Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
Vol. 10(2), April 2011, pp. 281-286
Indigenous knowledge and uses of medicinal plants in Macchegaun, Nepal
Kunjani Joshi1*, Ranju Joshi2 & AR Joshi2
1
Department of Botany, Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, PO Box 2486, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2SchEMS,
Pokhara University, Nepal
E-mails: kunjanijoshi@hotmail.com; ranjujoshi@hotmail.com, ajoshi9@gmail.com
Received: 27.11.2008; revised: 29.04.2010
Based on a field survey, 87 species belonging to 54 families, used by the local people of the Macchegaun, Kathmandu
district, Nepal are reported. Local people have remarkable detailed knowledge of species identity, characteristics and their
specific uses. These traditional knowledges and practices are disappearing particularly due to unplanned land use change
and over-explotation of the species. Some species are under serious threat indicating urgent need of documentation of useful
plants with their uses and indigenous practices. An attempt has also been made to recommend some conservation measures
for preservation and sustainable uses of these species.
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Rural community, Indigenous knowledge, Sustainable use, Conservation
IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K36/00, A61P1/02, A61P1/10, A61P1/14, A61P1/16, A61P5/00, A61P9/14, A61P11/00, A61P17/00,
A61P19/00, A61P29/00, A61P31/00, A61P35/00, A61P39/02
The rural communities depend heavily on plant
diversity for the fulfillment of their basic needs and
conservation of other natural resources. They collect
useful plant resources from various habitats and
utilize them using indigenous knowledge and
practices. The vast store of information on indigenous
knowledge, practices and technologies is being eroded
as a result of fast urbanization, over-exploitation of
resources, unscientific land use, change of lifestyles
and behavior1. Hence, priority ought to be given to
document the useful plants with indigenous
knowledge, practices as well as technologies from the
area before the inhabitants shift over to modern
lifestyle. In Nepal, very little works relating to the
documentation of useful species and their uses to
improve livelihood, and their roles for conservation
and sustainable management of environmental
resources have been carried out1-5. There are still gaps
on the comprehensive study and documentation
relating to the ethnobotanically useful species and
indigenous knowledge, practices and perception of the
local people for sustainable resource management.
Moreover, as Nepal is also one of the signatories of
the conventions (Ramsar Convention, Biodiversity
Convention, and Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species), priority should be given to the
——————
*Corresponding author
documentation the useful species with their
sustainable uses, and existing local level indigenous
knowledge, techniques and practices. The study is
designed to fill up the gaps and to recommend some
strategies for sustainable management of the
resources.
Methodology
The ethnobotanical study was carried out in the
Macchegaun and surrounding areas. Macchegaun is
located in the Southwest part of the Kathmandu valley
and lies in the lap of Chandragiri mountain range
where it is extended Southnorth longitudinally. The
landforms of the study areas are moderate to steep
slopey mountainous terrains with temperate climate.
The physical ecological factors are suitable for the
development of rich and varied vegetation with
various ecosystems. The southern part of the village
was covered by the forest with important species such
as Pinus roxburghii (salla), Lyonia ovalifolia (angeri),
Schima walliiichii (chilaune), Castanopsis indica
(thulo katus), Castanopsis tribuloides (musure katus),
Quercus lanata (banjh), Q. semicarpifolia (khasru),
Prunus cerasoides (painyu) and the animals like tiger,
fox, leopard, deer, etc. The Community Forest
Committees (Macchenarayan Forest User Committee
and Chundevi Forest User Committee) manage the
existing forests.
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INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 10, No. 2 APRIL: 2011
Macchegaun has 9 wards with 2,963 total
population. The study area is inhabited by different
ethnic groups (Newar, Magar, Khhetri, Brahamin,
Sunuwar, Tamang, Mijar, etc.), with rich in traditional
knowledge and practices. Agriculture is the main
occupation of the villagers, who depend on natural
resources for their livelihood. Several field trips in
and around the study areas were undertaken during
the July–Dec 2005 and Feb–May 2006.
