The Nagoya Protocol
Ex-situ Collections:
Advantages
Ex-situ Collections:
Advantages
Briefly I am going to:
Explain the Protocol
Explain its implications for research
Show how it helps ex-situ collections
Use the example of the Australian
Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) to
show an existing collection has
successfully prepared for the Protocol.
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to
Genetic Resources and the Fair and
Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising
from their Utilization – (in 10 minutes)
Adopted CBD Oct 2010 - in force 2013?
Signed 92 Countries, Ratified 5 – needs
50 then 90 days to commence operation
Applies to In-situ and Ex-situ biological
material
Applies to material within national
jurisdiction
Nagoya Protocol
Creates first global trading and
investment system in the use of gentic
resources
6 years in Negotiation – not perfect
Applies to material taken for purpose of
research on its genetic and biochemical
make-up
Purpose is to ensure countries with
natural resources can reliably get a
share in value created from those
resources
Nagoya Protocol
Typical products derived from Genetic
resources include:
Pharmaceuticals
Industrial Enzymes
Biofuels
Cosmeceuticals
Nutraceuticals
Climate adaptive organisms drought,
salt, temp etc
Limited only by imagination
Nagoya Protocol
Does not cover:
– Commodity trade - ie fishing, lumber,
grains, essences, wild harvest and
Includes:
– Special Provision for Non-commercial
Research ie introduces provision for
simplified procedures
Nagoya Protocol- Operation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Responsible Country issues Research
Permit
Permit contains reference to obligation
to share in benefits (as agreed)
Permit registered in Montreal and
creates an internationally recognized
certificate of compliance
All countries are required to ensure
Permit material brought in is utilized in
accordance with original Permit
Nagoya Protocol
Acronyms and Code decoded:
CBD = Convention on Biological
Diversity = protecting biodiversity
ABS- Access and Benefit Sharing = what
you get if the NCI gets lucky
PIC –Prior Informed Consent = The
Research Permit
MAT –Mutually Agreed terms = the
benefit sharing agreement or contract eg
agreement with National Cancer Institute
Nagoya Protocol
CHM – Clearing House Mechanism =
international permit registry
NFP – National Focal Point =
designated country information source
NCA – National Competent Authority =
country permit issuer
Nagoya Protocol – ABS
elsewhere
ABS is under treaty negotiation in the
World Intellectual Property Organization
FAO International Treaty for Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture deals with ABS
UN Law of the Sea – negotiations now
underway (wait for Lyle’
World Health Organization ABS and
pathogens – Bird Flu deal
Ex-situ Collections - opportunity
In-situ collecting– advantage:
Source of new species,
polymorphism,
less research competition
Cool places, and colleagues
have tans and muscle tone
Eg Craig Venter's research
schooner and crew
Ex-situ Collections - opportunity
In-situ –Disadvantage:
cost,
Time
Transport and curation logistics
taxonomic identification,
raw sample, &
permits & national
bureaucracies
Australian Institute of Marine Science Marine
Science Bio resources Library
Example of a Public Ex-situ collection ready
for Post-Protocol new research interest
3=1,000-10,000
4=10,000-100,000
5=>100,000
Platyhelminthes
Kamptozoa
Mollusca
Priapula
Tardigrada
Loricifera
Kinorhyncha
Gastrotricha
Annelida
Echiura
Bryozoa
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Chaetognatha
Uniramia
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Hemichordata
Urochordata
Vertebrata
Rotifera
Acanthocephala
Nematomorpha
Nematoda
Nemertea
Gnathostomulida
Pogonophora
Cephalochordata
2=100-1,000
Echinodermata
*1=1-100
Onychophora
Number*
Sipuncula
0
Porifera
Placozoa
Orthonectida
Dicyemida
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
