EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION A Context and Practice Casebook F.
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EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION A Context and Practice Casebook Susan Grover WILLIAM AND MARY LAW SCHOOL Sandra F. Sperino TEMPLE UNIVERSITY BEASLEY SCHOOL OF LAW Jarod S. Gonzalez TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina Contents Table of Principal Cases Series Editor's Preface Preface and Acknowledgments xv xvn XIX Chapter 1 . Introduction to Employment Discrimination Law Core Concept: At-Will Employment Howard v. Wolff Broadcasting Corp. Further Discussion Exercise 1.1 Exercise 1.2 Exercise 1.3 Core Concept: Putting the Federal Discrimination Statutes in Context Core Concept: Practical Realities of Employment Discrimination Claims Beyond the Basics: Statutory Interpretation and Administrative Deference 3 3 6 7 8 8 10 12 14 Chapter 2 . Coverage of Statutes Core Concept: Protected Classes Race and Color Exercise 2.1 McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co. Notes National Origin Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji Note Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. Notes Religion Exercise 2.2 Sex City of Los Angeles, Dept. of Water & Power v. Manhart Notes Exercise 2.3 Age Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins Note Core Concept: The Proper Defendant Employment agencies and labor organizations Private employers Individual supervisors and co-workers 17 17 19 19 19 21 21 22 25 25 28 28 30 30 31 35 36 37 38 40 40 40 41 42 4 VI CONTENTS CONTENTS Government employers Major exceptions Core Concept: Protected Individuals Hishon v. King & Spalding Exercise 2.4 Exercise 2.5 42 43 43 44 48 49 Chapter 3 . Disparate Treatment 51 Exercise 3.1 55 Core Concept: Individual Disparate Treatment 55 Core Concept: The McDonnell-Douglas Test 56 McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 57 Subsequent Developments 59 Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc. 62 Exercise 3.2 66 Exercise 3.3 66 Exercise 3.4 67 Core Concept: Comparators-Similarly Situated Employees Outside of Plaintiff's Protected Class 67 O'Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp. 68 Further Discussion 69 Core Concept: Stray Remarks 70 Core Concept: Business Judgment 71 Core Concept: Same Decisionmaker and Same Class Inferences 71 Core Concept: Direct vs. Circumstantial Evidence 72 Exercise 3.5 73 .,: ." Core Concept: Adverse Actions 74 Core Concept: Mixed Motive 74 Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 75 Subsequent Developments 85 Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa . 86 Exercise 3.6 89 Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. 90 Beyond the Basics: Mixed Motive in the ADA Context 96 Beyond the Basics: Intersectionality 96 Exercise 3.7 96 Beyond the Basics: The Intersection of Mixed-Motive and Single-Motive Cases 96 Exercise 3.8 98 Core Concept: Pattern or Practice 98 International Broth. of Teamsters v. US. 99 Hazelwood School Dist. v. US. 109 Exercise 3.9 ll4 Core Concept: Affirmative Action ll4 Core Concept: BFOQ ll4 Western Air Lines, Inc. v. Criswell ll5 Dothard v. Rawlinson 122 International Union, United Auto., Aerospace and Agr. Implement Workers of America, UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. 128 Notes 136 Exercise 3.10 Exercise 3.11 Core Concept: After-Acquired Evidence McKennon v. Nashville Banner Pub. Co. Exercise 3.12 Core Concept: Intent Exercise 3.13 Exercise 3.14 Exercise 3.15 VII 137 138 138 138 141 142 142 143 143 :hapter 4 . Disparate Impact Core Concept: Disparate Impact, Its Theory and Structure Griggs v. Duke Power Co. Subsequent Developments Wards Cove Packing Co. , Inc. v. Atonio Subsequent Developments Exercise 4.1 Core Concept: Defining Disparity Bottom-Line Defense Exercise 4.2 Core Concept: The Correct Comparison Exercise 4.3 Core Concept: Job-Related and Consistent with Business Necessity Dothard v. Rawlinson Note Further Exploration of "Job-related" and "Consistent with Business Necessity" Other Considerations Exercise 4.4 Core Concept: Disparate Impact-ADEA Smith v. City of Jackson, Miss. Subsequent Developments Exercise 4.5 Beyond the Basics: Dispa-ate Impact and the ADA Core Concept: Choices Made to Avoid Disparate Impact Liability May Lead to Disparate Treatment Claims Ricci v. DeStefano Exercise 4.6 145 145 146 149 150 156 157 158 159 159 160 160 161 161 164 164 166 167 167 168 174 174 175 Chapter 5 . Discriminatory Harassment Core Concept: Types of Harassment Core Concept: Quid Pro Quo Harassment Core Concept: Hostile Work Environment Harassment Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson Exercise 5.1 Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. Further Discussion