Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. CREATIVE SOLUTIONS • EFFECTIVE PARTNERING ® MEMORANDUM February 24, 2015 To: Mickey Splaine Project Manager – Route 9/I-290 MassDOT Highway Division Web Larkin Project Manager – Route 9/I-290 MassDOT Highway Division From: Nathaniel Curtis Howard Stein Hudson Public Involvement Specialist RE: MassDOT Highway Division I-290/Belmont Street Bridge Project Catholic Gospel Church Worcester Briefing Meeting Notes of February 20, 2014 Overview On February 20, 2015 members of the I-290/Belmont Street Bridge Project team and MassDOT staff associated with the job held a targeted briefing for members of the Chinese Gospel Church Worcester (CGCW) located at 43 Belmont Street. The meeting was requested by members of the CGCW in order to receive an update on the project’s construction schedule and upcoming construction work. The briefing provided the opportunity for members of the CGCW to ask questions and communicate concerns regarding the project’s construction process. The meeting summarized herein provided an overview of the project’s history, construction schedule, expected upcoming work, as well as the community engagement process to date. While members of the CGCW were appreciative to the team for providing the briefing, there were some concerns regarding the ongoing construction operations. Members of the CGCW explained that at a previous meeting it was communicated to them that construction would not take place prior to the installment of a seismograph device 1. After a further review of the contract document, it is written that a seismograph device must be installed prior any earth support construction measures; none in which have taken place thus far. The work for the project which does have the potential to generate 1 The work that has taken place thus far includes setting the temporary pedestrian bridge and installation of new utility vaults; none in which have generated substantial vibrations. 11 Beacon Street, Suite 1010 Boston, Massachusetts 02108 617.482.7080 www.hshassoc.com Page 1 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. vibrations is associated with the driving of temporary earth support sheeting on I-290. This work is anticipated to happen in the fall of 2015 and it has been noted by the project’s resident engineer that the seismograph will be in place prior to this work’s commencement, possibly as early as summer of 2015. At the time of this writing, this has been communicated back to the congregation. The other chief concern raised by church members was the driveway from their property closest to the bridge. Currently, this approach to Belmont Street is stop sign controlled and presents a challenge to congregants exiting the property. Another issue regarding the driveway was whether or not it would have any movement restrictions placed on it during construction. Once the project is completed, the driveway will be integrated into the signal controlling Belmont Street and the I-290 westbound on-ramp. This will make exiting the church site substantially easier for congregants. The construction period will place two temporary restrictions on the driveway. During the first phase traffic shift, the driveway will be right-in/right-out only. During the second phase traffic shift, the driveway will be restricted to entrance-only. A tool storage locker which was going to be placed in the driveway area will be located elsewhere on the project site due to the level of concern expressed by church members at the meeting summarized herein. As with the issue of seismograph, this information has been communicated back to the congregation at the time of this writing. Detailed Meeting Minutes 2 C: Good evening everyone. My name is Nathaniel Cabral-Curtis and I work for Howard Stein Hudson. With me tonight is my assistant Nick Gross; he will be taking meeting minutes for tonight’s session. Next to him is MassDOT’s legislative liaison, Pahola DeLeon. Pahola has been assigned to this project from MassDOT’s headquarters at 10 Park Plaza in Boston. With Pahola tonight and for the purpose to ensure that everyone understands the presentation fully is Joe who is fluent in Mandarin. If anyone has any questions or if there are language difficulties he can help. I’m going to get right into the presentation. We’ve done the introductions. I’ll cover the project site, project history, and construction period. At the end of the presentation we’ll finish with a question and answer period. Web Larkin, the project’s resident engineer has already been over here and conducted the baseline analysis. Pahola, one of the things we need to follow up on is whether or not the seismograph has been installed. There’s supposedly some kind of seismograph monitoring that is supposed to be in the building’s basement. I don’t know if that’s been installed yet but that is certainly something we will need to follow up on. I can tell that is a question and a concern. C: Quinsheng Lin (QL): I have a question about the foundation of the seismograph. Who would install it? 2 Herein “C” stands for comment, “Q” for question and “A” for answer. For a list of attendees, please see Appendix 1. Page 2 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. A: NCC: That would be the contractor. MIG is the general contractor for this project. They would be in charge of installing the seismograph. I