Ethnobotanical information was gathered mainly
through repeated interview and open-ended
participatory discussions with local informants, such
traditional healers/ jkankri, teachers and experienced
village elders including midwives and by direct
observations on the way different plant materials were
being collected and used6,7. The taxonomic identity of
the plants was determined with the help of local
floras. Voucher specimens are deposited in the
Biodiversity
and
Environmental
Monitoring
Laboratory of SchEMS, Pokhara University,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
Results and discussion
During the field survey, ethnobotanical information
of 87 species of plants belonging to 54 families have
been collected from various habitats of the study area
(Table 1). Among the documented medicinal species,
the family Asteraceae was most frequently
represented with a total of 7 species, followed by
Euphorbiaceae (5), Amaranthaceae & Rosaceae (4
each), Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae & Solanaceae
(3 each) and others with less than 3 species. Though
these species are distributed in various habitats, most
of the species are mainly confined to the forests. The
data on the medicinally important plants indicte that
27 species were used to treat gastrointestinal
disorders, 16 for fever, cough and headache, 15
illnesses of the skeleton- muscular system, 12 for
dermatological illness, 7 for genito-urinary complaints,
7 for respiratory aliments, 6 for dental problems, 2 for
cardiovascular complaints and disease of blood, 2 for
opthalmological problems and 28 for others.
The people in the vicinity of the forest have a good
knowledge of useful plant species especially the
knowledge on medicinal plants. Traditional beliefs
and practices are deeply rooted in their culture in such
a way that they attribute most of the complicated
ailments and other misfortunes to supernatural origin
due to soul loss, spells or curses cast by evil spirits by
the displeasure8. The local people use the plants and
their parts for the treatment of ailments following the
traditional practices. The most popular medicinal
preparation are infusion, decoction, paste or juice.
The medicinal uses of the same species may vary
from one village to the next village. For example, the
decoction of leaf of Swertia chirayita is given to
relieve stomach disorder and fever in the study areas,
whereas in the the villages of the Makalu Barun area
the Sherpa people use the leaves for the treatment of
cuts and wounds. In Barmoche village of
Sindhupalchok district, juice of Swertia chirayita root
is taken to cure liver diseases and paste of leaves
prepared with mustard oil is applied over boils and
scabies9,10. Similarly, juice of Lyonia ovalifolia leaf is
drink for curing the ringworm by Tamangs in Raitar
village, Nayapati village Development Committee,
Kathmandu district, while the decoction of leaves of
the plant is used to get relief from pain in the study
area11. This may be due to diversity in culture,
tradition and isolation of one area to other. This
knowledge is, however, being eroded with
introduction of modern medicines.
During the survey, the uses of medicinal plants by
local communities were analysed. Among the local
communities of the study area, 71% of the senior
people and 56 % of new generation used medicinal
plants and their products to cure various ailments. The
preferred species are Acorus calamus, Aloe vera,
Aegle marmelos, Artimisia indica, Azadirachta
indica, Centella asiatica, Eupatorium adenophorum,
Ficus benghalensis, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Jatropa
curcas, Justicia adhetoda, Pinus roxburghii and
Swertia chirayita. However, the use of medicinal plant
was limited to the minor health related problems such
as cuts, wounds, gastrointestinal problems, fever,
headadch, cough, etc. When questioned about the
changing status of the existing useful plants, the
respondents listed some important species, such as
Acorus calamus, Centella asiatica, Justicia adhatoda,
and Swertia chirayita, which have also declined in
abundance during the last decade.
During the last few years, some initiatives have
been taken for the sustainable management of
medicinal plants and their resources12-19. Despite the
implementation of various activities for the
conservation of the species and documentation of the
species, there is still gaps in policy, plan and
implementation of programs, capacity building
activities in an integrated manner. Though some
initiatives have already been taken for conservation
JOSHI et al.: INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NEPAL
283
Table 1- Medicinal plants used in Macchegaun, Nepal
Plant name/ Family/ Local name
Uses
Achyranthes aspera L.(Amaranthaceae)
Apamarga
Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Amaranthaceae)
Datiwan, Apamarga
Acorus calamus L. (Araceae) Bojho
Root juice is taken in case of indigestion; twig infusion is used as a wash for
tooth pain.
Stem is used as chewing stick to aid toothcare; root juice is drunk to cure
asthma.
Fresh rhizome juice or dried rhizome piece is taken to treat cough and throat
infections.
Decoction of plant is drunk to treat whooping cough.
