Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile)
Living Marine Resources and Fishery Perspective
Marine Resource Management Program
School of Oceanography
Oregon State University
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
INDEX
-
Acknowledgements
Introduction
General information about the islands
Oceanographic conditions of the region
- Present fishery
- Discussion
- Appendix
1.- List of known species found
around Juan Fernandez Islands
2.- Research p rogram pro p osed to
execute in the islands
3.- Robinson Crusoe's story
- Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEM=TS
I take p leasure at this time in acknowledging
the hel p given to me by several p eo p le. Specifically, I
must say thanks to Mrs. Amelia Nishik.,,-TP, Mrs. Maxine
Hilfiker, Miss Anne Hoch'oerg and Mr. Rocco Falotico who
helped me put this paper closer to ShakeE p eare's lang-uage.
aeoently,
special atteton has been given to the
studies dealing with marine species. This is due principally
,' also to
to the scarce knowledge that we have about them 2n
the fishing interest generated by the relative abundance of
• some of them.
.carried out in Chile.
At the present, the studies
fishery
to research biological and
primly
have been conducted
coastal organisms.a the other
problems associated. with nea r
hand, studies on the oceanic species, since they are not
af
fected by exploitation have been delayed, and the inform,ation
actually available is limited.
y years •
few species have been ext)olted for man
A
the South-St
An
around several Chilean islands
In the particular case of the Juan Fernandez islands, the 1Drinthe "lobster of Juan Fernandez"
deal fisheries are related to
big demersal fish called "bacalao
and
to
a
(Jasus frontalis)
(ectoria(olvorion) oxigaa2ios).
mcn
de
roca"
Or Qa l
for their history
also fs-TeUS
islands
Those
of theme 50otti3h sailor lived
one
n
o
and..principally.because
solitary and. voluntary conyears and four months in
for four
1 Lefoe wrote his book "HoDanie
fineent (1704-1709). Later,
the story became rapidly known
g h which
Cru,;oe"
throu
binson
is officially calf the islands
fT,
one
l
around the world. so
led '-'_obinson Crusoe and the other
rinero 3- 11k. ir'k in honor
vyte_vi.
2 1
the flora and
of the oricinal maroon (sea A pp endix 3 i .
fauna of these islands are of extraordinary scientific interest. It is imoortant to study the o
the relationship of its
flora
the
islands and
and fauna with organisms from other
biogeographical regions.
Also important to consider
the hu-nan inter-
vention on the islands since their d i scoy ery in
15T4,.
t lest
one s p ecies of the authoctonic flora was extLnlished ("Sandalo" or "ber g amot mint") and the Juan Fernandez fur seal (rcto'ohoca (Arctoce phalus) p hilio p ii) was considered for a lon
time extinct, due to the cruel and uncontrolled huntin g by
American sailors, during the XVIII and
All
centuries.
All these characteristics motivated the Centro
de Investig. aciones del Mar (OIMAH) of the Catholic University
of Val p araiso (Chile) to begin, in. 1971, , a research program.
This research was focused. on the oceanogra p hic conditions of
::hich is at p res e nt the
this re g ion and the fishing activity which
principal occupation of the population on the islands. The
results of these studies have stimulated the scientific interest of this oceanic region.
This pacer is en attem p t to summarize our actual
Knowledge about the marine resources available in the area.
it also analizes the situation of the fishery and the princi-nal as p ects involved. in a possible Plan for an in e..;-ral
ries develor,ment of the Oceanic re . ;7ion around the islands.
This r)lan could maintain the
tradition of artisanal fishery
by considering their unique characteristics.
GENEd..::L INFOTTOM ABOUT THE SLIITJS
The Juan Fernandez Islands are located at 330
40' S and ap p roximately 360 miles from the South _Lmerican
continent (79° 81 0 W). This group of islands include obinson Crusoe I. (formerly called ias a Tierra, with 93
950
m as maximun height); Santa Clara I.
(3 2, 2
2
and 375
and
m ;
and several small barren islands (El ierduo, El 'lludo, Los
Chamelos, and Juanan g o). Ninety
miles west of these is-
lands there is another island, iarnero Selkirk (form4ly mas
Afuera, 82 Km 2 and 1835 m height).
Accordinyto BRUGGEN (
1950),
grout of islands is volcanic, formed
the nature of this
p robably
cParing the.
,J
per Tertiary by the to p of airlolder ride 7,Thich -,as separated
from the continent, between ikrauco and M gallanes. urinx the
Oligocene, this ridge descended underwater and the islands were
formed by later eruptions.
The Juan Fernandez rid.:_=,-e is ori f -ri+- ecL
cular to the Chilean coast and is
perpendi-
miles lon (Figure 1).
The tops of, some mountains are very close to the surface. Lenths
of only 300 to 400 meters have been found on some of them, This
is the case of the O'Higgins Sea mount, only 40 miles west of
Val p araiso. The islands constitute the emerged seamount peaks
of this ridge.
LAJ:i.AZAGI and "- SACKS
(1976) p ointed
out that there
is a remarkable correlation between the location of the oceanic
Juan Fernandez ridge and the transition from the Chilean flat
seismic zone (between about lat 27° and 33° s) to the steeper
seismic zone in southern Chile. They said also that active volcanoes are located on the Juan Fernandez ridge. So the ridge
intersects the Chilean coastline near lat 33° 5, where the
coastline has a major bend and where the Feru-Chile trench
becomes increasingly sediment filled.i ,ioreover, the inland projection of the ridge beneath the South American Plate closely
coincides with the northern limit of the active volcanoes of
Southern Chile as well as with the end of the Central Valley
of Chile. In this case, the authors suggest that the Juan Fernandez ridge forms a ? one of weakness in the Nazca plate along
which the plate tears as it descends beneath the South American plate (Figure 2).
Regarding the Presence of Juan Fernandez ridge
in this area, some s p ecific research was carried out during
the Expeditions idarchile VIII, IX and X. The p rinci p al objectives of this research were to increase our knowledge about its
bathymetry, the influence of the ridge in the eneral oceanog ra p hic conditions and what kind of living resources are present.
During the expedition i,jarchile IX, three fishing
stations with bottom longlines and tra p s were carried. out on
the top of the seamount East of the Juan Fernandez Islands. A
fouth station was established. on U'digginSeamount. The sampled
de p ths were between 267 m and 470 m. The catch was composed of
four species of the Telestomi class: "bacal ao (Hectoria
(Polv p rion) oxi g eneios), Con g er s p ., Gilbertia s p . and. Mora
p acifica, and three species of Elasmobranchii class: Etmosterus sp., EtmosteruS granulosus and Somniosus s p . Catch rates
were between 29.5 and 35.4 fish p er 100 hooks (CEHDA, 1977)
The traps caught principally "jaibas rdgantes"
(red crab), Geryon duinauedens, but the results of this fishing
survey still have not been p ublished- However, the research
proved that Gn the ridge there are no lobsters present due
nerhams to the greater depth.
t__e Juan iiernande7
around. 450 miles north of t__
lands exist another Frou p of islads ramed. the DesventuradaS
Islands. This other grou p , 400 miles from t
chilec.n coast,
is fo r ted by the SP:o Pelix and Sar limbrosio islands-both with
very difficult access and without water - p lus the small barren
islands Gonzalez and the Cathedral of i: eterborough. These islands are uninhabited, -but sometimes fishermen from the Juan
Fernandez Islands come to fish for "bacalao and lobsters
which are in great abundance and usually bigger than in the
other group of islands. This is due to the scarce fishing ac-,.
tivity in this area and the problems of establishing a fishing
base in these islands.
The region where the islands are located is characterized by a subtrocical climate. In this area, rains are common
in all the seasons (Table I). among the meteorological parame-
„_____■_,---
1
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GAL.‘`,P4,00s
RIFT
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"i
I
o
_
.
t
100 °
,
I
903
t
i
isl' .
I
•
80°
Figure 2. Geological features of the South East Pacific, showing the Juan
Fernandez ridge.
70°W
5
4
75' v.
8
I
I
I. Son Fient
I. San turionosno
Woe Oesvonfurodos
0
_defend
•
e
27.
,
73.
7
20.
0 CEANO
30.
;.
Coon 4/L-L _ 30'
PACIFICO
"ed
32'
Archip4Iogo de Juan Ferncindet
Deoewn A. Sn■nire
L RoOneon Gruen,
c,,,
r
53'
'504
1.5
I. Santo Char,
34".
C..
33.
ZS" –
/
8 4'
83•
;a'
81°
;0'
71'8•
;T.
'V
75°
74'
74"
18"
Fiure 1 • General bathymetric ma p off the Central coast
of Chile, showin?; the Juan Fernandez ride and
Desventuradas Islands.
Table I . Some average monthly meteorological. conditions
for
the Juan Fernandez islands.
Month
Average
Max
(°C)
temperatures
Min
(°C)
Hain
Number of
days with
wind
20
knots
(m7)
January
21.6
19.5
26.7
9.3
February
21.7
15.7
26.8
8.1
March
21.4
15.1
45.8
7.1
Ap ril
19.9
13.4
8.8
2.2
may
18.1
12.5
136.4
3.1
June
16.3
11.3
174.6
4.9
July
17.7
10.4
165.8
6.0
August
14.9
9.5
119.9
5.8
September'
14.9
9.6
78.1
4.9
October
16.1,
10.4
56.8
5.6
November
18.4
12.3
31.7
6.2
December
20.1
14.4
29.0
7.9
900.4
Total
Annual average.
18.4
12.8
71
.1
ters, the wind is one of the most 17-portant in. its relation
to the fishing
fiShing activity. The Hir ,-cton and wind s p eed determine the sectors of the , islands in ,,-Thich the small fishing
boats can o p erate. It has been estimated that approximately
70 days a year the wind blows with a seed higher than 20 knots,
which obstructs the normal fishing activities (T,A.VEZ, e ILLNES,
1974).
BaUGGEN (1950) p ointed out that flora of the Juan
Fernandez Islands belong to the :.1;ocene, and are closely related
to the flora of Venezuela and Brazil. The "chonta p alm" (Jaaris
australis, Drude) present in this grou p is very similar to the
Palm of the tro p ical region of -2eru.