don’t personally know if it’s been installed yet. We will follow up on that for you and get back to you next week. C: QL: Okay. C: NCC: The project team is pretty simple. MassDOT is at the top and will provide oversight of the project. Web Larkin is the project’s resident engineer and will have his eyes and ears on the ground at all times. The green logo in the corner is Howard Stein Hudson. As I mentioned, MIG is the general contractor and in charge of the bulk of work. You’re all familiar with the project site. In the middle of this graphic is the bridge, to the west is your facility, and the additional orange circle to the east is the intersection in front of the UMass Memorial Medical Center. During the planning phase we learned that there are a lot of issues with pedestrian crossing at this particular intersection so we are making some improvements there as well. We’ve had a long design history. We went through the design period from 2012 to 2013 and launched the project website. We had a series of meetings and briefings throughout 2012 and into 2013. We also held direct abutter meetings in 2013 and I know Mickey Splaine came and sat with you in this facility. We coordinated with the Central Massachusetts Regional Planning Council (CMRPC) which is the Worcester area metropolitan planning organization. We coordinated with local elected officials and we have a database of over 120 stakeholders. I would encourage all of you, if you have not done so, to sign in and give us your email address. Today, Pahola put out one of our 3-week look ahead emails. Every three weeks we send out an email indicating what type of work will be done in the next three weeks. It’s very important to sign up in order to hear what’s upcoming in the project’s schedule. The Belmont Street Bridge is a relatively small highway bridge and you may wonder why there has been so much process. The job is not technically challenging because it is a girder bridge. The reason for the in-depth process is because of its location. The bridge has residential and institutional abutters. Belmont Street is a major local roadway and has regional aspect to it. Worcester runs school bus routes and transit lines over it. One of the things I’ve learned while working on this job is that there are a lot of utilities attached to the existing bridge. With all of that said, effective public outreach is extremely important. Our overall goal is to get from the existing bridge shown on this slide to the newly completed bridge shown here. As you can see from these renderings the bridge is still a basic highway overpass; we’re not changing very much. The place where change is happening is on top of the bridge. Our project timeline is outlined on this slide. We started with Notice to Proceed (NTP) in October of 2014. You’re not going to see much change in your day-to-day life until November of this year. November is when the first traffic shift will occur. In June of 2016 you’ll have the next traffic shift and by December of 2016 everything will be wrapped up. What’s coming up in March Page 3 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. includes ongoing utility work, readying the temporary pedestrian bridge for use, removal of the north sidewalk on the existing bridge, and some milling and paving work on I-290. We don’t anticipate any of the work on I-290 to cause any issues to the bridge above. This slide is to show you what we have accomplished since NTP was issued on October 14, 2014. In December we started mobilizing the site and getting the field office ready. We also held a public information meeting and briefed your State Representatives and City Councilor. In January we gave a briefing to the Worcester Housing Authority (WHA) and tonight we are giving you a briefing. The project website was updated last month to reflect the construction period. We’ve had ongoing coordination with local officials, the stakeholder database in constantly growing, and we have our 3-week look ahead email burst. The way the construction phasing is going to work is as follows. We are going to take one lane out of service on the bridge so that we can effectively have 3 lanes on the bridge at all times. This slide shows the first phase of construction which will start in November on this year. The southern side of the bridge will come out of service and become the work zone. You’ll get one lane westbound and two lanes eastbound. The purple line represents the temporary pedestrian bridge which will allow people to walk safely around the construction site. One of the things I want to underscore is that when we originally had the discussions of the 25% design hearing there was a lot of talk about closing Converse Street. That will no longer be happening. The only movement that will be taken out of service as part of this project is the left turn heading west on Belmont Street onto I-290. The reason we are doing that is to provide enough space to construct the bridge in phases while maintaining one westbound lane. We have a detour associated with that closure however all the other existing movements will remain in operation. Q: QL: Does that mean we can still turn left into our building from Belmont Street? A: NCC: Yes. The only movement I can remember being completely blocked was the left turn onto I290 from Belmont Street. The abutting entrance to the CGCW is open; there is still a pedestrian crosswalk over it. C: QL: Okay. C: NCC: If for some reason we were going to put a machine there for 24 hours for example, we would let you know in advance. C: QL: Can you please confirm that because that is different than what we were previously told. C: NCC: Yes. I have not heard any recent news of that entrance being blocked. 