The seafloor is the most biodiverse place on earth
- Based on diversity of macro-organisms
5
Symbiotic endo
Symbiotic ecto
Terrestrial xeric
Terrestrial Moist
Freshwater Pelagic
Freshwater Benthic
Marine Pelagic
Marine Benthic
Habitat
Superimposed with bacterial symbiont diversity
Subgroup II
(Predominantly - Proteobacteria)
R 93
41%
R 28
R 187
R 202
R 58
R 13
R 14
R 211
R 63
R 140
R 180
E.coli
R 33
R 25
R 125
R 130
R 177
R 122
R 106
R 19
R 185
R7
R 84
R 124
Subgroup I
(Predominantly Actinobacteria)
30%
R 11
R 141
R 18
R 171
R 78 R 165
R 219
R 214
0.1
R 43
R 98 R006
Subgroup III
(Predominantly Green Non- Sulfur
and - Proteobacteria)
29%
•High biodiversity of microorganisms found in the stable community within the GBR sponge Rhopaloeides
odorabile. Webster et al 2001 App Env Microbiol
•3000 different species of bacteria (deep sequencing). Webster et al 2010 Env Microbiol
Reduced overheads for Partners
High cost of specialist and properly curated &
documented biodiversity collections
Uncertainties over supply (re-supply for
development and supply for market)
Legal certainty to commercialise – access and
benefit sharing clarity, transaction costs
Bioresources libraries provide economy of scale
Legal Certainty
Already CBD and ABS National Law
Compliant and years of ABS experience
Organized for the Nagoya Protocol:
- Choice of being:
A Designated National Competent
Authority or
Passing on its Permits and benefitsharing agreements to the Central
National Competent Authority
Marine Bioresources Libraries
Collection locations
AIMS Bioresources Library
What do bioresources libraries look like?
Cryopreserved pure cultures
ferment and
extract
extracts
Frozen bulk
compounds
fractions
crude extracts
Quality Control
Recollectability
SAMPLE SUPPLY
Aquaculture of drug leads
Taken from Paterson and Anderson, Science 21 October 2005
Bryostatin Analogue A
Total Synthesis
Yondelis (ET-743)
Hemi-Synthesis
(bacterial fermentation +
chemical modifications)
Marine Invertebrate Culture
Great Barrier Reef
Rhopaloides odorabile
Xestospongia exigua
Ianthella basta
Ianthella spp (2)
Phakelia sp
Coscinoderma sp
Sarcophyton sp
Product
Bath sponges /Collagen/Spongiatriols
Anti-tumour actives
Bastadins
Bastadins
Anti-tumour actives
Bath sponges /Collagen
Cytotoxic compounds
Western Australia
Haliclona nsp
Mycale spp (2)
Lissoclinum lobatum
Ircinia spp (2)
Salycilihalamide A
Mycalamides?
Lobatamides?
Collagen
New Zealand (NIWA)
Mycale hentscheli
Lissodendoryx n.sp
Peluroside/Pateamine
Halichondrin B
ChemBioChem 6: 1760-1765 (2005)
Shotgun Cloning and Heterologous Expression
of the Patellamide Gene Cluster as a Strategy
to Achieve Sustained Metabolite Production
Paul Long1, Walter Dunlap2, Chris Battershill2, and Marcel Jaspars3
1University
of London School of Pharmacy
Institute of Marine Science
3University of Aberdeen
2Australian
O
O
Cloning marine DNA
to supply
drugs from the sea”
S
NH
O
N
S
NH
O
N
N
N
O
O
NH
NH
NH
NH
O
O
N
S
N
NH
O
N
S
N
NH
O
O
O
1
2
Patellamide D
Ascidiacyclamide
A marine natural product, Patellamide D, reverses
multidrug resistance in a human leukemic cell line
Lissoclinum
patella
Cancer Letters 71: 97-102
Uncultured
Prochloron
symbionts
cultlurable marine microbes
Fastest growing
field in marine
natural products
chemistry
scalable production
Nicole Webster
Rhopaloeides odorabile FISH
Blunt et al 2007
Bioresources Libraries
- carry the ABS overhead for 3rd party access
Environmental
remediation
Cancer
Industrial Enzymes
Viral
Toxin detection
Antibiotics
Agrichemical
Paints
Central Nervous System
Mineral Processing
UV Blocking
Conclusion
Public Ex-situ Collections provide legal
certainty under the Nagoya Protocol
Marine or Terrestrial, they are an
important part of the new global ABS
system
Biotechnology supersedes the 17th
century idea of economic botany; lets
hope it also revalues biodiversity.
Thank you!
Geoff Burton
Adjunct Senior Fellow, United Nations University Institute of
Advanced Studies