Satellites,
Space and
Security
Earth Observation
Systems and Technologies for civilian - and
military - Purposes
DI Dr. Norbert Frischauf
ÖWF – ALPHA Austria - STP
& Security Vortrag
ITU 04.10.2010
Small Satellites Symposium andSpace
Workshop
-1CZ TU, Prague, 03.03.2015
Manhattan, 12.09.2001;
IKONOS@1m
03.03.2015
ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop
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Cape Canaveral, Pad 39A, 21.04.2005;
Quickbird@0,6m
03.03.2015
ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop
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Space has always had a role as “Battle
space”: From the early beginnings…
• Beginnings
– Science
– Reconnaissance
• Increased military Utilisation
– Navigation (GPS)
– Space reconnaissance (esp. ICBMs)
– Control of own ICBMs and long range guided
missiles (US/USSR)
– Communication purposes
– (SDI)
03.03.2015
ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop
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… until today
(even though this is not made public)
• Current Status
– Space is an integral part of the US Defence
Doctrine
– Part of the Strategic Command
– “Domination“ is the clear ambition
• Roles
–
–
–
–
–
–
Guided missiles control
Early warning
Communication
Navigation
Weather prediction
Reconnaissance/Intelligence
03.03.2015
ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop
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Air and space reconnaissance became really
hot in the cold war and Corona set the stage…
• Cold War puts a prime role on
reconnaissance - „Bomber/Missile Gap“
• 1954: U-2 Programme (CIA)
– U-2 (SC: 25 km, 3000 NM)
– Missions behind the iron
curtain as of 1956
– 1.5.1960: Shot down of a U-2
(F. Powers) at Sverdlovsk (3 SA-2s)
• 1955: US satellite activities are launched
– 16.03.1955: General Operational Requirement No.
80 by the US Air Force
– ARS  Sentry  Samos  Corona
03.03.2015
ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop
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... with missions that could be made for a
thriller, lasting until today (Improved Crystal)
• Resume of Corona:
– 102 out of 145 missions were successful
– 860000 photos / 39000 film canisters / 750E6 sqm
• Further development of the US EO satellites:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
KH-5: Argon (1962–1964; 6/12), m: 1274 kg
KH-6: Lanyard (1963; 1/3), m: 1500 kg
KH-7: Gambit (1963-1967; 36/38), m: 2000 kg, : 45 cm
KH-8: Gambit (1966-1984; 57/60), m: 3000 kg, : 45 / 15 cm
KH-9: Hexagon (1971-1986; 19/20), m: 11400 kg
KH-10: Dorian/MOL (1963-1969; 0; 1 G$)
KH-11: Kennan/Crystal (1976-1988; 9/10), m: 13500 kg
KH-12: Improved Crystal (1990- ;4/4), m: 19600 kg,
life time: 10-12 years, : 10 cm
03.03.2015
ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop
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The “civilian“ version of KH-11 is well-known,
not so the five “military“ brothers
Resolution: More than a buzzword!
Improved Crystal, m: 19600 kg, : 10 cm!
03.03.2015
ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop
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Nowadays everyone of us can obtain
“Reconnaissance satellite data“
• IKONOS:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Launch: 24.09.1999, Athena II, Vandenberg
Operator: Space Imaging Inc. (USA)
Design: LM / Raytheon / Kodak
Mass: 726 kg; 1,8 x 1,8 x 1,6 m
Life time: 5-7 years, 900 photos/day
4 bands, : 1m, 11 x 11 km
• Quickbird
– Launch: 18.10.2001, Delta II, VB
– Operator: DigitalGlobe (USA)
– Design: Ball Aerospace
– Mass: 950 kg; 3 x 1,6 x 1,6 m
– Life time: 5-7 years
03.03.2015
ITU Small
Satellites
Symposium
– 4 bands, : 61cm,
16,5
x 16,5
km and Workshop
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Space Law: Between ambitions and reality
• “Outer Space Treaty” of 1967
– To govern the exploration/utilisation of space
– Prohibits the occupation of celestial bodies
– Bans the stationing of nuclear weapons or
WOMD in Earth orbit and beyond
– Space is to be used exclusively for peaceful
purposes
– International liability caused by space objects
• Reality
– No prohibition to station conventional
weapons in EO
– No clear distinction between airspace and
03.03.2015
Small Satellites Symposium
and Workshop
space (SDI ITU
/ commercial
spaceflight)
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Copernicus is an EU EO programme aiming
for socio-economic and security benefits
• Copernicus ( Global Monitoring
for Environment and Security)
– ESA / EC Programme to implement
EO data in our daily lives (as of 2014)
– Budget: 4.3 G€ for 2014-2020
– EO data shall be used within
public projects (policy makers);
 Prime example: Check-up of
EU agricultural subsidies
– 6 Thematic Areas:
1
Grants
subsidy
Federal
Agricultural
Entity
Forwards
subsidy
based
2 upon
certain
conditions
• Land Monitoring (land use/cover change, soil, ...)
• Emergency Management (emergency response,
humanitarian aid, civil protection, …)
• Marine Monitoring (MSL, currents, oil spills, …)
• Atmosphere Monitoring (observation of the
atmosphere, solar radiation (UV), …)
• Security (support to intelligence, early
warning and crisis management operations)
04.10.2010
Space
& Security
• Climate Change (climate system,
reliable
data)Vortrag
4
Forwards
farmer´s report
Reports on
findings
EO
Service
Provider
6
3
Sends
back
report
5
Farmer
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Checks
farmer´s
report
with
EO data
Small is beautiful – BRITE as an Austrian
HST to perform high-res EO à la KH-11?
d
 1.22  
A
• Uni-BRITE / BRITE-Austria:
 … Resolution
 … Wavelength
d … Distance
A … Aperture
• KH-11 Kennan/Crystal:
– Aperture: 30 mm
– Distance: 800 km
– Wavelength: 550 nm
– Aperture: 2340 mm
– Distance: 300 km
– Wavelength: 550 nm
  = 17.9 m
  = 8.6 cm
Size matters (at least for EO satellites)! - 13 -
Seeing  Observing!
“You see but
you do not
observe.”
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle:
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
03.03.2015
ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop
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