3 3 It is worth noting that while the driveway will not be blocked, movements into and out of it will be restricted by phase as outlined in the executive summary of this document. Page 4 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. C: QL: Steve, that is different than what we learned correct? C: Steve Coddinston (SC): Yeah. I don’t see in my notes but I do recall there being talk about a tool box being dropped in that area that would close off the entrance. Q: NCC: Do you remember when that conversation took place? A: SC: That conversation was on October 29. Web Larkin and James Galvin were both there. C: NCC: Okay that’s fine. I’ll put it on our punch list of follow up items. C: SC: During that meeting there was also discussion of having signals at both ends of the bridge. I’m not sure if that’s changed either. C: NCC: There will still be traffic signals at each end of the bridge; those will stay in operation. C: SC: Okay. C: NCC: I want to show you this slide to give you a sense of the construction phasing in addition to the plan view. This view shows a perspective looking east from the WHA. This is what you will see in phase 1 of construction following in November of this year. Once the southern side of the bridge has been reconstructed we will flip the work zone to the north. The temporary pedestrian bridge remains where it is with two lanes eastbound and one lane westbound. There’s a detour plan associated with the restricted left-turn onto I-290 from Belmont Street. Depending on which way you want to go on I-290, you would either be routed down Shrewsbury Street or straight onto Major Taylor Boulevard. One of the things we have done as part of the detour has been to place variable message boards at points before drivers are committed to the corridor. Our goal is to alert motorist of the work zone before it is too late and end up stuck in the work zone. There are two reasons we are doing this project. The first reason is that the existing bridge has reached the end of its useful lifespan. The other reason is that we are widening the bridge to install westbound left-turn lane. Today you have two lanes heading west and if somebody decides to turn left onto I-290 it often becomes one lane going west because of the traffic flow east. With the completed bridge there will be two through lanes with one dedicated left-turn lane. Q: Songheng Li (SL): If we were to exit our church could we still turn right? A: NCC: Yes. You would have a traffic light that would help you do that. I’m not sure if you’re getting a dedicated phase but the signal would create a gap in traffic and allow you to make the right turn. Page 5 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. C: SC: We currently have a traffic light out there but it doesn’t give us direct at all. It only shows arrows left and right. There’s no green to go straight through. When we pull out the signal shows green in both directions but we still have to wait for a gap and run it. It’s very dangerous and this might be one of the reasons why Web was talking about closing that movement off. C: NCC: We’ll add that to our punch list of things to follow up on. Q: QL: Are you saying that the movement will be allowed temporarily during construction or permanently? A: NCC: This is a plan view of the completed structure and as you can see access is maintained to your church. If the entrance is going to be blocked it will only be temporary. Q: QL: After the completed project you are saying that we will have a traffic light established at this intersection? Who decides the phasing of the traffic light? A: NCC: The two signals on either end of the bridge will be completely replaced as part of this project. There will be brand new signals. Right now they are old and they don’t talk to each other. You are going to get brand new, up-to-date signals as part of this job. C: QL: Great. C: NCC: I also want to talk about some of the pedestrian improvements associated with the job. This photograph was taken just down the road from my house in Boston. Highlighted in the orange circles are Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFB’s). The RRFB’s allow pedestrians to cross safely by lighting up and visually alerting motorist. I pass by this weekly on my way to the grocery store and one of the things I can say about the RRFB’s is that it has a very high compliance rate. When pedestrians press the button motorist pay attention and stop. Based on comments we heard from people in the corridor and the fact that someone was hit on the crosswalk leaving one of our meetings at the hospital we will be removing the crosswalks highlighted in purple and consolidating them to a single crosswalk with RRFB’s highlighted in green. C: QL: We only have one hour and we would like to get to the question and answer period. C: NCC: Okay that’s fine. I’m going to skip the details on the pedestrian crossing. I’ll move onto construction period outreach. We have requested that groups ask for targeted briefings and you have. I have