Due to the high amount of rain in these islands
(900 mm per year), and the s p ecial mountain configuration, it
is possible to find. in each one a dry, a wet, and an intermediate zone. In the darticUlar case of aobinson Crusoe islands, tee
high mountain El Yunaue, in the center of the island, concentrates almost all the rains over its sides. in this area, a
rainforest flourishes all year. However, the occidental and
south sides of the island are secaidesert 11 :yres only during
wet ,:i_nters,
0CE.:i111PHIC FEAT
From the available information about the oceano g ra p hic features of the waters near Juan 2ernandez Islands,
four water masses can be distinguished in the u pp er 1500 meters. The boundaries between these water masses have been defined by SILVA and SIEVES
(1973; 1974),
in terms of thermos-
teric anomaly surfaces, where the center of the mixing between
two adyacent water masses may be located (Fi7ures 3 to 5).
Water masses.
The Subantarctic Water ,,ass (SA,.-x :) is located between the sea surface and the 170 cl/ton isanosteric surface.
This water mass is transported north by the Humboldt or ChilePeru Current. This layer is about 200 m thick; and its tem p erature range is between 10° C to 18° C, salinity between
and 34.2- %0 .
34.7 %0
34,0 %0
In autumn the surface salinity value goes up to
p robably due to the p resence of a mixture with Subtro-
p i ca. water (STW) (SILVA and SIEVEdS
1973).
These authors have also found that to the S.W.
of P,obinsoh Crusoe Island, the surface temperature can be slightly lower than the waters located to the north.
The subantartic waters have a high oxygen content,
with values hi g her than 5 ml U 2 /1 below the surface during the
snrin season. These ma y imuIla values may be a relict of the
hiri;n oxyen concentration pr esent urin:_;; the :.inter season.
1.-elow the Sih and between 200 to 400 a depth, the Ecuatorial Subsurface Water mass (33h) is located. The ESSW boundaries are defined by the 110 cl/ton and. 170 cl/ton isanosteric
surfaces and. its tem p erature fluctuates beteen
70 0
and 10°0.
This water mass is a l so characterized by a salinity maximum
(> 34.4%e) which is associated with or oxen minimum ( <2 ml
07/1).
The next water mass is th e i-ntarctic Intermediatie
which is located betw e en the 70 el/ton and 110 cl/
ton thermosteric anomaly surfaces, with a temperature rane
between 4 0 C and 60 C. 3ecause of its antarctic oriin, the
atIh shows a relative salinity minimum, (< 34.4. X;0) associated
oxyten content (> 3 ml 02/1).
with a relative maximum in
This water mass is located between 400 and 1000 m depth. Final
ly, below 1000 m and between the
53
el/ton and 70 cl/ton iSa-
nosteric surfaces, the Pacific Lea p hater (PL) is located.
o ,
The PLW temp erature ranges between 3`' to 4 (, while its saltnity is higher than 34.4
. The oxyoen content exhibits a
relative minimum (<3 ml 0 7 /1) showin7 with this the long time
of residence of this water mass.
In ,Teneral it can be said that the surface waters
suroundimp Juan Fernandez islands are mainly of subantarctic
origir, therefore they are cold and low salinity waters. thevertheless durimp the summer-autumn p eriod this area is also under
the influence of a mixture of
and. SIP that increases the
temperature and salinity of the surface water..
of the wind. Pattern,
From the point of view .
this area is under an almoSt permanent anticyclonic system,
so the winds are from
the SW - 3 - SE. The SE winds ere pre-
dominant during the spring-summer period, while durin the
autumn-winter season calms and T:;1 winds are often common.
Gestrophic
ocirculation
The oceanic circulation around Juan Fernandez
osed of a system of currents flowin74 Parallel
Islands is com p
to the coast. They are generally slow, wide, not very deep,
with a smal l
volume transport as in the case with other eastern
1963).in this reion the
boundar y currents ( WOOSTEa and b:EiD,
osed of several currents flowin in oPpesite
system is com p
1976). One of
directions (SIEVEHS and SILVA, 1975;
these currents flows toward. the south at -around.73° -c0°
and it may correspond with the Peru Oceanic go=tercurrent.
6 and 8 am/sec with its
This flo r has velocities between
core located in a subsurface lerel durin winter as well as
summer. The Peru Countercurrent transports a wa.ter volume of
s 6 - 7). To the east
sv
between
0
and
1200
m.
(Figure
3
about
750
of this current there is a stronc floT northwards between
and it has been Identified S the oceanic branch
. A, 1)75). This curof the Hum.boldt Current (3t and 3 1:4
and 78°
rent shows seasonal fluctua-tions in the velocity field with
7:elecities chan' .7;in
from 11 to 27 cm/sec and a water volume
transport het7een L h6 sv carin7
and 10 sv durinR winter
9
l'oward the west of Juan ' -' -ernande; Islands and
bend 01° W the infor7lation is 7i7t e t. oa,.:„..apoc and
(1970) show a current flowins to the north with low velocity
and small volume trans/Dort.
ljutrient content
The ,;,!aters suroundin Juan Fernandez Islands show
in the upper 60 m a low nutrient content (phos p hate, nitrate,
silicate). At dee p er levels the nutrients show a slow increase
in their concentration until they reach a maximum between 250
end 500 m dePth. 'Be l ow this level the nutrients :go throuh a
minimum even thouh their concentrations are still high. foe
• nitrate and Phos p hate show an inverse relation with oxTen
when one compares the relative maxima and minima p resent in
these• p ro p erties (Fip,:ure 8).
Helative to the surface -primary 7rodalction of
these waters, it has been .shown that there is a lower p hotosynthetic capacity in the area closer to the is l ands
.
197)). This is showing a lower amount of Phytoolankton or.;;Lanisms in the coastal waters. 1- \;e-iie r tneless, those clopulations
will be more mature than those in the oceanic reion if one
takes into account the diversity
Marinero
Selkirk I.
Robinson
Crusoe I.
79.
0
ft)
Est-55
Valparaiso
7W
Est-56
77•
EV-57
76°
Est-50
75°
Est-59
74•
73°
Est-GI
Est-60
72°
Est-E2
Et 63 rst.,66
0 m.
II0 Own
500
X60'
50
so
40
1000
10<i)
1:,00
T
.2 ,
LIARCIIILE VIII
iL 021,44
5
0
1572
noo
400.o.
400
550
2Co
ic".1
Lat. 33 36' S
Figure 3. Vertical distribution of the isotherms ( C) between Valparaiso and the
Juan Fernandez Islands (From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975).
bs.)
2000
S%
611101LE VIII
SICCiai
34,1,00. ion
4
Figure 4. Profile of salinities (% ) between Valparaiso and the Juan Fernandez
Islands (From: SI E VERS and SILVA, 1975).
Robinson
Crusoe I.
Marinero
Selkirk I.
Valparaiso
1
0 In,
00" W
Csi
79'
70*
Esi 7 5
77•
56
76•
Es1,-57
75•
Est-58
a/
Est-59
74•
73'
Est-C1
Est ,-CO
EE I-
i ---
.0
•
<1.0
05
C2
72° W.
Est- C3 Est-CE
i
---!
-2' -,-----,----•'
-7:-iii -
0
m.
,
..--,•=—
.....■-_______--.:
<05
05
.
10
L.1
500
4.0_
.1.4,'D
>3.0
10
liX)0
30
!000
< 30
< 30
1500
02
n1/1.
MATICI■iLE VIII
5
:-...ECCIL■N
• 4 • 8 5..,,Ionboo 1972
2000
Y-.<)
Ir0
;.0.1
ICA.)
Lat. 33 0 36' S
Figure 5. Dissolved-oxygen concentration (m1/1) between Valparaiso and the Juan
Fernandez Islands (From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975).
•
2000
Figure 6. Geostrophic velocities (cm/sec) between Valparaiso and the Juan Fernandez
Islands (From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975).
Robinson
Crusoe I.
Marinero
Selkirk I.
00' W.
E31 -
Om
79•
Valparaiso
78•
631-55
631
77'
56
76'
Est -57
75'
74•
72 • W.
0
.....
---• ....-
200
73'
--,.......
. . . ." .....
.....
..............---., 170 4/.
I70 41 lon *
200
pi
ty
400
110 0/.■ ....—.
•
..,..
.....
....„-.........•............ -.....................- ....-- ......_ ...._
.....
.."\
...
/-
400
--- .--,
,.:
....."4 i 10 ci /. izk,,,:‘
s'••• `.....
•,'
.,\.
\
00
\\
ss.`
000
t
1000
441
44
-30 0/ u, ....,.—.-.—.--........—..
.
n
--,............—
_.......-.-.....-----._..__
—.
YJO
.
00
000
I
—v.__
--
.‘
--r ......,____
..
200
1 50
.
Lat. 33 0 36' S
Figure 7. Water transport (Sv) between Valparaiso and the Juan Fernandez Islands.
(From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975)
...200,1-,
00
OT°0
O
02
P
IT I1 1, 2 7 1,4
4 7 4 I9 /
333 34,0 IV 311 2 343 344 31,5 3f6 351 3413 3t9 350 3St
V6,0
203.0
1
,
,
t7
soh. ,
ml /I?
OT°C
7
C)
L
7P ?
1p
II
12
14
I3
IS 16
33, 0 340 34, 1 34, 2 34,3 344 345 34, 6 347 348 34
,
1,0
,
210
,
3.0
,
4.0 ,
sp
,
02 m1/1P
17
350
IS /2_12
351 352
,
,
0
Om
Om
rjT VA .
0 2 [\
CO
50
- - -
100
-so
•
7Y-
100-
() T°C
1 00
100
-ISO
200-
-200
-200
• 200-
O
-250
-300
-2S0
-300
300
-350
400
-350
h00
-
PO -P
4
Cruise Juan Fernandez I.
December 1972
-4;0
-500
50
Cruise Juan Fernandez II
April 1973
4000
4
V 0
'-55
500
41,0;.-1/19
ANO; .- ,10g-aUt2
V tM-NM-0U1?
0
EST. 7 CRUCERO J. FERNANDEZ II _
0,5
,
110
7ifq
0,50
029
115
i,7
075
n
1,6
5
10
10
0
)° ,___).15____A
"
2a2,4
26
425
450
n
t
0
0
20
17
500
30
-I
-0.---1
Figure g . Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen (A and B)
and phosphate, nitrate and nitrite (B). From: SILVA and SIEVERS, 1973.
PRESENT FISHERY
The fishing activities developed in the Juan Fernan f'ez Islands are based almost exclusively on the ex p loitation of the lobster (Jasus fronta l is) and to a lesser degree
on the "bacalao" (Hectoria (Polynrion) oxi,7eneios) which is a
demersal fish, locally called "cod".