Core Concept: Because of a Protected Trait Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services Notes 191 191 191 193 194 196 197 200 200 201 203 175 176 190 Vlll CONTENTS CONTENTS Exercise 5.2 Core Concept: Unwelcomeness Exercise 5.3 Exercise 5.4 Core Concept: Severe or Pervasive Exercise 5.5 Exercise 5.6 Exercise 5.7 Tademy v. Union Pacific Corporation Exercise 5.8 Core Concept: Motive vs. Content of Harassment Core Concept: Employer Liability for Harassment Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson Subsequent Developments Faragher v. City of Boca Raton Notes Lauderdale v. Texas Dept. of Criminal Justice Core Concept: Tangible Employment Action Exercise 5.9 Exercise 5.10 Beyond the Basics: Harassment Exercise 5.11 Exercise 5.12 204 204 205 206 206 207 207 207 208 212 212 213 213 214 215 222 223 226 227 227 228 228 229 Chapter 6 . Retaliation Core Concept: Elements of the Statutory Claim for Retaliation Core Concept: Protected Activity Crawford v. Nashville Notes Core Concept: Reasonableness of Opposition Conduct Core Concept: Reasonable Belief That the Act Has Been Violated Clark County School District v. Breeden Note Core Concept: Materially Adverse Employment Action Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White Notes Core Concept: Causal Link Clark County School District v. Breeden Beyond the Basics: Third-Party Retaliation Beyond the Basics: Retaliation Protection under Section 1981 CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries Beyond the Basics: Federal Employee Protections Exercise 6.1 Exercise 6.2 Exercise 6.3 Exercise 6.4 232 234 237 237 238 239 240 240 241 245 245 246 248 248 248 251 253 253 254 254 Chapter 7 . Religion and Accommodation Core Concept: The Differences of Religious Discrimination 255 255 231 232i: Exercise 7.1 Core Concept: Defining Religion Exercise 7.2 Core Concept: Proof Structures in Religion Cases Chalmers v. Tulon Company of Richmond Core Concept: Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison Further Discussion Ansonia Board of Education v. Philbrook Further Discussion Chalmers v. Tulon Company of Richmond Exercise 7.3 Exercise 7.4 Beyond the Basics: The Religious Employer Exemption Exercise 7.5 Beyond the Basics: The Ministerial Exception to Federal Anti-Discrimination Statutes Exercise 7.6 Beyond the Basics: Religious Discrimination and Public Employers Exercise 7.7 Chapter 8 . Disability Discrimination Core Concept: Disability, Individuals, and Social Policy Core Concept: Definition of Disability Core Concept: Actual Disability Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc. Further Discussion Exercise 8.1 Exercise 8.2 Exercise 8.3 Core Concept: Record of Disability Core Concept: Regarded as Disabled Beyond the Basics: The Three-Pronged Definition of Disability and theADAAA Horgan v. Morgan Services, Inc. Exercise 8.4 Core Concept: Qualified Individual Hennagir v. Utah Department of Corrections Exercise 8.5 Core Concept: Reasonable Accommodation Vande Zande v. State of Wisconsin Department of Administration Exercise 8.6 Core Concept: Proof Structures Core Concept: Direct Threat Defense Chevron v. Echazabal Exercise 8.7 Exercise 8.8 Beyond the Basics: Drug and Alcohol Use Beyond the Basics: Medical Examinations and Inquiries IX 256 257 257 258 258 259 260 265 266 267 268 277 277 278 279 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 292 295 295 295 296 296 297 297 300 300 301 304 305 307 312 312 313 314 319 319 319 319 x CONTENTS CONTENTS EEOC Guidance on Medical Examinations Other Sources of Obligations Related to Exams and Inquiries Exercise 8.9 Exercise 8.10 Exercise 8.11 Exercise 8.12 Beyond the Basics: Burdens of Production and Persuasion in Disability Cases u.s. Airways v. Barnett Notes Exercise 8.13 Chapter 9 . Protected Traits and Special Issues Core Concept: Affirmative Action Exercise 9.1 Exercise 9.2 Legal Challenges to Affirmative Action Constitutional Challenges to Affirmative Action Voluntary Affirmative Action under Title VII Johnson v. Transportation Agency Notes Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Bases for FMLA Leave FMLA Interference and Retaliation Claims Lawson v. Plantation General Hosp. Mitchell v. County of Wayne Notes Age The Meaning of Age Discrimination General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. v. Cline Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered (LGBT) Individuals Weaver v. Nebo School District Further Discussion Etsitty v. Utah Transit Authority Further Discussion Sex, Pregnancy and Maternal Wall In re Union Pacific Railroad Employment Practices Litigation Notes Doe v. C.A.R.S. Protection Plus, Inc. Notes Equal Treatment of Pregnant Employees Tysinger v. Zanesville Further Discussion Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free