talked about the 3-week look ahead emails and asked you to sign up for that. I would also request that you follow MassDOT on social media. The website has been converted for construction and for any major changes we will reach out by email, social media, and print media. In terms of the coordination history with the CGCW, the last meeting was held in spring of 2013 Page 6 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. with Mickey Splaine. The evaluation of the structure has been done and we understand that the piece relating to the seismograph needs to be followed up on. I know that you have members in our stakeholder database and we doubled checked to make sure the compensation for the temporary easement was done and it has. When we set the temporary pedestrian bridge we did all of the detouring shown on this slide and we had both Worcester and State police working details. We did this work at night to minimize the impact for people and abutters. We wanted to make sure that you know we are doing our homework. We announced it in the newspaper and we sent it out to everyone in the database. This slide shows where the bridge is in relation to the structure. The last few slide show the temporary pedestrian bridge as it looks today. One of the things that Quinsheng and I talked about before the meeting was the date the temporary pedestrian bridge will go into use. This is obviously dependent upon weather but we anticipate it happening sometime in March. Right now we are readying it for use by putting in the utility conduits, putting in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) compliant temporary ramps, and placing the construction fabric as well as fencing. The removal of the support tower for the bridge installation happened last night and is complete. That wraps up the presentation. I’ll leave this last slide up which has Pahola’s contact information on it. I got the sense you wanted to leave enough time for questions. Question & Answer Q: Name Not Given (NNG): Could you please go back to slide 28. It shows construction happening next to our building. It looks like you are digging something here. C: NCC: This photograph is actually taken from the opposite side of I-290 looking back towards the church. C: SC: There was some digging done on our side but we knew that was happening. A: NCC: Yes, that was the utility vault. Q: QL: Thank you for the presentation. We’re wondering now since you’ve already started construction, what have you done to protect this building? From the beginning we’ve been concerned about this project because it is so close. You mentioned we have nothing to worry about. A: NCC: What I can say based on my experience on other construction projects and what I know about this project is as follows: the evaluation has been done so we know the condition of the building. There is the issue of the seismograph and we will follow up on that. I don’t know if it’s been installed yet. Page 7 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. C: QL: We just confirmed that the seismograph has not been installed. A: NCC: Okay. C: QL: You also gave us the report of the initial baseline but it is a raw report. As I mentioned to Pahola on several conference calls, I expected to have a technical person here today or project manager who really knows the technical parts of the project. Based on the report you gave us, what conclusions drew from that report? Maybe the report says the building is in a very good condition and won’t be impacted from this project or maybe report tells us that we should have additional concerns. Q: NCC: Am I correct in understanding that part of the issue is that you have been given a copy of the report but nobody has walked you through the report to tell you what the report means? C: QL: Yes. I think it is a fair request. We are not the experts in this area. The report may say that the building is normal or it may need additional mitigation. C: NCC: I haven’t seen the report. Did it have an executive summary that listed the key points? A: QL: We were hoping that’s what would be discussed tonight. It would have been better if you had reviewed the report. I can tell you that there was no conclusion in the report, it was just raw information. C: NNG: This is my thinking. You need to ask the engineers to do a summary and tell them to provide us a report. It sounds like you’ve already made a conclusion saying that no matter what you do, nothing will happen to our building. That’s not a fair judgment and we do not agree. You have to at least install some device to make sure in the beginning that it doesn’t shake up the building. After construction you can then measure the difference. You did not do that. You just proceeded and I don’t feel like you listened to us. You’ve already gone ahead and started the project. If you don’t install the device now, what’s the purpose? C: NCC: I apologize to you. One of the things that I had asked prior to this meeting and suggested to the team was to provide a list of your concerns. The issue to the fact that the evaluation had been done but no one had explained the report to you and the seismograph would have been nice to know about earlier. This is the first I’m hearing about it. I will be bringing all of this to Web’s attention on Monday and we will get back to you in a timely fashion. C: NNG: We don’t want you to bring it