During this century many commercial fishing enterprises have been operated with different degrees of success.
Nevertheless, during this period they have been working almost
exclusively in the trading of livin g losters. The lobsters
are trans p orted alive to the continent by shi p or air freighted.
A review of some of the biological characteristics of the lobster are given below:
The lobster of Juan Fernandez
(Figure 9)
Scientific name : Jasus frontalis (H. :4:tine Edwards, 1837)
Synonymy
: Panulirus p ascuensis H. Milne Edwards,1837
Jasus frontalis (H. nine Edwards,1837)
Bahamonde, 1948
General information:
The lobster fishery in the South Pacific is centered on the southern spiny lobsters of the J2sus"lalandei"
"com p lex". Until recently, the genera' view was that there was
a single species with a circum-southern distribution in cold
waters. However, in 1963 HCLTHIUS recognized six geographically isolated species (Figure 10), four of which occur in the
South Pacific: J. novaehollandiae from southeast Australia and
Tasmania, J. edwardsii from New Zealand, J. verreauxi from
southeast Australia and north of New Zealand, and J. frontalis from Desventuradas Islands (San Felix and San Ambrosio
Islands) and the Juan Fernandez Islands (Fi,gure 11).
Geographical and bathymetric distribution:
Jasus frontalis is endemic to the Juan Fernandez
and Desventuradas Islands (Chile). Its distribution in depth
is between 2 and 200 meters. Lobsters inhab i t, preferentially,
rock bottoms and, durin g the molt Period, sandy bottoms (PIZARRO q,10 TIFFOU, 1973).
Biono ,ly and life cycle:
Several papers have been Published about this
species. Some of them are: ALBERT (1898), BURGER (190'3),
8, 1951), LE:GERICH (1948), CANESSA (1965),
7,121PAr0= (1 0
PIZARRO (1971), AR :''A 2nd :-ELO (1973), and PIZARRO
ARANA
and TIFFOU (197).
This species is heterosexual. Yales are very
ales by the smaller pleopods
easily distin g uished from the fe m
and the aosence of a little c l aw in the dactylonodite of the
5 th p air of pereiopods. Also, ,.ales having the same carapace
c, th since the feleng th as females are shorter in overall len
males have longer tails (ARANA and PIZARRO, 1971).
The individuals that are taken in the commercial
catch usually are distributed between 90 mm and 135 mm of carapace length. Occasionally this range includes lobsters between 50 mm and 220 mm.
Reproduction:
The minimun size at sexual maturity is about 58
The fecundity of this
mm of carapace length (LENcTERICH, 1940.
species per spawnin g has been estimated between 70,000 and
80,000 eggs (ALBERT, 1898; BAHA: 1 ONDE, 1948).
The spawning season is between August and riovember and the females carry the e g gs for 11 months. The phyllosoma larva appear between October and November.
The females could s p awn at least 4 times before
they reach the minimum legal size.
Characteristics of the population:
PIZARRO and TIFOU (1974) pointed out that the
p ercenta g e of males increases from January to August, and decreases from September to December. In research carried out by
indiviAR Ai: and PIZARRO (1071), with a sam p le size of 1,606
was clearly superior
duals, the percenta g e of females (72.6 5)
to t h e rercPnta g e of males.
The size ran g e of the captured lobsters, in the
9 . Dorsal view of a Juan Fernandez's lobster (male),
Jasus frontalis, Milne Edwards, 1937.
JASUS
Genus
Group or
subgenus
verreau xi
rront ttlis
Sub group
Species
la landli
J. rerreaUX1
J. frontalis
J. paulcnsis
J. trivlani
J. lalandii
J. eclwardsii
J. 9lovae1tollandhre
Figure 10. Classification of the Genus Jasus (From: HOLTHUIS and SILVERTSEN, 1967).
(,)
-
-GO
150
1
1,
120
1
A)
11
I
I
I
90
L....I
J. frontalis, B) J. tristaiii, C) J. lalandii,
Ii) J. novaehollandiac, F)
GO
30
30
GO
90
edwardsii
D)
J. paulensis
J. vets-eau:1'i
Figure 11 . Woldwide distribution of the Genus Jasus.
120
150
rP
period fro-1 January to Ma r ch 1 9 71, is 75 - (105)*- 150 mm for
the males and
- (105)*- 155 mm for the females. (*Figures
in :)rackets equal average lengths.) The results obtained by
ARAITA and PIZARRO (op. cit) showed no substantial differences
in the size composition and sex ratios in any area or depth
from which the lobsters were captured (Tables II and III).
The study of the rorphometric characteristics of
Jasus frontalis allows a slight significant difference (p=o.o5).
between males and females, in the relationship °I carapace
length to total length, to be determined (Table IV). In the remaining relationships no significant differences were found.
Food:
The larva obtain their food from planktonic organisms. The adults from algae, small mollusks, crustaceans,
fish e ggs, larva, some dead fishes and youn lobsters (ALBERT,
1848). The adults are active only during the dark hours, from
sunset to sunrise (CANESSA, 1965).
Predation:
The more common predators of the lobster are the
"bacalao" (Polyprion (Hectoria) Oxigeneios), "anguila" (Lycodo tis p or phyreus), "lenguado" (Pleuronectes s p .), "tollo de Juan
Fernandez" (Scivalus fernandinus), etc. (ALBERT, 1898: SKOTTSBERG,
1956; BAFI-WONDE, 1948).
C017MF,N TS :
One of the unsolved problems of the biology of
the southern spiny lobsters is the duration of the larval life
and the movements of larvae during this period. BATHAM (1967)
has su g gested that the total duration is a period of 9 to 12
months, or more. It is generally believed that the phyllosoma
larvae are planktonic, but it has been suggested, (EATHAfl, op.
cit) that they may be at least n a rtially benthic in their habits. If they are Pelagic, they could be carried for considerable distances durin g the larval 7er_.,iod, a possibility that
presents two q uestions. First, how do they return to the shallow-water benthic habitats where they settle as transparent
puerulus larvae, and second, how are the serarate s p ecie p opulation maintained when 12 months is T o-e th= ample for larvae to drift considerable distances?
Another mystery is the absence of J. frontelis
from the mainland coast of South America. Tem p erature conditions would appear to be well within the range of tolerance
of the •'South Pac i fic s pec i es in genera l .Almost al l the distribution is limited to the north by the 2C° summer isotherm and
to the South by the 10° C winter i sotherm . The South American
coast, at least between about 40 0 and 15° S, fa l ls within these
limits. Ecologically, the shallow waters of these coasts are
similar to comparable waters in Austra li a and New Zealand, hence food supply is not likely to be a limiting factor (Figure
12).
The fishing operations are carried out around the
islands in depthsbetween 10 to 200 mete rs. The area exploited
around the Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara islands is estimated to be 323 Km 2 (Figure 13 and Table V).
The available information durin g the last 6 years
shows that th ,=. Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clare fishery accounts
for a pprox imately 65 "J4 of the tc Y a lobster catch off the Juan
of the total lobster
Fernandez Islands. However, near l y 75
fishin g units are operating around these two islands(ARANA and
P:1E1,0, 1973).
The fishery is composed of 154 fishermen working
with 6h small boats (Table VI). The ca p tured lobsters are stored in floating storage boxes. The present capacity of these
care, is around 36,000 lobsters (Table VII). The characteris-
edw4rd-sii
COO
J. verre4uxi
""
nPvAthoklantli.41
J. frontalis
Sumrnvr kotherms
-
Winter
Isotherms
Figure 12 . Distribution of the spiny lobster 'genus Jasus in the
South Pacific. The 20° and 10 0 C summer and winter
isotherms are shown.
tics of the ship which operates between Valparaiso and Juan
Fernandez Islands are given in table VIII.
The fishing boats are 8 to 9 meters long and are operated by
two fishermen. They are made of wood and propelled by a 10 to
25 CV out board motor mounted within a box toward the rear of
the boat {_See -Figures 14 and 15).
Each boat can normally handle 20 lobster pots,
which are made of local wood. The cots have a boxy shape measurin g 1.20 to 1.40 m long, 0.70 to 0.80 m wide and 0.40 m.
high, and are divided into two chambers (see igure 16).
Up to now, the bibliography on the biology and
fishing of the lobster is very limited and its is only cosible
to find information for short periods of time (PIZARRO and
TIFFCU, 1974; PAVEZ and ILLANEZ, 1974). However, ARANA and
NEL() (1973) where able to analize an annual cycle of the fi-
shery of Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara islands. They pointed
out the following characteristics:
the largest percentage of each catch is between 90 ana 130
mm in carapace length. From these, only 23.68 were of marketable size (Figure 17);
2)
h
the montly observed fluctuations in yields show a cyclical
A.
pattern, with a lower catch at the begining and end of each
fishing season. The maximum yield per pot was obtained during January and February (Figure 19);
3)
The total fishing area was divided into ten zones and the
results obtained in each zone allowed the establishment of
three distinct groupin g s of yield (catch per pot) (Fi gure 19); and,
4)
the highest yields were obtained between 30 and 80 meters
depth (Fi gure 20).
The commercial lobster fishin g is under the influence of: a) the natural variations in the abundance of this
resource, o) Lhe sea and meteorolo e:icel conditions 2nd c) a
rigid legislation.
The regulations for the lobster fishery include:
a) a fishin g, season between October 1 St . and May 15 th for
Juan Fernandez Islands, and between October 1 st and Nay 31th
for Desventuradas Islands, o) a minimum marketable carapace
len g th of 115 mm (below this size the lobsters must be returned immediatly to the sea), and, c) the females carrying eggs
between the pleopods must also be returned immediatly to the
sea.
The commercial landings of lobsters since 1930
are given in Table IX. This table shows that the annual catch
in the last two decades has decreased from 122 metric tons to
around h 0 metric tons, where it has remainec( since 1975.
Table II. Average carapace length (mm) and percentage of male and female lobsters captured
in different depth around Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara Islands. (FebruaryMarch 1971).
