STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Weathering and Erosion
Checkpoint 1
1.
Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken up in the
place where they are sitting, whereas erosion is the process by
which the land is worn away by moving wind, water and ice.
2.
B.
3.
The rocks break up.
4.
It gets greater.
5.
They get bigger.
6.
It will break up.
7.
A slope of angular rock fragments.
8.
Teacher check.
9
(a)
(b)
10.
It dissolves carbon dioxide from the air, forming weak carbonic
acid.
11.
They are widened.
Nothing.
It reacts with the acid.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
143
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Weathering and Erosion
Checkpoint 2
12.
Quarrying
Railway cutting
Tunnels
Footpaths (especially on steep slopes).
13.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
14.
Steep slope.
15.
Sand.
16.
Gravel is heavier and therefore less easily moved.
17.
They are moved more quickly.
18.
It increases.
19.
They are moved more easily.
20.
By
by
by
by
21.
By rolling along the bed.
22.
By suspension in water.
23.
A (when slope is steep) and C (when discharge is high).
24.
The material carried by a river.
25.
Where the slope is steepest.
26.
Move upstream.
144
Erosion
Deposition
Deposition
Erosion
Transport.
solution in water;
suspension in water;
bouncing along the bed;
rolling along the bed.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Weathering and Erosion
Checkpoint 2 (continued)
27.
Narrow with steep sides.
28.
Sand is deposited and a delta forms.
29.
Being rolled along the bed and banging into other pebbles knocks
off the sharp edges.
30.
Teacher check.
31.
Gorge.
32.
V-shape.
33.
The river’s energy is reduced so that it can no longer carry the
alluvium.
34.
A loop in a river.
35.
Teacher check.
36.
On the outside of the bend.
37, 38, 39. Teacher check.
40.
Currents in the sea may carry the alluvium away.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
145
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Weathering and Erosion
Checkpoint 3
41.
In stormy weather.
42.
(i)
(ii)
As a wave breaks air is compressed into cracks in the rock.
The rock is loosened so that the fragments are washed off.
Pebbles are repeatedly picked up from the sea bed and
hurled against the cliff, wearing it away.
43.
The fragments are constantly rolled back and forth by the waves, so
that sharp edges are knocked off.
44.
As pebbles bang together they break into smaller and smaller
fragments, eventually becoming sand.
45.
(i)
(ii)
From broken shells.
From material washed into the sea by rivers.
46.
deposition
erosion
146
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
erosion
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Weathering and Erosion
Checkpoint 4
47.
Cold.
48.
Greenland, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Austria, France, Italy,
Canada, USA, India, Nepal. If you have listed any others, ask your
teacher if they are correct.
49.
By compaction.
50.
An ice sheet is a large mass of ice covering a wide area, whereas a
valley glacier is confined to a valley.
51.
10,000 years ago.
52.
To the River Thames.
53.
(a)
(b)
Nothing
The paint is worn away.
54.
(i)
Plucking – loose rocks on the valley floor become frozen into
the glacier and are ‘plucked’ away as the glacier moves on.
Abrasion – the plucked rocks frozen into the bottom of the
glacier act like the teeth of a file and scratch and scrape the
rocks that the ice moves over.
(ii)
55.
Material transported by a glacier.
56.
Teacher check.
57.
If the glacier melts at one particular spot for a long time.
58.
Angular.
59.
Rounded.
60.
The meltwater rolls the pebbles so that sharp edges are smoothed
off. On the other hand, moraine is not rolled – it is frozen in the
ice, so fragments remain angular.
61.
They are sorted by the running water. When the current is strong
large fragments are laid down. When the current is weak only
small fragments are deposited.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
147
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Weathering and Erosion
Checkpoint 5
62.
The dry sand.
63.
Small.
64.
Erosion.
65.
Deposition.
66.
(a)
(b)
67.
Bare gravel patches in high mountains;
ploughed fields in a dry spring;
along coastlines where there are extensive sandy beaches.
68, 69.
Sahara Desert
This is an arid area where there is very little moisture and
very few plants hold the soil together.
Teacher check.
70.
Good farmland can be buried by sand.
71.
Plant fast-growing marram grass and coniferous trees.
72.
(a)
(b)
(c)
73.
Nature reserves and golf courses.
74.
Teacher check.
148
from west to east.
A
C.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Rocks
Checkpoint 1
1.
(a)
(b)
Igneous rock – sharp-edged crystals
Sedimentary rock – rounded grains.
More likely to see tiny surfaces glinting in the igneous rock.