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Adiantaceae)
Rani uneu
Adiantum caudatum L. (Adiantaceae) Uneu
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Rutaceae) Bel
Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
Ganmane ghans
Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae)
Shahadev Shahadeva
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Asphodelaceae) Ghu kumari
Amaranthus caudatus L. (Amaranthaceae)
Seto late, Latte dana
Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae)
Kande lundo,Ban lundo
Artemisia dubia Wall. ex. Besser (Asteraceae)
Bhate bethu, Titepati
Artemisia indica Willd. (Asteraceae) Titepati
Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Asparagaceae)
Kurilo, Satawari
Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don (Saxifragaceae)
Budho okhali
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) Neem
Bauhinia purpurea L. (Fabaceae) Koiralo
Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC. (Berberidaceae)
Chutro
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. (Saxifragaceae)
Paashanabed
Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) Kurkur
Buddleja asiatica Lour. (Loganiaceae)
Bhimsenpati, Shinabu
Cannabis sativa subsp. indica L. (Cannabaceae)
Gaanja, Bhang
Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) Miq. (Fagaceae)
Thulo katus, Dhale katus
Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm) A. DC (Fagaceae)
Musure katus
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. (Apiaceae) Ghodtapre
Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae) Bethe
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Ness. & Eberm.
(Lauraceae) Tejpat
Cissampelos pareira L. (Menispermaceae)
Gudurganu, Batulpate
Coix lachryma-jobi L. (Poaceae) Bhirkaunlo
Green leaf juice is applied in case of skin infection; dried leaf decoction is
drunk to treat cough and fever.
Leaf decoction is drunk every morning on an emepty stomach to cure diabetes.
Fresh shoot juice is applied on cuts and wounds for rapid healing; plant
decoction mixed with pepper paste is given in acute stomachache.
Shoot paste is applied to treat the bone fracture.
Leaf paste is used to treat cuts and wounds.
Leaf paste is applied locally to treat skin diseases.
Fresh plant decoction is drunk to check excessive menstrual flow; crushed
leaves and roots are applied to the infected parts of skin.
Seeds are cooked with cow milk and taken after delivery; leaf paste is applied
on cuts and wounds.
The heated shoot part is placed on the affected area to treat the rheumatic pain.
Root and tender shoots are used as tonic.
Dried stem is consumed by the women during pregnancy and after delivery.
Root bark decoction is drunk to cure fever; leaf extract is applied on wounds
and skin diseases; twigs are used as tooth brush.
Stem bark is crushed along with abhijaalo (Drymaria cordata) and the juice is
taken to treat gastritis; flowers and floral buds are taken to treat stomach pain
and diarrhoea.
Stem decoction is rubbed externally to the affected part to treat muscular pain.
Juice of the root is used to treat gastritis.
Tender leaf extract is used to check bleeding as well as for healing of wounds
and cuts.
Crushed leaf paste is applied externally in case of scabies.
Crushed plant is taken to relieve pain; seed paste is taken to relieve diarrhoea
and dysentery.
Bark paste is applied on chest to control chest pain.
Bark paste is applied to cure snakebites.
Plant is chewed to get relief from heat; root extract is applied to affected part of
the skin.
Juice of tender shoots in water is drunk to treat intestinal worms.
Decoction of leaf with aduwa (Zingiber officinale), jwanu (Trachyspermum
ammi) and besar (Curcuma angustifolia) is used to treat cough.
Tuber juice is taken to treat gastritis; solidified leaf extract is cut into pieces
and taken to control excessive bleeding during menstruation.
Root is chewed to kill intestinal worms.
Contd.
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INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 10, No. 2 APRIL: 2011
Table 1- Medicinal plants used in Macchegaun, Nepal Contd.
Plant name/ Family/ Local name
Uses
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. (Labiatae) Dhusule
Infusion of root is given for relieving tonsilites; leaf juice is used in fever and
headache; dried leaves are inhaled to cure sinusitis.
Paste of the leaves is applied to cuts and wounds.
Curcuma augustifolia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae)
Bakhe sarro
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Convolvulaceae) Akasbeli
Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl. ex Homenn.)