(fathoms)
30
40
14,5
50
55
60
(81)
(90)
(99)
(108)
Depth
MALES
FEMALES
65
(11 7)
70
(126)
(meters)
(54)
(72)
Average
length
103.14
103.50
103.96
98.33
103,75
103.08
110.00
Percentage
18.3
22.4
22.6
14.6
20.5
18.0
25.0
102,00
102,54
101.06
79.5
82.0
Aver. aFe
length
Percentage
101
.25
81.7
100.34
77.6
98.30 102.35
100.0
77.4
85.4
98.33
75(.,0
75
(135)
93.00
37.0
101.18
63.0
Table III. Average carapace length (mm) and percentage of male and female lobsters captured in different sectors around Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara Islands. (February - March 1971).
1
Sectors
Average
length
MALES
Percentage
Average
length
2
3
4
102.50 102.39 104.00 101.90
5
7
99.15 103.13 101.33
8
9
10
TOTAL
107.25 108.21 102.44 100.24
23.8
20.79
100.84 100.69 102.06 101.29 102.88 100.83 102.46 102.26 101.04 103.1
101.88
8.2
18.5
22.7
28.9
22.5
FEMALES
Percentage
6
91.3
81.5
77.3
71.1
77.5
19.7
80,3
19.7
80.3
18.6
81.4
22.6
77.4
76.2
79.21
Table IV. Morphometric parameters of Jasus frontalis. From: ARANA and PIZARRO, 1971.
MALES
FEMALES
Carapace length to
r
r
Relation
L t = 3.760
0.922
0.924
Lc°' 972
0.877
Lc
= 4.612
Lc 0.868
0.949
=
Lc1.029
0.943
total length
= 0.745
Carapace length to
Ac
0.554
carapace width
Carapace length to
W
Le 2.694
0.931
x 10-5 L t 2. 880
0.965
= 0.225 x 10-2
2.712
0.970
x 10 -5 Lt 3 ' 1. 54
0.954
W t = 0.190 x 10-2
Lc
total weight
Total length to
total weight
Wt =
5.927
W t = 1.363
05
t
79°00W
55'
1
40'
45'
50'
I
1
I
35'
i
-33°30' S
35J
- 35•
%
' ROBIJel
.?
CRU3io
.t?
40'
‘00
N.,_,
n;t
45-
I
°
A00
1
05'
79°00'W
i
55'
-4T
------
50'
45
40'
Figure 13 . 3athymetric map of Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara
Islands. DePths in corrected meters.
■
3b
Table V . Approximate bottom surface around aobinson Crusoe
and Santa Clara Islam's.
tenth
Surface
(7)
2
1
1= ero. entae
' Accumulative Sur-/m9
(0-1[2)00 1-2
0 - 100
79.6
9.08
79.6
100 - 150
109.4
12.48
189.0
150 - 200
134.2
15.31
323.2
200 - 500
273.3
31.19
596.5
500 -1000
279.8
31.911.
676.3
876.3
' 100.00
Total
•
Table VI . Fishermen and fishing boats (in brackets) related
with the fisheries o, u'i_ a n Fernandez and Desventuradas Islands. (From: Fishery Cooperatives).
Coonerativa de
Pescadores Arohir., ie1ago
Juan Fer-
nandez
Crusoe I.
ro Selkirk I.
97 (L5)
23 (10)
Cooperativa de
Pescadores Falken Ltda.
8 ( 3)
Others
4 (
Total
San J!.mbrosio is.
.
8 (4)
23 (10)
places
-
2)
109 (50)
Val p ara?so
8 (4)
Total
-120(55)
8 (
)
24(
6
)
10(2)
(
14 ( )
7)
154(64)
Table VTL Capacity of floatin stora g e boxes for lobsters
( in unit of lobsters). From: Fishery Coo p eratives.
Robinson
Crusoe I.
1,1arinero Selkirk I.
Coo p erativa de
Pescadores Archipielago
Juan Fernandez
10.000
5.000
CooT:erativa de
Pescadores Falken Ltda.
300
-
3r Felix
5 ,1n Aobros, o
Fort of
Val p araIso
Other
places
7.000
Total
22.000
.000
10.000
-
14.300
4.000
17.000
-
36.300
Others
Total
10.300
5.000
Table VIII.Characteristics of the ship 'Carlos Darwin' belonging to the Fishery Coo perative of Juan Fernandez.
Tonnag e (ton)
Length of the ship (m)
202
29.6
( 99 feet )
Cruiser s p eed (knots
Autonomy ( mi )
Crew
2,000
11
Hold (capacity )
- cubic meter
- sea water tanks for the
transport of the lobster
- refrigerated. tons
Passengers
65
8,000 •
25
10
Year of construction
1954
Hull type
iron
Actual situation
good
( 2,407 sc. ft. )
units
-
Figure
14. Constructional
detail of the artisanal boat used in the
lobster fishery (Juan Fernandez Islands).
$
3
I
55 CC/ ON
100
200
300
1
It
meters
_
1
'
4 Aeevio
3
q
5
0
7
0
9
1 i Jr. 0 71.i 970 3776 g oo US' if o 7r
/,0 49 0 0,r 40.0 /010 4110 a,: .770 if 1
4
X1,evlo
Q.„,,,
2
75 300 WI 5 511. lilt 300 >i
P 0 1o00 Of L 91 0 t i' 0 .00 ?3.11_....._ ....._,
.10 3 7 5- 390
70.0
/S50
1/I 1 701.1
l,0 rot: /070
Ct.,.
/0?3
VI 0
73.0 J7>
•1,1
—
CO
20.0
07.1 pro Y30 8r0 91i 1010 ,, ,, /2,0
Figure 15 . Plan view of the artisanal boat used in the lobster
fishery (Juan Fernandez Islands).
Dimensions: Length
Width
Heigth
Figure 16. Type of lobster trap used in the Juan Fernandez
Islands.
February
20
1p-,
1
n=577
7578 '.".
.
.
..
a)
March 1971
n=929
20
is
10
73,55y '
4-3
C)20
October 197]
n=183
72PPI
1.-
January
n=297
74/.I
197:
"
February 197 2
20
n.477
to
83,32.!.,
70
BO
93
NO
110 123
oa 1.3
60
Atia
Carapace length (mm)
Figure 17. Size distribution of the total catch, fraction
of commercial lobsters (black) and percentage
below the minimun legal size.
J F M A-M
1971
Q N D J F M A-M
1972
Figure 18. Monthly variations in the catch of lobsters.
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lzr Areas
1:1 Areas
Area
2,44 - 2,76
lobsters/trap
2.3,6,5.7,8,y9 1,67 -2,07
1
1,41
Figure 19. Yield in lobsters/trap for ten areas
around R obinson Crusoe and Santa Clara
Islands.
10
H
N–
01
8
.-1
–
.-
–
t
W
a
a
8
A
o-
4,
4
4
A
A
c=4
a,
m a •
$A,.
4.i
,,,,,
_
2-12'
>
0
Z
14
Oa'
H
H2
>1
I
$-■
Cli
fcC
ft
P6
-P
M
4\ 4
51)
o
4-1
mIc
_
.......4-
-.
'-'
>1 10
1
2
i
.C.
cv
01
nc1
In
Depths
31-45 4 -60 6 -75 7 - 0
(fathoms)
rd
6
4
1
$4
--,
5)-1
2
g4
s I
H
.
..-1
4U
t•--
a
6
4
15 -20
›-i
Oa
o
1
I
ii
a
—
LM
4
15-00 3 *45 45 -60 61 *25 76-90
Depths
.2
0
'
4
......
•
ia
tr,
—
rd
H 1 •
.1)-1
>I
8
6
4
_
2
ri_.—
15-30 3 -45 46-60 61-75 76-00
_
i
g
P I°
a8
t
P
IL
o
WW
A
511 4
o
4..)
.,
N
10^
_
(fathoms)
Figure 20. Yields for the different depth ranges.
(fathoms)
Deths
Undermarketable lobsters
Commercial lobsters
Table IX
Chile; Co=ercial landin:r of lobster (Jasus frontalis)( in -:letric ton.)
From; Servicio :rricola y Ganadero (SAG) and
Fishery Cooperatives.
Year
Catch
Year
Catch
1930
31
32
33
34
1935
3637
38
39
89
68
56
97
77
67
89
93
148
90
77
1955
56
57
58
59
1960
61
62
63
64
1965
66
102
123
56
67
I06
79
1974
71
72
73
74
134
76
77
47
63
46
50
57
44
48
31
1940
41
L2
43
44
1945
46
47
48
49
1950
51
52
53
54
104
135
62
62
57
85
70
128
101
67
68
69
1975
120
95
94
122
105
97
91
119
77
60
91
42
71
DISCUSSION
Presently no systematic studies have been made
about the living resources of the Juan Fernandez islands region
that would allow for an estimation of their future exploitability. However, it is clear that some s p ecies such as the "Bacalao" and lobsters, which have been continually exploited for
more than a century, are very plentiful. Besides the problems
associated with the absence of scientific estimations, the lack
of any statistical information makes any attempt to p redict future catch very difficult. The only exception is the lobster
fishery.
In addition to the bacalao and lobsters, there
are many other marine organisms that can be commercially exploited on a regular or seasonal basis. The relative importance of
these potential resources is due in some cases to their abundance ("jurell"breca", "morena"," punto fijo", etc.), or by their
high commercial value ("atunes" (tuna), "vidriola", "lobo lino"
(fur seal), etc.). There are other s p ecies that are less abundant but just as valuable which should be considered for local
consumption ("locos" (like abalone), "erizos" ( seaurchin),
"lenguados" (flatfish), "corvina", "jerguilla", "pampamitos",
etc). For tourist and sport fishing there are "lenguados"
(flatfish), "atunes" (tunas), "vidriola" (yellowtail), etc.
and for scuba divers there are "vidriola", "lenguados", and
others to hunt (Table X).
There are future fishing posibilities with the
fauna recently found along the Juan Fernandez ridge and near
the O'Hi g gins seamount. The exploration of these areas during
the oceanographic Ex peditions, :;1ARC:ITLE VIII, IX and X, reported, for the range between 2",0 and 1000 meters, the presence of
"centollas de Juan Fernandez" (Paromola rathbuni),'Yaibas gi-
gantes " (redcrabs) (Gervon duino.)adens) and several fishes
whose abundance and identity still ':_ave not been established.
Another possibility for these islands is the development of a "fur seal factory" or "loberia" principally
for the production of leathers. The "lobo fino de Juan Fernanii) was long considered
dez" (Arthohoca (Arthocephalus) phili p
as extinct, however the population is now increasing progresively. In a decade or two it should be possible to resume its
exploitation. Nevertheless the possible predation that this
s and the indirect
species can p ly on other fishing resource
influence that would produce on them must be taken into acm of
count. For this reason the total ecosystem equilibriu
this island region must be considered in any exploitation of
the fur seals.