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Igneous rock
Crystals
Grains.
3.
Harder rocks are more resistant to weathering and erosion than
softer rocks.
4.
Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic.
5.
Molten magma cools down and becomes solid.
6.
They have a strong interlocking crystal structure.
7.
Quickly; small; grow; slowly; large; long.
8.
(i) Slowly
(ii) Quickly
(iii) Medium.
9.
Insulated; medium or coarse; extrusive; quickly; fine.
10.
In order from top to bottom:
extrusive; quickly; fine; medium; intrusive; slowly; coarse; density;
magma.
11.
Gabbro has cooled slowly at depth, so that crystals have had time
to grow, whereas basalt was lava that cooled quickly as it flowed
over the earth’s surface.
12.
Gabbro has large sharp crystals.
13.
Granite contains 30% quartz which is a white or colourless mineral,
whereas gabbro has no quartz but more dark minerals.
14.
Teacher check.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
149
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Rocks
Checkpoint 2
15.
Conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone.
16.
They are compacted by the weight of overlying rocks and
cemented together by minerals.
17.
Coal.
18.
Limestone.
19.
Hot.
20.
The preserved remains or traces of plants and animals.
21.
Worm burrows, dinosaur footprints.
22.
They consist of separate fragments like sand grains which can easily
be broken off, whereas igneous rocks have a strong interlocking
crystal structure.
23.
They get smaller.
24.
Yes.
25.
Bedding.
150
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Rocks
Checkpoint 3
26.
(a)
(b)
(c)
27, 28.
Damp clay
Dried clay
Fired clay
flexible
brittle
hard
soft
inflexible
tough
plastic
weak
strong
becomes plastic
when water added
non-plastic
non-plastic
remains non-plastic
when water added
Damp clay.
Dried clay.
Teacher check.
29.
Fired clay.
30.
They recrystallise.
31.
The heat of an igneous intrusion.
32.
When mountains are pushed up a great deal of heat and pressure
is generated. Deep within the mountain range huge volumes of
rock recrystallise. The high pressure causes the mineral grains to
line up to produce a layering called foliation.
33.
Regional metamorphism.
34.
It has been more strongly metamorphosed.
35.
They are usually destroyed by the heat or the pressure.
36.
Metamorphic rocks are harder because they have an interlocking
crystal structure, whereas sedimentary rocks consist of separate
fragments.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
151
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Rocks
Checkpoint 3 (continued)
37.
38.
152
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
gabbro
basalt
granite
sandstone
chalk
coal
mudstone
conglomerate
limestone
slate
gneiss
schist
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Metamorphic and igneous
Sedimentary
Igneous
Igneous
Igneous
Sedimentary
Igneous.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Rocks
Checkpoint 4
E1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
limestone
conglomerate
basalt
slate
gabbro
schist
sandstone
mudstone.
E2.
Cotswolds – limestone
Yorkshire Wolds – chalk
East Anglia – clay
Peak District – millstone grit
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
153
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Glaciated Uplands
Checkpoint 1
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Cairngorms
Cuillin Hills
Torridon
Ben Nevis/Glencoe
Arran
Lake District National Park
Snowdonia National Park
Loch Lomond
Macgillacuddy’s Reeks.
2.
A large armchair-shaped hollow high on a mountainside.
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
4.
Rock climbing, skiing.
coire
combe or cove
cwm.
5, 6. Teacher check.
7.
A narrow knife-edged ridge.
8.
Striding Edge, Forcan Ridge.
9.
Teacher check.
154
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Glaciated Uplands
Checkpoint 2
10.
A well defined pyramid-shaped peak with a small summit and steep
slopes on at least three sides – usually over 800m.
11.
Snowdon, Ben Lui.
12.
Teacher check.
13.
A straight steep-sided valley with a wide flat floor.
14.
Borrowdale.
15.
Teacher check.
16.
A shoulder of high land which slopes gently near the top, but is
very steep at the bottom.
17.
The Three Sisters in Glencoe.
18.
Teacher check.
19.
A tributary valley of a main U-shaped valley. It is smaller than the
main valley and its floor is at a higher level.
20.
Lost Valley in Glencoe.
21.
Teacher check.
22.
A long narrow lake occupying a U-shaped valley.
23.
Lake Windermere, Loch Earn.
24.
Teacher check.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
155
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Glaciated Uplands
Checkpoint 3
25.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ribbon lake
U-shaped valley
Tarn
Pyramidal peak
Arête
Corrie
Hanging valley
Truncated spur.