School District Notes Sex-Based Pay Discrimination Comparable Worth Grooming Codes Grooming Codes, Sex Stereotyping and Undue Burdens Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Company, Inc 322 322 323 324 324 324 325 325 330 331 333 333 335 336 336 337 337 338 344 346 346 347 347 351 357 358 358 360 366 367 371 371 378 379 380 386 386 391 391 392 396 397 400 400 401 402 402 402 Notes Exercise 9.3 Race/Color Exercise 9.4 What Constitutes Race? Rogers v. American Airlines, Inc. Note Color Discrimination Salas v. Wisconsin Dept. of Corrections Note Race and Arrest Records Gregory v. Litton Systems, Inc. McCraven v. City of Chicago Note National Origin Verification of Work Authorization Status and National Origin Discrimination Zamora v. Elite Logistics, Inc. Notes Undocumented Workers and Discrimination Jarod S. Gonzalez, Employment Law Remedies for Illegal Immigrants Workplace Communication and National Origin Exercise 9.5 Maldonado v. City of Altus Exercise 9.6 Chapter 10 . Administrative and Litigation Procedures The Administrative Process Step 1: The employee files a charge with the EEOC. What constitutes a charge under the federal anti-discrimination statutes? Federal Express Corp. v. Holowecki Notes The location for filing a charge with the EEOC The deadline for filing the charge with the EEOC Commencing the charge-filing period Lewis v. City of Chicago Consequences of failing to file a timely EEOC charge Step 2: The EEOC serves the notice of the charge on the employer. Step 3: The EEOC investigates the charge. Step 4: The EEOC makes a determination on the charge. EEOC v. Manville Sales Corp. Notes Exercise 10.1 Step 5: The EEOC issues aright -to-sue letter. The time frame for the EEOC's issuance of the right-to-sue letter The 90-day time period to file a lawsuit Equitable tolling, estoppel, and waiver Exercise 10.2 ADA, ADEA, and Section 1981 Claims and the administrative process Xl 408 408 409 409 410 410 412 413 413 416 416 416 417 418 419 419 420 429 430 431 433 433 435 441 443 444 444 444 445 451 452 452 454 457 461 461 462 463 464 465 467 468 468 469 470 470 471 XlI CONTENTS CONTENTS State antidiscrimination claims and the administrative process Exercise 10.3 Procedural requirements for public sector employees The Court Process Step 6: The plaintiff files the employment discrimination claim in court. The Lawsuit Pleadings Swierkiewicz v. Sorema Notes Sample Complaint in an Employment Discrimination Case Sample Answer in an Employment Discrimination Case Discovery Summary Judgment Trial Donlin v. Philips Lighting North America Corporation Further Discussion Exercise lOA Chapter 11 . Remedies Core Concept: Introduction to Remedies Core Concept: Equitable v. Legal Remedies under Title VII Enforcing the Historical Law and Equity Divide Title VII Remedial Provision-Title VII § 706(g); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g) [Equitable Relief] Title VII Remedial Provision-42 U.S.C. § 1981a [Legal Relief] Core Concept: Purpose of Remedies Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody Core Concept: Types of Title VII Remedies and Standards for Awarding Title VII Remedies Back Pay Retroactive Seniority Relief Reinstatement Front Pay Donlin v. Philips Lighting North America Corp. Note Exercise 11.1 Declaratory and Injunctive Relief EEOC v. DCP Midstream L.P. Notes Compensatory Damages Punitive Damages Core Concept: Title VII's Compensatory and Punitive Damages Cap Exercise 11.2 Core Concept: Mitigation of Damages Richardson v. Tricom Pictures & Productions, Inc. Notes Core Concept: Damages under the ADA ADA Remedial Provision-ADA § 107(a); 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a) Core Concept: Damages under the ADEA 473 475 476 476 476 478 478 478 481 486 489 492 492 493 494 495 495 497 497 499 499 501 501 504 504 506 506 506 506 507 507 509 509 510 511 516 517 518 519 520 521 521 527 527 527 528 XlIl ADEA Remedial Provisions-ADEA § 7; 29 U.S.C. § 626 FLSA Remedies Provision-29 U.S.C. § 216 - applicable to ADEA Remedies Core Concept: Damages under Section 1981 Core Concept: Recovery of Attorney's Fees Beyond the Basics: Affirmative Action as a Remedy Beyond the Basics: Job Offers as a Remedy Beyond the Basics: Damages and Civil Procedure Pleadings Discovery The Trial Jury Instructions Example on Damages Exercise 11.3 Exercise 11.4 Exercise 11.5 528 529 530 530 531 532 533 533 536 536 536 539 540 540 Chapter 12 . Capstone Experience Capstone Exercise 1: Evaluating a Case from a Plaintiff's Attorney's Perspective Capstone Exercise 2: Initial Case Evaluation by a Lawyer for a Defendant Capstone Exercise 3: Discovery Capstone Exercise 4: Summary Judgment Capstone Exercise 5: Resolution of a Matter 541 541 543 543 544 545 Resources for Further Skills Development 547 Index 549