If we limit our interest to a general scheme of
the fishery development for this oceanic region, it is important to consider that the fishing activity will be carried out
with limited economic ca p acity and
principally by fisherme n
of any kind. In
in many instances without mechan'cal hel p
the case of the demersal and bentnic fisheries, this activity
close to the islands. In
would be done in areas relativel y
the case of the pelagic fisheries the size of the area to use
a vailable in
end on the type and size of the boats
p
ill de
w
the future. Because of this, and the fact that the resources
present around the Juan Fernandez Islands are similar to the
adas Islands,there should
s p ecies found around the Desventur
of -r- e oceanic fibe an integratedrlan for the devement
formed by: Pobinson Crusoe - Vierisheries inside the trian g l e
fi7ure 1 for locanero Selkirk * Desvent'iradas Islands
tion).
t of
As a first step, n the f ,;7-/re developmen
sT s rted in the Juan Fernanthis area, a pilot pla could be
i S most
a uaut the resources
frrmatior
dez Islands wherein
at present these islands
available . If should be noted
Table X,, arine species of major commercial importance in this oceanic region.
CO;rBN
OBSERVATIONS
SCIENTIFIC NAME
FISHES
Scomberesox saurus stolatus
DE BUEN
Unknown, potential
Neothunnus macropterus
SCHLEGEL
Seasonal, unknown potential
Thunnus thynnus
(LINNAEUS)
Germo alalunga
Polynrion oxigeneios
(BONNATERRE)
(SCHNEIDER) Big amount
Breca
Acantholatris gayi
KNER
Unknown potential
Corvina de
inilcropogon fasciatus
DE BUEN
Local consumption
Jerilla do 3,E.
Aplodaotylus punctatus
VALENCIENNES
Jurel de J.F,
Car:Anx georgianus
VALENCIENNES Bait
Lenguado (flatfiE,h)
Paralichthys fernandezianus
STETNDACHNER Local consumption
Par .lichthys hilgendorfii
STEINDACHNER
STEINDACHNER
Morena (moray)
Paralichthys coeruleosticta
Gymnothorax porphyreas
Pampanito
Scorpis chilensis
WITCH2PM
Pez volador
Cypsilurus lineatus
(VALENCIENNES)
Tollo de J.F.
Squalus fernandinus
MOLINA
Seriola ma sa tinna
STEINDACJNER Potential, sport
(saucy)
Atun (tuna)
Bacalao de J.F. or
11
Salmon de roar'
Vidriola
(CUICHENOT) Unknown potential
Bait, local consumption
-
Table X. Continuation.
CRUSTACEANS
Centoll ,: de J.P.
Poromola rathbuni
JHib corroder.
PORTER
LentopTapsus varie'atus
Jalba rfiLT:,,nte
(FABRICIUS)
Ceryon quinquedens
SMITH
Unknown potential
Ion7m7ta de J.F.
Jasus frontalis
LangoPta enano
MILNE EDWARDS
In exploration
Projasus parkeri
Lanuostino de J. P .
(STEBING)
Calathea lenzi
Escilarus
RATHBURN
Scyllarus delfini
(BOUVIER)
(red crab)
Unknown potential
SHELLFISHES
Erizo de J.P.
Aspirodiadema
( seaurchin)
microtuberculatum
Loco de J.F.
Concholopas sp.
Ostra de J.F.
Nucula fernandencis
ACASS7,
Big amount.
Rep;ular amount, local consumption
VILLARROEL
MAMALS
Lobo find de J.F.
(fur'seal)
Arctophoca philippli
PETERS
Potential, population in recuperation
are the only ones that are p ermanently inhabited. However,
this idea does not mean that some effort can not be simultaneously made to increase the fishin g activity in other places
than the Juan Fernandez Ridge, Deove n t'lradas Islands, etc.
Added to this, it is necessary to consider individually the p osibilities that are o f fered by both the species
actually under exploitation and the potential ones. In the
case of the lobster fishery, only a slight increase can be
expected in the total catch. A more spectacular increase is
not possible due to the fact that this species has been detected only in a range between
3
m and 200 m., which is being
covered almost totally by the fishing effort actually applied
around the Juan Fernandez Islands. Only around the Desventuradas Islands would it be p ossible to achieve an ap p reciable increase in the captures. The reason for this is the few numbers
of fishing boats that only occasionally operate in this area.
Therefore the theoretical catch of lobster can only be ex p ected to reach a maximum of 100 tons per year. However, it is
im p ortant to stress the subjectiveness of this estimation.
(ARAr:A, 1(76).
Several actions are needed to achieve an increase in the catch of lobsters. F i rst of all, it will require the
introduction of mechanization and new technologies, especially
for the operation of pots (hauling gear). The mechanized handling system would be a factor in causing the fishermen to increase the number of rots used by each boat. This action would
increase the effort and the yield per pot will decrease. In
order to solve this problem any new effort should be limited
on directed toward other areas (Desven f u-adas Islands) and/or
toward the ca p ture of other liv i ng marine resources.
This reorientation in the catch can first be
used to develop the "bacalao" fishery, a species which is found
in great abundance in the sane islands but usually in deeper
waters. i'ext, de p ending on the market demands, other resources
can be ex p loited. Nevertheless, to p romote its exploitation,
it is necessary to conduct a great deal of research concerning the life cycles of this s p ecies, evaluate the potential
of their stocks and the methods -most suitable for its capture
and processing.
At the same time, it 's of s p ecial importance
to revise the existing le g islation about the lobster fishery
and encourage studies which permit an adequate management of
the fisheries in this area. The future re gulations must balance fishery development with protection to the s p ecies from
excessive fishing activity.
In the case of the lobster fishery, there is no
in
difficulty now or its future co vr -ercialization. There are
several p roblems with the "bacalao" and other perishable s p ecies. In order to solve these p roblems we need to improve the
methods of handling, processing, stora g e and trans p ort. It
will require a large freezing plant with an adequate capacity
to store the p roducts before they are trans p orted to the continent. The size of this plant must be determined after the
evaluation of the resources and the annual catch is esti-ated.
Additionally, it is im p erctive to establish a-regular marine
transportation system between the islands and between them
and the continent. The acquisition of refrigerated holds is
the first step in the transport of this kind of product. Later,
other lines of products could be develo p ed throu g h canning and
as fish meal. However, the latter would
be used to reduce
the waste material of the other's lines of production.
The establishment of a multi n urpose processing
Plant in Robinson Crusoe Island is no- P problem for the touristic develo p of the isl a nds. Instead, it may be a great
source of emp loyment, es p ecially
women, result i n g- in increased economic benefits for the isl a n co-Imunity.
All these chan o-es will require, at the same time,
an im p rovement in other areas sucn c s urban development, and
material assistance to the islands. A permanent settlement
would be necessary in Yiarinero Selkirk and also the instalation of a base in the Desventurads Islands.
In order to achieve all these goals it is necessary to have a harmonious and integrated plan for the development of these islands and the oceanic triangle between them.
In my opinion it is greatly justifiable to carry out a research program
(see appendix 2) and a pilot plan in the
Juan Fernandez Islands. This action could be useful in the
training of fishermen in new fishing methods. The result of
this research could then be used
for
the development of a plan
for the fisheries of this region. Only in this way will it be
possible for the fishermen to increase their incomes, allow
them a better life style and give a meaning to their constant
efforts.
On the other hand, due to the position of the
Juan Fernandez islands, they are free ofparintion from big
urban or industrial centers, the only ecological changes
that can have occured in this re =7ion, but still not evaluated, would be produced by the fishing activity and/or the fcL1ling of trees. For this reason, this region can be included
among the geographical regions of Chile which are free of pollution, and we must protect the islands to maintain this situation.
In relation to management of the marine resources
known around the islands, it is important to consider that many of them are not capable of ma'ntaininF by themselves a continual exploitation even for loc-1 consumption. However, they
are part of the ecosystem of these islands, and many of them
are endemic such PS Pacii_na ferna-'ez i ans, Asoirodiac'ema microtnberc'llatum, Paro ,q ola rathbuni,
frontalis, Arctomhoca
These : ,)ecies need to be protected
to assure the fragile eauilibrum of these insular systems.
The research should be oriented
these species with the objective of un d erstanding the ori i
g n and evolution of the eco(Arctocer)halus)
systems around these islands.
Des p ite present des:-nation of the land of the
Juan Fernandez islands as rational .-ark, it is necessary to
extend this princi p le to all the narine areas around the islands up to at least 12 miles, in order to assure the protection of the marine environment. For this reason, adequate le Eislation must be required and at the same time scientific
research carried out to obtain more in f ormation about the organisms and the medium in which they live. So, the recommendation is to declare the water adjacent to t he islands as
Maritime Park, in addition to the land which was declared a
National Park in 1935.
It is necessary to insist that the marine resources of these islands can only be ex p loited, in each case, according- to arpropiate mana g ement which considers the balance
between plans of fishery development and the necessity to
protect the species. In this wa y , it is es pecially important
to give priorities in research conducted to determine and/or
evaluate resources as well as studies to obtain information
about the life cycles of the species ex p loited or potentially
ex p loitable. However, to realize these objectives we need equipment, and economic and human resources.
Concurrently with these measures it will be necessary to give technical advice to the fishermen in the primary
sector (introduction of mechanical implements to the fishery,
reorientation of the fishing effort, etc.), secondary sector
(new methods for the transformat on of fish to fish products,
Quality standards for the 3Droduc t s, etc.), and tertiary sector
(new system for the stoea t e
,lans -cort of the product between the is2Pnds and the continen t , -f-rde, market price, etc.).
Al] these measures, as was Olscuzsed, -eed to be involved in
nn inte=nted scientific and fj:--hery p lan for this regjon.
Only in this way would it be
.b'e to c- i ve incentive to the
Chilean cA)nity of 2 ,- tic:al f 'Ther-en to improve Tneir socioeconom i c. situat i on an.1 the-ir own herd lives.
LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES FOUND OFF JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLANDS
ALGAE
ORDER
'FAMILY
SCIENTIF NANE
PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA
CLASS CLOPOPHYCEA
ULOTRICHALES
ULVACEA
Ulva lactuca Linne, 1763
Ulva reticulata Forsk
Ulva linza Linne, 1753
ENTEROMORPHA
Enteromorlha instestinnlIs Link, 1820
Enteromorpha com p ressn Linne, 1830
SIPHONALES
CODTACEAE
Codium unilaterale Setchell y
Gardner, 1937
Codium fernandozianum Setchell, 1937
Codiurn cerebriforme Setchell, 1937
CLADOPHORALES
CLADOPHORACEAE Chaetomorpha linum Knntze, 1849
Chaetomor p ha aerea KiAntze, 1849
Chaetomor p ha antenina Knntze, 1849
ChaetomorEha firma LevrinF, 1941
Ciadophora rupestris Knntze, 1843
Claduham perpusilla Skottsberg, 1943
PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA
CLASS ISOGENERATAE
EXTOCARPALES
ECTOCARPACEAE
DICTYOTOLES
DIGTYOTACEAE
Ectocar p us confervoide s Le Jo1is,1863
Ectocarpus mitchellne Hnrvey,
Myrionema stran cr ulans Grevill o , 1877
D5stromium skottsber g ii LevrIng.,1940
Padina fernandezian a Skottsberg et
Levring, 1941
Dictyota 2hlyctaecnpdes MonlaFne,1852
Clossuhora kunthii Agardh, 1880
CHORDARIALES
PUNCTARIALES
SPLACHNIDIACEAE Sphachnidium rup-osum Greville, 1830
Hydroclathrus clathratus Howe, 1920
PUNTARIACEAE
Scvtosiphon lomentaria Agnrdh, 1819
Petalonin fnscin Fntze, 1898
CHONOSPORACEAE Scytotharunus nustralis }look et
Harver, 1845
PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA
SUB-CLASS BAN(7,TIDFAE
TANGIALES
ERITHROPELTIDACEAE Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenvinge, 1.909
BANGTACEAE
SUB-CLASS FLORIDEAE
NEMALIONAIES
GELIDIALES
Porphzira
A2:ardh, 1823
HELMINTHOCLADIAC EAE Liagora brachyclada Decaisne,18
Gelidium pseudointrincatum Skottsbers
GELIDIACEAE
1941
Corallina chilensis Harver &
Harvey, 1847
Corallina cuvieri Lamouroux, 1913
GRATELOUPTACEAE Grateloupin Fubsimplex Levrin ,, , 1.941
Crytonemia prolifera Levrinp„ 1n41
GIGARTINALES
NEMASTOMACEAE
Hemastoma foliacea Levrinp, 1941
Plocamium
Kylinp, 1925
GIGARTINACEAE Martina lessonni Apnrdh,
RHODYMENIALES
RHODYMENTACEAE Dendrymenia flabellifolis Skottsberg,
1023
Rhodrenia cuneifolia Taylor, 1939
CERAMIALES
CERAJ:IIACEAE
Centroceras clnvulatum FiontaFne
Durieu, 1P46
Cernmium rubrum Arardh, 1904
DASYACEAE
HeLerosiphonia F,ubsceun(Mta Frentier
1 901
RHODOMELACEAE
Pterosijponia dendrojdea Falkensberg,
1901
Fernandosilhonia unilateralis Levrirp,
1941
Humbrella hydra Earle, 1969
BRY 0 Z 0 A
CLASS GYITOLAEMATA
ORDER
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
CHEILOSTOMATA
SGRUPOCELLARIIDAE
Caberea juanfernandenzi Vivini
1969
Caberea rostrata Dusk, 1884
Caberea darwinii. Busk, 1984
1EM13RAN I POR DAE
Membranipora orasiman,inata
Ortmann, 1890
Iviembraninora echinata D'Orbigny,
1839
MembraniTora corif.-c-ea Esper, 1890
HIPPOTHOTDAE
Hippothoa
MYRTOZOIDAE
HilroLhoa auriculata Busk, 1884
ESCHARELLIDAE
Schizoporella chondra Marcus, 190
MICROPORELLTDAE
rieronorolla cilinta ralla, 176(
hyrtlina Inmouroux, tr)y
Microporella malusii Savigny,12(
SMITTIDINAE
Smittina lansborovii Johnst, 1881
Smittina enalrypha Marcus , 1 907
CELLEPORIDAE
Lagenipora rota Maggillivray, 188
PETRALLIDAE
Petralia rectilineata Hincks, 189
OYCLflSTCYATA
-r-,
CTIL'TIDAF
TUBULIPORIDAE
Tubuli p ora mileama
1;;::
Tubulipora ap_erta Harmer, 1899
LICHENOPORIDAE
Lechinopora finbriata Busi', 1875
Fasciculipora remosa D'OrbiPny,
1839
M 0 L L U S C A
CLASS
CE PHALOPODA
SCIENTIFIC .NAME
COMMON NAME
Octopus vulF_aris Lamarck, 1811
"pulpo"
Octopus tuberculatus Blainville, 1832
LAMELLIBRANCHIA
Tremoctopus violaceus Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852
Modiolaria opifex Fhillippi, 1841
"pulpo"
Modiola Ilumescens Dunker, 18
Avicula aelDivalvis Odhner, 1917
Ervilia product, Odhnr:r, 1917
Cham p imbricata Broder] p, 1833
Venerupis fernandezi p n p Stempel], 1999
Nucula fernandeziana (Adams, 1858)
"ostra de Juan Fernandez"
GASTROPODA
Acmea ivan3na Odhner, 1917
"sombrorito"
Lunatia 2iscifformis Rocluz, 18
Littorina maurinta Lamarck, 1811
T-Trifhora brasilis Odhner, 1917
Columbella liFnaria Odhner, 1917
Concholepas s12, Lamarck, 1801
Cerithiopsis disrar Odhner., 1917
Scalarta junnina Odhner, 1917
Aeolldia collaris Odhner, 1917
"loco"
CRUSTACEA SECTION
FAMILY
SUB-ORDER NATANTIA
PENAE IDEA
CARTDEA
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
SERGESTIDAE
2arEt1Lea arctic2ls KROYER, 1865
ALPHEIDAE
i2J221111111
1837)
DISCIADIDAE
spinifrons (MILNE EDWARDS,
._.
se rrifer, RATHBUN, 1902
11
211 -1 9
RATHBUN, 1997
EhynchRainetes balaai GORDON, 1936
SUB-1j)R PLI":12E2-11
MACRURA
SCYLLARIDAE
PALINURIDAE
Lull:11E11s delfini (BOUVIER, 1909)
Prl)aapsrarkeri (STEBBING, 1902)
Jasus frontons
ANOMURA
PACURIDAE
GALATHEIDAE
dAdad"
chilensis COUTIER E , 1896
BATE , 1888
GLYPEOCRANGONIDAE 22IL112M12=2. fi2.2EL
HIPPOLYTIDAE
RHYNOHOCINETIDAE
"camaron de pro:run-
---"camoron acorazado"
"camaron de roca.
de Juan Fernandez'
"lanosto chata"
"langosta enana"
"dalmacita"
(MTLUE EDWARDS, 1837)"laniD:osta oe Juan
Yernanuez"
"
argrnr,urus rilimanus
S'PITH
1879
"ermitaTio
,
os___
_
P
_
LENZ, 1902 "ermitario"
Porcellanonpurus rlatei
"lanp_ostino de Ju.
RATHBUN, 7.907
i
rEt
f
c121-111)1T l
Fernandez"
s rostrala WILNE EDWARD , 1880) "lanuostiro
Vii_
Ilnido ns5
_
Muniflarfits antoni (MILNE EDWARDS, 1884)
•••
-----*••••••■••••110111.1410•1111011■MOPMP......".010.............1001100■6*Pro"
DRACHYURA
PORTUNIDAE
Callinectes toxotes ORDWAY, 1863
"jaiba"
Nectocarcinus bullatus BALSS, 1924
Ovalipes p unctatus (DE HANN, 1833)
"jaiba blanca remad Curare
THELXIOPEIDAE
(HOMALIDAE)
Parornola rathhuni PORTER, 1908
"centolla de Juan
Fernandez"
CALAPPIDAE
Hapatus chilensis MILNE EDWARDS ,1837 "jaiba pu7lete"
MAJIDAE
Paramithrax baeckstroanu BALSS,. 1924
Talifrus dentatus MILNE EDWARDS, 1834"panchote"o"talicur
"canrejo"o":!niba"
XANTHIDAE
Cycloxanthas becki GARTH, 1957
Eurypanclpeus crenatus MILNE EDWARDS
"pfln,rurola!--;" o "con
and LUCAS, 1834
re j 0"
Caudichaudi Paudichaudi (FILNE
"can(Tejo de fanpo"
EDWARDS, 1 9 3 4)
"jaiba" o "canpre(
plana (MILNE FDWARDS,1834)"jaiba reina"o
"jaiba morn"
Paraxanthus barbirrer.
GRAPSIDAE
(POEPPIG, 1936) "pancora"
Cvcao crrusus Punciatus LITINE EDWARDS,
1837
Onapsus , ,ransus LINNAEUS, 1758
jiev_ntoP-rapmm w)riPfratuF; PADRICTUS,
1793
" jaiba corredora"
ATELECYCLIDAE
Trchircarc"nus h"stricosus
Planes unaneus DANA, 1851
Plarmsia chabrus LINNAEUS, 1758
GERY ON IDAE
Geryon quinquedens SMITH, 1870
LEPADOMORPHIDAE
Lepas pectinata SPENGLER, 1793
"jaiba p-,71.7ante"
SUB-CLASS CTRRIPEDTA
THORACICA
Lepas anatifera LINNE, 1767
Lepas austral's weltneri WELTNER, 1917
BALANOMORPHIDAE Balanus nsittacus DARWIN, 1854
Th
ORDER
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAW:E
CLASS FLASOPAECHIT
LAMNTFORES
:30JALTFORIVIES
RAJIFORMES
Nustelus mento Cope 1871
TRIAKIDAE
SQUALIDAE
RHINOBATIDAE
"tollo"
Soualus fernandinus Molina 1782
"tollo de cahos"
Tarsistes philippi Jordan 1918
"gultarra"
O r mnothorax Lorphyreas (Guichenot
1848)
"murena de J. Fer-
CLASS TELEOSTOMI
ANOTIIIITFOKIES
MURAENIDAE
CONCRIDAE
CYEMIDAE
BELONIFO=S
EXOCOETIDAE
Conif er p.