to his attention. We would like you to have an action plan. If you bring it to Web’s attention what happens next? We wait another year and then maybe construction is complete. We want you to say this is the action we are going to do. The next thing we want you to do is tell us that you are going to install the seismograph device by April. Page 8 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. C: NCC: When I say bring it to his attention, I’m not going to give anything back to Pahola that says we’ve talked about it and we’re all set. That’s not how I operate. I’ll come back with something concrete that Pahola can give to you. Q: NNG: Can you explain this to me? 4 A: NCC: I can try. C: NNG: It is clearly stated that the vibration monitoring will be installed prior to the start of any temporary earth supporting installation. A: NCC: I can say that we have not installed any temporary earth supports. Q: NNG: Does that mean that the temporary pedestrian bridge is not included? A: NCC: The temporary pedestrian bridge was not an earth moving operation. The bridge structure is a small structure because it’s only for walkers. It’s a relatively lightweight structure. In terms of the seismograph, Pahola, we will have a conversation on when it will be installed. C: Pahola DeLeon (PD): This was one of the specific things I was asking you about regarding any of your concerns. You didn’t mention the seismograph. If you had mentioned it, we would have brought that information. C: QL: I mentioned to you that they started to dig a big hole next to the building. I don’t know how big that hole is or how deep you are digging. That is more of a concern to us. There’s no protection and there’s no one to oversee if the building is impacted. My feeling is that our concern has been ignored. That is our big concern. We don’t know what’s going on. I started to contact the Worcester Historic Preservation Committee (WHP) because this is a historic building and no one wants to get in trouble. C: NCC: This is now my number one to-do for Monday morning. Q: NNG: In the meantime will you still continue the work? Are you going to stop the work until the device is installed? A: NCC: The primary focus for upcoming work is getting the temporary pedestrian bridge ready. They’re not going to start doing work that would cause vibrations. Q: NNG: What is your upcoming schedule? A: NCC: The temporary pedestrian bridge is the chief focus for the next 3 weeks. 4 This references the contract document shown on a personal iPad. Page 9 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. Q: NNG: As a result, can you promise us that you are going to install the seismograph device within 3 weeks? You’re saying that there is no problem now but how long do we wait? A: NCC: Once I talk to Web Larkin and Mickey Splaine we will get you a timetable. C: NNG: I want to make it clear that before any vibration happens you must install that device. C: QL: We also want you to come back with a person who has a better understanding of the engineering approach. A: PD: Until we discuss things further we can’t give you a straight answer right now. I will be speaking with Mr. Lin about this further. A: NCC: Web will be my first phone call on Monday and I will contact Mickey as well. I will make it clear to them exactly what we need to do. C: QL: During the proposal stage the engineering was worked out to protect this building. We feel frustrated because there has been poor communication. C: NCC: One of the things that surprised me was that when I did the initial public information meeting on this construction phase in December of 2014 no one from here showed up. It was in the newspaper, we emailed you, and I know you are in the stakeholder database. Did any of you get the email inviting you all to come? C: QL: I don’t know what meeting you’re talking about. We attend all meetings that you’ve sent us. If you published something in the paper we probably didn’t see it. A: NCC: We sent an email as well. Q: SC: Do you know who the email would have been from? A: PD: It would have been from the MassDOT gov delivery system. C: NCC: I recognize some of you from the 25% design public hearing so your contact information should have been in our stakeholder database from before. Q: QL: Where was that meeting held? A: NCC: It was at the UMass Memorial Health Center. C: NNG: I want to make sure you have all of our up-to-date emails. Page 10 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. A: PD: I have Quins’ email. C: NCC: Pahola, you should have the database that you have inherited from me since the beginning of the project. A: PD: That’s right. You are all in our database if you came to the 25% design public hearing. C: SC: If you want I can send you an email right now to confirm you have it correct. I can also then forward that to everyone so they have yours. C: PD: Yeah that would be great. Q: QL: The issue is not the emails. We said before the start of construction that you need to install the seismograph device and now you’ve already started work. That is our biggest concern. I think you need to stop. There could be some damage already. Can someone evaluate that and tell us if this is okay? How deep is the hole going to be? A: NCC: I thought we provided a depth of the hole in the email exchange. A: PD: Yes, there were details on the depth of the hole. We spoke verbally