Thunb. ex Lehm (Boraginaceae) Kanike kuro
Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) Mothe
Dichroa febrifuga Lour. (Hydrangeaceae) Basak
Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Discoreaceae) Gittha tarul
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
(Caryophyllaceae) Abhijaalo
Dryopteris cochleata (Buch. Ham. ex D. Don)
C. Chr.(Dryopteridaceae) Neuro
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. (Equisetaceae)
Ankhe jhar
Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)
Dudhe jhar, Aankle jhar
Euphorbia royleana Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae)
Siundee
Ficus benghalensis L (Moraceae) Bar
Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) Peepal
Fraxinus floribunda Wall. (Oleaceae) Lankure
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. (Ericaceae)
Dhasingare
Gleichenia gigarette Wall. ex Hook & Bauer
(Gleicheniaceae) Hande Unyu
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC
(Asteraceae) Gai tihare
Jasminum humile L. (Oleaceae) Masino jaai
Jatropha curcas L.( Euphorbiaceae) Sajiwan
Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae) Asuro
Lycopodium clavatum L. (Lycopodiaceae) Nagbeli
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude. (Ericaceae) Angeri
Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae) Babari
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
(Myricaceae) Kafal
Nephrolepis cordifolia L.C. Presl.
(Nephrolepidaceae) Pani amala
Nicotiana tobacum L. (Solanaceae)
Lampate surti
Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) Ban tulasi
Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. (Melastomataceae)
Seto chulsi
Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae) Chari amilo
Persicaria hydropiper ( L) Spach
(Polygonaceae) Pire jhar
Phyllanthus virgatus G. Frost. (Euphorbiaceae)
Bhui amala
Plant juice is taken to cure jaundice.
Leaf paste is applied to cuts.
Root paste is given to treat stomach trouble.
Plant is used to control fever.
Tuber paste is applied to cure piles.
Plant is crushed and inhaled to treat sinusitis; plant paste is also applied on
forehead to treat headache.
Juice extracted from the fronds is used to treat muscular and rheumatic pain.
Dried plants are pounded and paste is then applied in bone facture.
Plant latex is applied on the eyelids;root paste is taken to check excessive
menstrual flow.
Latex is applied in cuts to stop bleeding; juice of young leaves is applied during
earache.
Latex is applied for treatment of genitial diseases.
Latex is applied on the affected parts of skin; bark is chewed to treat stomach
pain.
Bark is boiled with water and the gelatinous paste is applied for curing body
pain.
Leaves and immature fruits are consumed to treat gastric trouble, oil from seed
is used in massaging body to get relief from pain.
Plant is applied as paste to the cuts and wounds.
Root juice is taken to treat gastritis and indigestion.
Young shoot is chewed to cure the oral sore.
Twig is used as tooth brush to cure gum problem; latex of stem and leaf mixed
with mustard oil is applied to itchey parts of the body.
Fresh leaf juice is drunk to cure cough, bronchitis and asthma; fresh leaf paste
is applied to the affected area to relief rheumatic pain.
Spores are used to treat cuts and wounds.
Paste of leaves are used for massaging the affected parts to get relief from pain.
Fresh leaf and tulsi (Ocimum santum) leaf paste is applied in the forehead,
chest as well as administered orally to treat fever, cold and cough.
Juice of the stem bark is taken by the women after delivery; steambark
decoction is drunk to treat bronchitis.
Watery tubers are taken to relief excessive thirst and jaundice.
Leaf paste is used to cure skin diseases of cattles; burned leaf powder is applied
against toothache.
Seeds are taken to treat chest pain.
Leaf paste is applied externally on cuts and wounds.
Infusion of leaves is used to cure cataract in eye.
Root decoction is taken for removing stone from urinary bladder.
All parts of the plant are used to cure jaundice.
Contd.
JOSHI et al.: INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NEPAL
285
Table 1- Medicinal plants used in Macchegaun, Nepal Contd.
Plant name/ Family/ Local name
Uses
Pinus roxborghii Sarg. (Pinaceae) Rani salla
Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) Isabgol
Resin is applied on cuts and boils.
Seeds are used as tonic as well as to cure dysentery; infusion of the plant is
given in urinary disorders.
Paste of fruit is applied on warts.
Leaves are used for curing facture.
Decoction of rhizome is used for the treatment of gastritis.