Cyema atrum Gunther 1878
Cypsilurus lineatus (vulenciennes
nandez"
"pez volador"
1846)
Exocoetus fernandezianus Philippi
"pez volsdor"
1895
SCOURFREOCIDAE Scomberesox saurus stolatus De Buen
"purito fijo"
1959
GADIFORMES
210RIDAE
IL5212112
LITE
1dACROURIFOM:ES
,ACROURIDAE
fernmdfzi= Tendahl 1921
1212,s2
Whaite 1914
"pescida de J.F.
"ribald o"
92-aphaerTid2f (fIralin) fernan-
dei2DEL (GUnther 1 987)
CASTEROSTEIFORMES liACRORHAMPHOSIDAE Notopo_Lon rernandezianus
"granadero"
(Delfin
"trompetero"
Ma lc:aphosus pracilis (Lowe 1839)
BERYCIFORMES
MOINOCENTRIDAE
Monocentris reedi Schultz 1.956
TRACHICHTHYIDAE Trachichthys fornandezianus
Gunther 1887
ATHERINIFORMES
ATHERINIDAE
Bnsilichthys
(Steindschner "pojerrey"
1898)
MUOILIFORMES
MUGILIDAE
LABRIDAE
Mu g il cephal p s Linneo 1758
"lisa"
ralapterus reticulatus Valenciennes
1 839
Pnrapercis dockinsi McCosker
PERCIFO=S
SCOMBRIDAE
Thunnus thynnus (Linneo
1971
"atun cimarron"
1758)
Thunnus ala111112 (Bonnaterre 1788) "stun de nleta larpa'
SERRANIDAE
Callanthias
Steindachnor 1898
Canrodon lonpimanus (Gunther 1859)
Diplectrum conceptione (Valenciennes
1828)
Gilbertia semicincta (Valenciennes
1833)
Paralabrax humorolis (Valenciennes
1828)
Scapularia rubra De Buen 1959
"bacalao de Juan
Polyprion (Hectoria) oxyi r eneios
Fernandez"
(Blench & ;>chneider 1801)
RACHYCENTRIDAE
Rachycen:tron canadus (Linneo
CARANGIDAE
2=-E L-22122innE Vnlerciennes
Ifo6)
Serbia mn7atlnna (Steindachner
1
833 "
jurel"
1876)"vidriola"
Seriola foncki Delfin 1903
SCIAENIDAE
Trachurus muLphvi Nichols 1920
"jurel"
Micropogon fasciatus De I3uen 1961
"corvina"
Menticirrhus 22hicephalus (Jenyns
1842)
Umbrina reedi (Gunther 1880)
KIPHOSIDAE
Scorpis chilensis Guichenot 1848
"pampanito"
Girella albostriata Steindachner
"jer:milla de Juan
1898
FOMACENTRIDAE
Chromis crusma (Valenciennes 1833)
LABRIDAE
Pseudolabrus 1Ilyt (Valenciennes 1839)
CHEILODACTYLIDAE Acantholatris fr,avi (Kner 186)
Fernandez"
"castaneta comun"
"breca"
Cheilodactylus bicornis (Steindachner
LATRIDAE
1898)
"yuyunco"
Mendodoma fernandezianus Guichenot
"cabinza de Juan
1848
CLINIDAE
Fernandez"
Labrisomus fernandezianus (Guichenot
1848)
BLENNIIDAE
Scartichthys rubropunctatus (Valenciennes
1836)
Scartichthys variolatus (Valenciennes
1839)
STROMATEIDAE
Strornateus stellatus Cuvier 1830
CENTROLOPIIIDAE
Palinurichlhys caeruleu (Guichenot
1U48)
GOBIIDAE
Ophiorr,obius 2j.thicephalus (Jenyns
1842)
SC ORPA' ENIFCRI',TES
SC ORPAENIDAE
Scorpaena tierrae Hildebrand. 1.946
Scorpaena fernandeziana Steindachner
1875
Scorpaena hystrio Jenyns 1842
H e 1 i.c olenus lenFerichi. Norman 1937
Scorpaena unic3.ncta De Buen 1961
TR IGLIDAE
OTOTHEN I TFOI=S BOVICHTHYIDAE
PLEUR NEC T ORIYES BOTHIDAE
Chelidonichtlays rictus (Gunther 1880 ) "pez mariposa"
Bovichtus ch
Paralichth
liens is (Regan 1913)
coeruleosticta
"leng-uad o"
Steindachner 1898
Paralichthys fernandezianus
"lenguado"
Steindachner 1903
Paralichthys hilgendorfi
"lenp,uado"
Steindachner 1903
Paralich.thys schmitti Ginsburg 1933 "lenguado"
Paralichtny:, ad_persuS "lenguad o"
Steindachner 1867
GOB TES OC IFORMES
G013 TES OC IDAE
S icyas es brevirrostris ( Guichenot 1848)
Gob:Les ox marmora.tus Jenyns 1842
A V E S
ORDER
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
SPHENISCIFORMES
SPHENISCIDAE
Spheniscus ma:ellanicus (Forster, 1781)
"pinptino del sur"
PROCEITARIIFORMES
PROCELLARIIDAE
Fulmarus flacialoides (Smith, 1840)
"petrel plateado"
"petrel Figante
Macronectes Eionteus Gmelin, 1789
antartica a pajaro carnero"
Puffinus creatopus Coues, 1864
"fardela blanca
comun"
Pterodrom ne gJecta (Schlegel, 1863)
"fnrdels negra de
Juan Fernandez"
Pterodroma externa externa (Salvin,1875) "fardela blanca
de Juan Fernandez
Pterodroma lonfirostyis LOnnberg, 1921
"fardela chica de
Has Afuere
DIOMEDEIDAE
HYDROBATTDAE
Ptertodroma cooki defi]iimiana ( iglioli
and Salvadori, 1869)
"fardela chica de
Diomedea exulans Linneo, 1758
"albatro errante"
Diomedea melanollhris Ternrninck, 1828
"albatro de ceja
negra"
Fre g etta
"golondrina de mar
1817)
rrrallaria (Vieillot,
Mas a Tierra"
de vientre blanco'
.1'1f
A
A L S
SUB-ORDER
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAFE
BALANOPTERIDAE
Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828
"ballena bobs o
ORDER CETACEA
MISTACOCETI
sei"
Balaenoptera physalus Linneo, 1758
"ballena de aleta
o finbaque"
ODONTOCETTI
PHYSETERIDAE
Physeter macrocephalus
DELPHINIDAE
Tursiops
Linneo, 1758
"cachalote"
"tunina de las
Islas o tursiOn"
ORDER CARNIVORA
PINNIPEDIA
OTARTIDAE
Arctocephalus (Arctophoca
Peters, 1866
"lobo fino de
Juan Fernandez o
lobo de dos pelo
RESEARCH PROGRAM
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE
LIVING MARINE RESOURCES IN JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLANDS AND ADJACENT WATERS.
Part A : Plan
-
Organization of the administration of the program and
formation of the work groups.
-
Preparation of the specific projects. Assignment of
responsibilities, distribution of funds, determination of priorities, eJc.
-
Establishment of the necessary structure for the realization of the projects, obtainin g, equipment, materials, importations, etc. Preparation of the b a se on
Robinson Crusoe Islmids and the boats to be used
around the islands.,
Training of the technicians (samplers, divers, auxiliary workers, etc.)
Observation:
The relative priorities are given in brackets, with values.
from 1 to
3,
Part B : Proposed research
1.- OceanoPraphy.
•
Semester
- Monitoring stations
th. Semester•
2 nd.-4 th. Semester
4
- id. (2)
- Id, (2)
- Measurements of the
- Study of the re]ation-
th. .-
6
for oceanoraphic conditions close to Robinson Crusoe I. (1)
- Preparation of general
chart of the oceanogra-
coastal currents
ship between the fish-
phic conditions (2)
around Robinson Cru-
ery resources and the
soe and Marinero
environmental conditions
Selkirk Is. (2)
around Robinson Crusoe I.
(1).
- Completion of the bathy-
- Influence of the me-
- Preparation of specific
metric chart of Robinson
teorolopfical condi-
charts for the oceanogra-
Crusoe and Santa Clara
tions on the fishing
phic conditions of the
Is. (1).
operations. (2).
region (2),
- Research carried out
to obtain the bathymetric chart of Marinero
Selkirk I. (1).
2.-
Livimr. marine resources.
Classification and eva-
— Id
(3)
-
Id
(3)
luation of phyto and zo°plankton
(3).
Classification and eva-
- Id (2)
- Id (2)
- Larval development of
- Id (2)
luation of eggs ant larvae of fishes and crustaceans (2)
selected fishes and
crustaceans (2).
Invontory and distribution
- Id, (1)
- Id. Inclusion of the
of the commercial species
resources around the
around ,Thbinon Crusoe and
Mariner() Selkirk Is-
Santa Clara IP:lands (1)
land (1).
- Research carried out on
- Id (1)
- Id.. Inclusion of the
the biology of the lobster
lobster and bacalao
and bacalao around Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara
around Marinero Selkirk Island (1)
Islands (1)( growth, reproduction, behavior, etc.)
- Begin studies on the
bioloFy of other selected species (2)
- Id (1)
3.-
Fishery technology
- Exploratory and experi-
- Id (1)
- Id. Includes the pelagic
mental research with bot-
resources around the is-
tom longlines and traps
lands (1).
principally for bacalao
and lobster (1)
- Introduction of mechanization in the fishing
operations (1)
- Evaluation of the ben-
- Development of new fishing methods for the exploitation of the available resources (1)
- Initiation of the mona-
thic and demersal re-
gement of the fisheries,
sources (1)
principally bacalao and
lobster (1)
4.- ProcessinE
- Diagnosis of the conditions of processing,
- Proposition and evaluation of new methods (1).
storage, transport, etc.
(1)
- Development of new me-
- Id. New method of
thods for obtaining/pro-
processing for ob-
cessing conventional
taining new products
products (1).
(1).
5.-
Economic studies
- Studies about the orani-
- Proposition of changes
- Econometric model for
zation and operation of
in the Cooperative
the fisheries of this
the fishery Cooperative (2)
System (1)
oceanic triangle (1).
- Analyze the actual economic activity of the cooperative (1).
- Cost-benefit ratio in
the changes proposed
in the technology and
explotaition of the
resources (1).
