by:
M = σ = E
y
I
R
where, M is the applied moment, I is the moment of inertia, s is the bending stress at a
distance y away from the neutral axis, E is Young's Modulus of Elasticity and R is the
radius of curvature of the beam.
(iv) The major axis moment of inertia of a rectangular beam of dimensions b x d is given
by:
IMajor =
(v)
bd
12
3
The minor axis moment of inertia of a rectangular beam of dimensions b x d is given
by:
3
IMinor =
db
12
(vi) The moment of inertia about a diameter of a circular beam of diameter, d, is given by:
4
I =
πd
64
4
(vii) The moment of inertia about the centroidal axis of a triangular beam with a base
dimension, b, and a depth, d, is given by:
I =
bd
36
3
(viii) The moment of inertia, IBB, of a section about a given axis at a distance, h, from the
neutral axis is obtained using the Parallel Axis Theorem, that is:
IBB = I AA + A h2
where, IAA is the moment of inertia of the section about the centroidal axis and A is the
cross-sectional area.
________________________________________________________________________________
5
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
B.E. & A. (Hons.)
SEPTEMBER 2012 EXAMINATIONS SESSION
Unit Code: EVD1502 Unit Title: Environmental
Date: 10 September 2012
Design and Interior Spaces
Time: 14:00 – 15:30
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.
Questions in Section A carry 2 marks each. Questions in Section B carry 3 marks each.
Each question should be answered very briefly and generally in not more than 20 words.
Section A
1.
Sound level measurements are frequently expressed as an overall single figure
value, in dB(A). What is the significance of the (A) used in the descriptor?
2.
Distinguish between impact sound insulation and airborne sound insulation.
3.
Describe two factors you would consider important in the assessment of a site for
possible noise annoyance.
4.
What are the factors on which noise from traffic depends?
5.
Which is the best type of roof in terms of sound insulation: a reinforced concrete
roof or a metal roof (e.g.profiled sheeting on steel trusses) and why?
6.
What is the mass law as used in the estimation of the theoretical value of the
sound insulation of a partition.
7.
Why is the installation of acoustically absorbent material on room surfaces
important in the estimation of the reverberation time of that room?
8.
In the design of a space used for the performance of music, the designer has to
ensure that acoustic problems do not arise. Describe briefly two problems commonly
encountered in spaces used for musical performance.
9.
There are three main aims in the design of a successful artificial lighting scheme.
Describe two of them.
10.
What is meant by integrated lighting design?
Page 1 of 3
1
11.
What are the three components of the daylight factor?
12.
In the interests of energy conservation, what would you recommend for the
lighting levels in an interior where very demanding visual tasks need to be carried out at a
few specific points within the interior?
13.
What is meant by the U-value of a building element?
14.
What is meant by the term sol-air temperature as used in the thermal performance
of a building?
15.
Describe one way in which the orientation of a building affects the thermal
performance of the building.
16.
Why is ventilation of a dwelling important during the cold season of the year?
17.
What is the relation between the absorptivity and the emissivity of radiation of a
surface for a particular wavelength?
18.
What is meant by incidental heat gains to a building?.
19.
In the assessment of the thermal performance of a building, the heat gains / loss
due to infiltration are difficult to compute. Why?
20.
Why does the temperature in an underground structure remain fairly constrant
throughout the year?
Section B
21.
Mention two design factors which affect ventilation rates within an interior.
22.
In the thermal design of a building one method is to optimize the building shape
so that the fabric loss will be a minimum. Discuss.
23.
Discuss the effects of thermal mass on the indoor air temperatures of a building in
relation to outdoor air temperatures.
24.
What is meant by heat bridges in the assessment of the thermal performance of a
building element such as a wall?.
25.
In the lighting design of an interior what is meant by (a) room index, and (b) the
spacing / mounting height ratio?
26.
How can you assess the amount of daylight in an interior during the design stage
of the building?.
Page 2 of 3
2
27.
Describe the use of occupancy controls in the design of a lighting system to
reduce energy consumption.
28.
Why is the proper maintenance of a lighting system important to avoid bad
lighting and wastage of energy and money.
29.
The audience has an important role in the acoustic performance of a large space
used for musical performances. Discuss this statement indicating how the effect of
variable audiences can be mitigated to ensure good acoustic conditions.
30.
Why is it that indoor swimming pools tend to have very long reverberation times
making speech intelligibility difficult, and could you suggest means to mitigate this
problem.
31.
List the more important factors which you consider important in the design of an
internal partition to ensure acceptable sound insulation between the two spaces.
32.
Two adjacent dwellings share a common party wall built of 230mm stone
blockwork construction. The occupants complain of noise disturbance from their
neighbour. Discuss this problem and identify the likely source of the problem.
33.
The ambient noise level in an internal space is an important factor to mask
unwanted noise from external sources. Discuss.
34.
Describe three sources of external noise and indicate ways how the interior can be
protected from this source of noise.
35.
The Speech Transmission Index (STI) is the descriptor used to assess speech
intelligibility within an interior space. What are the factors taken into account in the
assessment of this property of the interior.
36.
What are the factors which affect the sound transmission between two different
indoor spaces?
37.
Show how the internal door to a music practice room in a school should be
constructed to ensure that the dividing wall between the room and the circulation space
has adequate sound insulation.
38.
What is meant by the following terms as used in lighting design: (a) colour
rendering index, (b) luminous efficacy of a lamp.
39.
Why are external shading devices more effective than internal ones in protecting
a building from excess solar radiation?
40.
Describe the use of buffer zones to reduce the entry of unwanted noise into
building interiors from external sources..
Page 3 of 3
3