What do we mean by
Integration?
Transport Integration and the
Future of Interchange
To integrate (vb):
Dr Marcus Enoch
Transport Studies Group
School of Civil and Building Engineering
Loughborough University
Email: m.p.enoch@lboro.ac.uk
Tel: 01509 223408
Lecture 1
1
Integration (n):
Lecture 1
2
What do we mean by
Integration?
What do we mean by
Integration?
To integrate (vb): “To make
complete by adding parts” or “to
absorb into an existing whole”.
To integrate (vb): “To make
complete by adding parts” or “to
absorb into an existing whole”.
Integration (n):
Integration (n): “a process of
summing infinitesimals”, “the
coordination of”.
Webster’s Dictionary
Lecture 1
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4
Levels of
Integration
Levels of
Integration
•
5
Physical
Integration:
Interchange
between transport
modes - services
connect in space
6
Levels of
Integration
•
•
Levels of
Integration
Physical
Integration:
Interchange
between transport
modes - services
connect in space
Timetabling
Integration:
Services connect in
time.
•
•
•
7
Levels of
Integration
•
•
•
Physical
Integration:
Interchange
between transport
modes - services
connect in space
Timetabling
Integration:
Services connect in
time.
Ticketing
Integration: Multimodal tickets
Levels of
Integration
•
•
•
• Information
Integration:
Multimodal trip
information
Levels of
Integration
•
•
•
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• Information
Integration:
Multimodal trip
information
Physical
Integration:
• Service Planning
Interchange
Integration: legal
between transport
and administrative
modes - services
structures
connect in space
permit/encourage
integration
Timetabling
Integration:
• Travel Generation
Services connect in
Integration:
time.
Integrating the
planning of
Ticketing
transport with the
Integration: Multigenerators of 11travel
modal tickets
Physical
Integration:
Interchange
between transport
modes - services
connect in space
Timetabling
Integration:
Services connect in
time.
Ticketing
Integration: Multimodal tickets
Physical
Integration:
Interchange
between transport
modes - services
connect in space
Timetabling
Integration:
Services connect in
time.
Ticketing
Integration: Multimodal tickets
8
• Information
Integration:
Multimodal trip
information
• Service Planning
Integration: legal
and administrative
structures
permit/encourage
integration
10
Physical Integration
• Interchanges
between different
transport services
• Why do we get bad
interchanges?
– It may make competitive sense
– Interchange may be a small market
12
Types of Interchanges
• Rail/Rail or
Bus/Rail – city
centre or suburban
Strasbourg LRT
Interchange
London Suburban
Rail/Bus
Interchange
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More interchange types
Interchange
Types…
• Coach/Bus
interchange can be
problematic
• Park and Ride
getting widespread
• New ‘Parkway’
Stations being
developed
Strasbourg LRT Park and Ride and
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Maidstone Park and Ride Bus
Even more interchange
types…
• City Interchange Hubs
• Bicycle to rail
(and bus)
• Car and Bicycle
Hire
Bike parking at Leiden
Station (Netherlands)
and Cycleway and
parking at bus stop in
Southend
15
Surprising interchanges
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Timetabling Integration
• Airports as multi
modal Hubs
Corlink Bus, St
Austell Station,
Cornwall
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Timetabling Integration
• You need
integration in time
as well as space
Corlink Bus, St
Austell Station,
Cornwall
Timetabling Integration
• You need
integration in time
as well as space
• Done best for
interchange within
modes
Corlink Bus, St
Austell Station,
Cornwall
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Timetabling Integration
• You need
integration in time
as well as space
• Done best for
interchange within
modes
• Developing for
between modes
Corlink Bus, St
Austell Station,
Cornwall
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Demand Responsive Links
• Timetable
Integration can
include
innovative
service links
• Dutch
‘Treintaxi’
• Airport Shuttles
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Timetabling Integration
• You need
integration in time
as well as space
• Done best for
interchange within
modes
• Developing for
between modes
• Less need if
services are
frequent
Corlink Bus, St
Austell Station,
Cornwall
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Ticketing Integration
• From separate to integrated
ticketing
• Most developed in cities for local
public transport networks
• London is major example
• Moving to smartcard systems
• Some other integrated ticket
products offered
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24
Towards greater ticketing
integration…
Information Integration
• Some countries have a national
system
• Stored value cards now make this
easier for mixed operator networks
• Allocation of revenues is key issue
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Information Integration
• Before travel
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Information Integration
• Before travel
• At the start of travel
– Is it on time?