6.- Other studies
- Organization of a system
to ooTain statistical in-.
Estimation of potential
catch and a policy for
its exploitation (1)
- Revision of the regulations that have a re-
formation (1).
lation with living resources or with the fishing activity (1).
Part C : Evaluation
Final report
Evaluation of the results obtained
Plan for a new period of research
" ... I shall never he so
as when I was
in ny lit:le island.
TI
Je-xander Selkirk
On 2 February 1709, two Pirate •ships wi
n fl-
cpt. ',:f as a Tierra
gland flag, the Duke a nd she
Island, in the Southwestern Pacific. This island, together
with another two - Santa Clara and. T2ilas Afuera Island - form
a group of three volcanic islands called Juan 7 --rr a r ,i ez Archi p elago, named after the Spanish navi g ator who had, accidentally discovered it in 1574 in his travel from Callao,
port of Lima (1:'ERTI) to Valparaiso, port of Santiago (CHILE).
These islands, lie about 365 nautical :Liles west of Chilean
coast.
Captain 71oodes Rogers sent a 'scat with
eight •
sailors to ex p lore the island and soon i7; as see n returning to the shin. But, it was returilin -with nine persons.
The other nan, clothed with goat-skins, led -oeen alone on
the Island four years and four anat..
der Selkirk, a Scotch nan
see }.-ad
,1.1r
anne was Alexanaster of the Cinoue
90 0
82 .
7,00
73° W
_1
Juan
Fe -rmandez
Islands
Location of the Juan Fernandez
Islands.
7U
5c
Ports. He was soon relatin g his adventure.
He explained that he had been marooned on
a Tierra early in October 1704 at his own request, after
strong disagreement with Captain Thomas •tradlin g , his sup erior on the 'Cinque Forts. The first day of the first week
of his more than two hundred solitary weeks, he took stock
of his possessions. On his person he wore a linen shirt,
breeches, long woolen stockings, and buckled shoes. In his
sea chest were additional pieces of clothin g , some .bedding,
a kettle, a hatchet, a knife, a few -Pounds of tobacco and
a pip e, several mathematical instruments, a Holy Bible and
other books.
Selkirk found a cave and fortified it with
stones. At first he was primarily confined to a near by beach
for food, picking
11:0
lobsters, shellfish and turtle. But 13_7
ter, he began to ex p lore his private thirteen square mile
domain.
Stranded on the primitive island, Selkirk had
successfully fought loneliness, rats, and the elements. He
had escaped hunger by chasing down wild goats (maybe five
hundred in that period), after tirin g of turtle and fish,
and later had taken to cultivatini ,. turnips. He esca p ed capture by a Spanish landin- p arty through his swiftness of
foot, and he maintained his sanity by improvising dances
with his p et cats, bellowing scotch psalms aloud, and fashionin tools out of a stock of iron on hand.
Daily, he made his way u p to the two-thousand
foot summit of his lookout, adjusted his
s py-glass,
and
searched the em pty horizon for s-;ns of. rescue.
Selkirk had left his home in Largo seven years
before in poverty and disgrace. :krw upon l e aving :eras a Tierra, his dream to return to England affluent and respeft:ed
was in the hands of Captain Rogers. OrTy a few pirates p ractised legal piracy more efficiently than Ca p tain Rogers.
When he reached London in mid-October of 1711,
Selkirk had been gone eight years, one month, and three days.
As a result of the expedition and raids on S p anish waters,
he received £ 800, a considerable sum in 7- ose days.
In 1712, not many months after returning to
London Cap tain Rogers published "A Cruising Voyage around
the World". With
care and effective details he told the ad-
venture of the "man who had lived during four years and four
months of solitary confinement on a desert island". Later,
Sir Richard Steel was free to write his o n version, and
filled the entire issue of "The Englishmen", dated 1-3 December
1713,
with a classic recital of Alexander Selkirk's
tribulations. There is
little doubt that through these
publications Selkirk became a Lien of But he might soon have been for tten had not
one of his readers been an ale
-2 ,
prolific, irrepreible
panphleteer named Daniel Defoe, "father of English journalism".
Thet'raer the creator of Robinson Crusoe obtained
his inspiration
anal
materials fromthe real Robinson Crusoe
directly, or indirectly by readingabout him in London, we
may never know. For more than two centuries scholars have
debated the probability of a meeting between Defoe and
Selkirk, in Bristol. But by late 1718 Defoe was busily engaged in developing his book fashioned after Alexander Self
kirk, who was by then a member of His Majesty's Navy on
leave in the Pall Mall area of London. The prepa-cations
for his book were careful. We know that Defoe did extensive
general research, not only from the accuracy of the story
itself, but from notes the author made, which nay still be
seen at one Library-in England. Defoe possessed a large
brary, and read Dampe r 's narrative about his travels and
many other books about ex p lorations and adventures in the
New World. More specific research was obtained some tine
before when Defoe transacted business with a Cap tain of the
East Indian. Comp any, who showed him ma p s of Juan Fernandez.
When the book was done, Defoe submitted it to
his publishers but, according to the tradition, Robinson
Crusoe was rejected by one publisher after another. It is
thought that as many as twenty turned it down. At last, a
publisher was found and a first edition was issued on 25
ril 1719, exactly 2b0 years
th=at time, fifteen
hundred co p ies were printed priced at five shillings a
copy.
The story fell like a bombshell on its vast
readim: audience. The first edition was followed in seventeen days by a second, which in 7,-urn was followed in twenty- • •
five days by. a third. 'And, • three and a half months after publication, there. was a fourth edition. Uso, a half-year
later, Robinson Crusoe became the first novel ever to be
serialized.
The book entitled "The Life and Str,,, r„ze surn-iz_
ing Adventures of R03=ON CRUZ0E, of York, L'ariner
1%
written by Himself, begins: I was born in the year of 1632,
in the city of York, of a good family". Robinson Crusoe is
the story of abEnglishman
brow
who
becomes a pros p ering tobacco-
in Brazil. When he is induced to lead a 120-ton ship.
to Guiana in order to accuire slaves cheaply, he runs into
a storm off the Orinoco River. The vessel is smashed on a
sand-bar, and all. the peo ple perish exce pt Crusoe. He swims
to a near-by island and 'survives.
Robinson Crusoe's twenty-e sht years on the
desert island, are too familiar to recount in detail . . The
main concept' of the story, and the numerous realistic details
. tiiout-• change from
that made it a deii,.sht, were borrowed : i
Selkirk. On his desert island, hich :::losely resembles Juan
Fernandez island, the fictional Crue3oe fears loneliness, sea
lions, mad rats, as did the
elkirk. Crusoe finds
companionship in cats, oatsen. the Bible, as did Selkirk.
Also Crusoe creates shelters, e.atskin clothin, and crude
tools, as did Selkirk.
However, Crusoe's story was not entirely fashioned
after Alexander Selkirk's life. There were numerous differences, which may have grown out a Defoe's natural creativity.
For example, Robinson Crusoe was an English tradesman; Selkirk
a Scotch sailor. Crusoe was shipwreched off Brazil and mooroned against his wishes; Selkirk was left stranded off Chile at
his own request. Crusoe acquired the company of Friday; Selkirk
had no companionship at any time.
One year after the first edition of Robinson'Crusoe,
the real original, Alexander Selkirk signed on H.M. S. Weymouth
as Lieutenent put to sea to hunt down pirates and slave runners
off Africa. However, as a consequence of one stop, malaria and
yellow fever invaded the ship. Like so many others sailors, on
13 December 1920, another death was entered in the log. The
Alexr. Selkirk Deceased".
entry - read: " Alexr. Selkirk, D D
Later, the Weymouth was back in England with the news that the
real Robinson Crusoe was dead.
Later that the Duke and her consort sailed out to
the island and Selkirk looked upon the rugged outlines of his
island home for the last time. Mas a Tierra, or in present
time Robinson Crusoe Island, did not remain a desert island
long. Because England considered taking possesion of the island for a military base, Spain anticipated this move, and in
1750 established her own fort. More than a half-century later,
after Chile won its independence, it took over the island and
Chilean settlers colonized the Archi p elago at the end of the
last century.
On the top of the two-thousand-foot peak which had
served so long for lookout is called the Selkirk Lookout or
Mirador de Selkirk. In 1863 a party of English naval officers
from H M S To p aze established a tablet on the lookout site.
C
It reads:
In Memory of
1:15,aA-NDER SIJKIRK
Mariner
- A native of Laro, in the County of
Fife, Scotland.
- iho lived on this island in co=lete
solitude, for four years and four
months.
He was landed fro g the Clrcue Fors
Galley, 96 tons, 10 :runs, 1704,
and was taken off in the Duke, privateer, 12 Feb, 1709.
-
He died l ieutenant of H:S. 77ey__,.outh,
A.D. 1723, aged 47 years.
- This tablet is erected near Selkirk
Lookout, by Comaodore Powell ana the
Officers of HS Tooa-e,
A.J.
C
Since Selkirk le f t uke island.,-any attem p ts to
establish '.'e-2anent settleneTlts had been unsuccessful. After
3',_;0 years fro_a its original discovery a --ernanent population
was established on the main island ihich has crown to a p resent size of 650 inhabitants.
In 1935 the A.rch-ipelaso was estuolished as a
National Park by Federal decree. In this way, this land
ha pp ened to directly depend on the goverment for the protec-
tion of its flora, fauna and environment. This action,
second such adopted in the country, was taken to preserve
the scientific integrity, as well as the cultural and touristic value of the Archi p elago known since early days of navigation, scientific exploration and travel.
At the present time7 the main occu p ation of
the population is fishing, princi p ally lobster and several
kinds of fish. The catch of lobsters off these islands nade
Chile the leader in the world supply of this crustacean.
Hevision of scientifi
oublished about
the Juan Fernandez islands and itz resources
(See also.
graphy).
o
the
end of this 3iblio-
1...
AGUAYO, A,.
(1971)'The present
status or the Ju'rn Fernandez Fur
seal K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 1:1-4
(197- 1):Uer 39 y 185
2 4 - AGUAYO, A. y R.
MAT URANA (1970) Primer
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arc
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finas en el
4:3 - 15
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TURANA, Y D. TORRES (1970)
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15
Lepidapteran von
.
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•
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. .
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•
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53.DEHREL 1
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(1957) Ver 55
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55 ) 4
(
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DI
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•
Wiss. ) 30: 125-145.-
Islands
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