over the phone about it as well. C: QL: My frustration is that we had a meeting with Web and he told us that you couldn’t start construction until the seismograph device was installed. I hope this meeting is the start of change. A: NCC: I agree with you. Again, this is the first I’m hearing of it and it is my number one job for Monday morning. Q: QL: If we have any issues who is the contact person? A: PD: I am the contact person. You can call me at any time. Q: NCC: Steve, just curious, what is your role here? A: SC: I’m the youth director and I also do administrative work. C: QL: Everyone that sits here now is in charge of the building. We have the responsibility to report all things about the building otherwise they will question our work. C: NCC: Understood. Page 11 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. Q: QL: I would like to ask you since you’ve been talking notes what are the immediate action items following this meeting are? A: Nick Gross (NG): The first is the follow up on the seismograph device. Q: NCC: Pahola, can I make a commitment for you? A: PD: Yes. C: NCC: You will hear from us by the close of business on Monday, even if it just Pahola calling to say that we are underway with getting you some answers. C: QL: Okay, that covers item one. Item two is the contractor requirement for the baseline. Could you have someone on your project team review the report and tell us if there is a concern or if it is still normal. We may be okay but you’ll still need to protect the building. This way we have a conclusion and there are no surprises. C: NCC: If the report is unreadable we know it’s not helpful. We’ll figure out a way to digest the report and make it work for you. Q: NNG: I have a third item. The company that just surveyed our church building said that the building is in good shape. Can they come back again to ensure this building is still in good shape? I say this because you’ve already started construction so if you do an analysis now, the damage could already be done. A: NCC: I will raise that concern with Web and Mickey. I don’t get to write checks for the agency. I know from your perspective they need to go and spend that money because they didn’t do something. I don’t know if I’m interpreting the contract correctly and I don’t write checks that MassDOT has to cash. I can promise you that I will raise this as a concern and funnel something back to Pahola that you will hear about. My guess is that the contractor will say that they haven’t done any of the kind of work that would cause vibrations. C: QL: We are concerned because it is so close. C: NNG: I’m a radar engineer. From my perspective no design is ever 100% perfect. What I’m trying to say is that you’ve already started construction. The damage may already be done. The survey said that the building is in good shape. The report didn’t mention anything regarding projection of the building. The report is useless for us. C: NCC: I understand. Page 12 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. C: QL: We don’t know what kind of report you use. For example we want to know that we cannot have vibrations with more than 1000 pounds of pressure. I’m just giving a scenario. That way we’ll know what the report is talking about. C: NCC: I understand exactly what you’re saying. I think this is the first we are hearing of this. We will take steps to address it. C: SC: It sounds like what is presented in the report is a comparison of before and after and of course after it is too late. C: QL: It would be great if you could present a document to us. It would be good, not just a phone call. This seems to be a pretty standard process for any project. C: NNG: We want you to evaluate the hole. We know nothing about it. A: PD: I will forward you all of the information regarding the hole. I know we spoke about it over the phone. C: QL: If we can get data on the hole we can ask the questions to MIG and the engineering surveyors. We have civil engineers here to review it as well. We just don’t want to have problems with the building. C: NNG: We deal with MassDOT but not the subcontractors. We want to hear from a professional based on our current situation and before anyone else starts digging a bigger hole. C: NCC: We will be in touch with you on Monday. C: QL: We have to wrap up; it’s 8:00pm. A: PD: Thank you for having us. Next Steps At the time of this writing, the concerns raised in this meeting have been addressed. Based on the understanding that the work requiring the presence of the seismograph has not yet occurred, and that the seismograph will be present before this work is undertaken, additional evaluation of the baseline report or conduction of an additional inspection of the church property is not needed. Moreover, the baseline report is set up to be a visual record of existing conditions and not a structural evaluation. Should any member of the church community have additional questions or concerns, they will be addressed by the project team through Pahola de Leon. Page 13 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. Appendix 1: Meeting 1 Attendees First Name Last Name Affiliation Nathaniel Cabral-Curtis Howard Stein Hudson Kai Chang CGCW Suxin Chen CGCW Steve Coddinston CGCW Pahola DeLeon MassDOT Nick Gross Howard Stein Hudson Songheng Li CGCW Quinsheng Lin CGCW Yuehua Tang CGCW Longkuan Xiang CGCW Page 14