– Where’s the right stop?
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Information Integration
• Before travel
• At the start of travel
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Information Integration
• Before travel
• At the start of travel
– Is it on time?
– Where’s the right stop?
– Is it on time?
– Where’s the right stop?
• During a journey
• During a journey
– When will train/bus/
LRT arrive?
– Is it on time?
– When will train/bus/
LRT arrive?
– Is it on time?
– Connections?
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• IT developments may
transform this
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Travel Generation
Integration
Service Planning
Integration
• Do legal structures encourage (or
event permit) integration?
• Competitive regimes for public
transport might be a difficult
structure
• Integrating the planning of transport
with the generators of travel
• Key markets
• New developments
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Combining these…
Combining these…
Service
Planning
Physical
Timetabling
Ticketing
Information
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Lecture 1
Physical
Lecture 1
Timetabling
Ticketing
Information
34
Combining these…
The Levels of Integration
Travel
Generation
• All are really needed for transport
integration to work
• Rather patchy in the UK – better in
some places and for some trips
than others.
Service
Planning
Physical
Lecture 1
Timetabling
Ticketing
Information
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36
The Future of Interchange
Characterising Interchange
Travel
Generation
• Access Modes
– (walk – aviation)
• Interchange facilities
Service
Planning
– (basic – advanced)
• Egress Modes
– (walk – aviation)
Physical
Lecture 1
Timetabling
Ticketing
Information
37
Lecture 1
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Benefits of Interchange
• Theoretically appealing to operators as
increased flexibility in matching demand
to supply by disaggregating journeys
into smaller pieces.
• So locations served by most appropriate
vehicle/service type at certain times
• Thus, a traveller could use a car when in
a rural area and then a bus in a
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congested urban area
Two towns and the countryside
Lecture 1
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Rural and Urban Trips
Lecture 1
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Rural to Urban Trip - traditional
Lecture 1
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Future trends
Barriers to Interchange
• However, interchange is niche - about
10% of trips in the UK - because:
• Interchange is a (sometimes significant)
cost to users (and therefore operators)
• Interchanges can be expensive for
operators to construct and to operate.
• Also, uncertainty over responsibility,
commercial pressures and legal barriers
act against interchanging in some places.
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• Politically, drivers pushing privatisation
and liberalisation, so reduced investment,
improved efficiency, new revenues. Also
increased opposition to development
• Economically, recession means less trips,
and groups excluded from using cars.
• Socially, ageing population and less
younger drivers. Use of social media
despite privacy/personal safety concerns.
• Technologically, near universal adoption
of the smart phone and new forms 46of
payment systems promise revolution.
Future trends (2)
• Transport system changes include a
new range of ‘intermediate’ transport
modes that are now entering the
mainstream.
• Also important, is the growing reality of
autonomous vehicles, which
promise/threaten to deliver a revolution
in how people and goods are
transported in the near future.
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Four Implications for the
Transport Interchange
1. Informal cheap ‘minimalist’ interchanges
will become more common.
2. Large scale complex interchanges will
become destinations of choice so as to
become revenue generators.
3. Mid-spectrum interchanges will struggle,
unless they reduce costs, or raise money
4. Ultimately, shift to intermediate modes
will reduce need for physical interchange
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Park and Share Site
Lecture 1
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Lift sharing and Interchange
Lecture 1
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Low cost park-and-ride
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Lecture 1
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Pocket Park and Ride, Cotgrave
Policy Implications
• Free parking at
Shepherds Pub, near
Nottingham.
• Users pay for bus to city
• Using existing car parks and buses costs
10% of purpose-built sites says County
(so £500 not £5,000 a space).
• Council pays for resurfacing, marking the
sites, lighting and CCTV, plus rent of
£1,000 a year to the landlord. The pub
site has 60 spaces.
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• Medium term future of the ‘middle range’
interchange is bleak. Decision needed as
to their future.
• Instead, should focus on developing
informal minimalist interchanges, or
possibly on identifying revenue streams.
• In addition, policy makers need to reflect
on how current institutional operating
environments can be better designed to
support interchange activities where they
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are appropriate.
Questions?
Further Information
Dr Marcus Enoch
Transport Studies Group
School of Civil and Building Engineering
Loughborough University
Email: m.p.enoch@lboro.ac.uk
Tel: 01509 223408
Lecture 1
57