26.
(a)
(b)
Teacher check
1.
Pyramidal peak
2.
Arête
3.
Corrie
4.
Tarn
5.
Hanging valley
6.
Truncated spur
7.
Waterfall
8.
Ribbon lake
9.
U-shaped valley.
27.
Teacher check.
28.
(a)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Devil’s Point
Coire an Lochain
Ben Macdui
Braeriach
Pools of Dee
Lurcher’s Crag.
(b)
A
B
C
D
U-shaped valley
Corrie
Tarn
Truncated spur.
156
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Glaciated Uplands
Checkpoint 4
29
(a)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ben Macdui
Beinn Mheadhoin
Loch Etchachan
Loch Avon
Cairn Gorm.
(b)
A
B
3.
4.
Truncated spur
Hanging valley
Tarn
Ribbon lake.
Glaciated Uplands
Checkpoint 5
30.
Pyramidal peak
Corrie
Truncated spur
U-shaped valley
Arête
Hanging valley
Tarn
148654
1871
180687
1272
178717
150745 to 165725
198739.
Glaciated Uplands
Checkpoint 6
31.
Truncated spur
Arête
Ribbon lake
Pyramidal peak
U-shaped valley
Corrie
Tarn
Hanging valley
817447
794426
8552
866613
7448
7943
803470
887528 to 899512.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
157
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Upland Limestone Landscapes
Checkpoint 1
1.
A grey sedimentary rock.
2.
Coral, shell fragments.
3.
Earth movements have lifted the rocks. Since limestone is harder
than most sedimentary rocks it has remained as upland.
4.
It reacts with and is dissolved by rainwater.
5.
Karst.
6.
Between 345 and 310 million years.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Burren in western Ireland
Brecon
Mendip Hills
Pennines
Yorkshire Dales
Peak District
North Wales.
Upland Limestone Landscapes
Checkpoint 2
8.
The exposed surface of a limestone bedding plane.
9.
It was scraped off by moving ice.
10.
The small blocks of limestone left standing between grikes.
11.
Grooves in the surface of a limestone pavement.
12,13.
158
Teacher check.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Upland Limestone Landscapes
Checkpoint 3
14.
Permeable.
15.
Impermeable.
16.
Permeable.
17.
Water drains into the limestone down joints and along bedding
planes, enlarging these underground channels by solution and the
usual process of river erosion.
18.
The point at which a stream disappears underground.
19.
Gaping Ghyll on Ingleborough in the Pennines.
20.
Intermittent drainage.
21.
(a)
22.
Teacher check.
23.
A deep, steep-sided narrow valley.
24.
Teacher check.
25.
Cheddar Gorge.
It flows onto limestone where is disappears down Gaping
Ghyll, a swallow hole.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
159
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Upland Limestone Landscapes
Checkpoint 4
26.
An icicle-shaped piece of limestone hanging from the ceiling of a
cave.
27.
A stumpy column of limestone sticking up from the floor of a cave.
28, 29.
Teacher check.
30.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
swallow hole
cavern
limestone pavement
impermeable rock
gorge
beds of limestone
re-emerging stream.
31.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
gorge
swallow hole
limestone beds
pavement
re-emerging stream.
160
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Upland Limestone Landscapes
Checkpoint 5
32.
915643
903646
894657
897642
gorge
limestone pavement
swallow hole
re-emerging stream.
33.
It contains a swallow hole, caves, potholes and intermittent
drainage.
34.
Limestone pavement.
Upland Limestone Landscapes
Checkpoint 6
E1.
There is a cave and no surface drainage.
E2.
9993 and 9494.
These squares have intermittent drainage.
E3.
986817
NB 958858 and 009958 are the sources of streams.
E4.
Teacher check.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
161
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Coastal Landscapes
Checkpoint 1
1.
Beaches – swimming and sunbathing
Cliff coasts – natural beauty/spectacular scenery, wildlife, walking,
climbing.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
3.
The climate is warmer and they are closest to the biggest cities like
London.
162
Colwyn Bay
Aberystwyth
Weston-super-Mare
Torquay
Bournemouth
Brighton
Margate
Clacton
Scarborough
Skegness
Morecambe
Blackpool
Southport
Eastbourne
Southend
Newquay
Great Yarmouth
Bognor Regis
Largs
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Coastal Landscapes
Checkpoint 2
4.
The sand is eroded more quickly than the clay.
5.
At the base.
6.
Clay, because it is harder than the sand.
7.