Prinsepia utilis Royal (Rosaceae) Dhatelo
Prunus cerasoides D. Don (Rosaceae) Painyu
Pteridium aquilinum (L) Kuhn. (Dennstaedtiaceae)
Uneu
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don. (Rosaceae)
Mayal
Quercus lanata Sm. (Fagaceae) Baanjh
Rhododendron arboreum Smith. (Ericaceae)
Laligurans
Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) Ander
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming (Rubiaceae)
Majitho
Rubus ellipticus Smith.(Rosaceae) Ainselu
Rumex nepalensis Spreng (Polygonaceae)
Halhale saag
Schima wallichii (DC) Korth. (Theaceae) Chilaune
Selaginella biformis A. Br. ex Kuhn.
(Selaginellaceae) Sindure
Smilax aspera L. (Smilacaceae) Kukur daino
Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
Jungali bihi, kaalo bihi
Solanum wightii Nees (Solanaceae) Kantakari
Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex. Fleming) Karstrn.
(Gentianaceae) Chiraito
Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae) Tate amilo
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. (Asteraceae)
Tuki phool
Tectaria coadunata (Wall. ex J. Sm.) C. Chr.
(Dryopterideaceae) Kalo neuro
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (Menispermaceae)
Gurjo-ko-lharaa
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) Sishnu
Vinga angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi
(Fabaceae) Maaslahari
Viscum articulatum Burm. f.
(Loranthaceae)Hadchur
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (Rutaceae) Timur
Fruit juice is taken to cure dysentery.
Juice of the stem bark is taken by the women after delivery to treat giadriasis
and gastritis.
Young leaf paste is applied on the forehead to get relief from headache.
Seeds are smoked like a cigarettes to treat worms in the teeth; seed paste is
applied to treat skin cracks.
Root decoction is taken to get relief from stomach pain.
Juice of the root is taken to treat gastritis; young shoot and roots are used for
curing fever.
Root paste is applied to cure scabies.
Bark powder is taken with water for the treatment of gastritis.
Powder of strobilus is applied on cuts and wounds to stop bleeding.
Root juice is applied to cure rheumatic pain.
Plant paste is applied to treat wounds.
Fruit is used to cure headache and body pain.
Leaves are used for curing fever and treatment of stomach disorder.
Leaf paste is applied to treat rheumatic pain.
Root decoction is taken to cure juindice and kidney disorder.
Root juice is taken to treat stomach pain and giadriasis.
Juice of the leaves is taken to get relief from heat; decoction of stem is used to
cure stomach trouble.
Decoction of the root is taken to cure malarial fever; cooked leaves are taken in
case of diabetes.
Juice of the root is taken to get relief from heat stroke.
Leaves are applied as paste for the treatment of fracture.
Fruits are chewed to cure stomach pain.
and sustainable utilization of the useful species, less
priority is given to conserve these resources in an
integrated manner. Therefore, appropriate national
policy, action plan and program related to the
conservation and sustainable uses of the plants should
be formulated taking into consideration both the needs
of the people and sustainable management of
resources. Many parts of the biogeographical areas of
the country still remained unexplored. Hence, it is
strongly recommended that major thrust should be
given to an intensive inventory and documentation of
useful species, their chemical constituents, habitats,
and potential utilization as raw materials. The study
indicates that there seem to be a good potential for
their sustainable utilization. Therefore, emphasis
should be given to implement some pilot programmes
for plantation, domestication and cultivation of useful
species . This will help in providing additional income
INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE VOL 10, No. 2 APRIL: 2011
286
to local people. The people of these villages have
comprehensive knowledge about plants and their
potential uses. The traditional knowledge should be
documented and conserved. Moreover, top priority
should be given to in-situ conservation of the species.
Such steps will not only contribute to protect the
habitats but also help to maintain the ecological
processes. Emphasis should also be given to conserve
the habitats and useful species in ex-situ conservation.
Attempt should be made to launch special
programmes for raising people's awareness about
conservation and utilization of species.
6
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to the inhabitants of the study
areas for their kind cooperation and help during the
field survey. Thanks are due to Dr John F Edington,
University of Wales, UK for his guidance and
encouragement, and to Dr SK Jain, Founder and ExDirector, Institute of Ethnobiology, Lucknow, for
encouragement.
10
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