Granite (or any other igneous or metamorphic rock)
8.
Beach
Headland
D
Bay
E
E
Headland
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
chalk
clay
sands and clay
Chalk is more resistant to erosion than sand or clay, so forms
higher ground.
Chalk and limestone, because they are more resistant than
the other rocks.
Sand and clay because they are softer than chalk and
limestone and so are more easily eroded by the sea.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
163
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Coastal Landscapes
Checkpoint 3
10, 11.
Teacher check.
12.
If the rocks are either hard or sloping inward.
13.
It moves back.
14.
Immediately off-shore from the cliff would be a wave-cut platform.
15.
Sandy beach in a bay – 695642 – deposition.
Headland and wave-cut platform – 658659 – erosion.
Shingle beach – 665649 – deposition.
16.
Headland – 461830 – erosion.
Bay with sandy beach – 475833 – deposition.
Bay with shingle beach – 447785 – deposition.
Wave-cut platform – 438775 – erosion.
164
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Coastal Landscapes
Checkpoint 4
17.
Teacher check.
18.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fingal’s cave, Island of Staffa
Durdle Door, Dorset
Old Man of Hoy, Orkney
19.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cliff
Cave
Arch
Stack
Wave-cut platform
Beach
Bay
Headland.
20.
A strip of sand or shingle sticking out from the shore.
21.
Spurn Head.
22.
A ridge of sand, mud or shingle separating the sea from a lagoon.
23.
Slapton Sands, Devon.
24.
A narrow ridge of sand or shingle linking two islands or an island
to the mainland.
25.
Chesil Beach.
26, 27.
}
} or other suitable answers
}
Teacher check.
28.
Barriers called groynes are built at right angles to the coast.
29
(a)
(b)
30.
Spit.
31.
Groynes.
32.
Embankment.
It changes from flowing east to flowing south.
South.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
165
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Coastal Landscapes
Checkpoint 5
33.
Tombolo
Bar
Lagoon
Spit
Mud beach
Headland with cliffs
34.
Groynes and embankment.
35.
(a)
(b)
045876
032881
029880
182912
046889
178904
SW – farther SW is a tombolo, so sand must be being washed
in that direction.
NE – a shingle spit is being built out towards the NE.
Coastal Landscapes
Checkpoint 6
36.
166
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Old Man of Hoy – stack
Bow Fiddle – arch
Sands of Forvie – dunes
Flamborough Head – headland
Spurn Head – spit
White Cliffs of Dover
Seven Sisters – chalk cliffs
The Needles – stacks
Durdle Door – arch
Chesil Beach – tombolo
Slapton Sands – bar
Land’s End – headland
Pembrokeshire National Park – caves, arches, stacks
Great Ormes Head – headland
Giant’s Causeway – wave-cut platform
Fingal’s Cave
Old Man of Stoer – stack.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Volcanic Landscapes
Checkpoint 1
1.
The soda water (or lemonade) froths out of the bottle.
2.
Hot molten rock.
3.
Magma that flows out over the Earth’s surface.
4.
When a fault occurs in the overlying rocks pressure is released and
the gas in the magma can rise carrying the magma with it.
5.
Igneous.
6.
Basalt (or any other suitable example such as granite).
7.
They have an interlocking crystal structure.
8.
Ash.
9.
Teacher check.
10.
Fissure type.
11.
60 million years ago.
12.
350–400 million years ago.
13.
Northern Ireland.
14.
It is so long since volcanoes were active in the British Isles that
they have been deeply eroded.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
167
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Volcanic Landscapes
Checkpoint 2
15.
Basalt.
16.
Fissure eruptions.
17.
A fairly flat upland area.
18.
Antrim Plateau, Kilpatrick, Ochil, Campsie, Sidlaw and Pentland
Hills.
19.
Teacher check.
20.
It is made up of a succession of lava flows.
21.
Rock climbing.
22.
It cracks.
23.
Hexagonal columns.
24.
Fingal’s Cave, Staffa and Giant’s Causeway, Antrim.
25.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
168
Skye
Mull
Antrim Plateau
Cheviot Hills
Pentland Hills
Renfrew Heights
Campsie Fells
Ochil Hills
Sidlaw Hills
Morvern.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Volcanic Landscapes
Checkpoint 3
26.
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.
Dyke
2.
Sill
Sill
Dyke
27.
The overlying rocks have been eroded.
28.
Igneous rocks are hard and not easily eroded, unlike the
surrounding rocks.
29.
The sill forms a ridge of high ground which is a good defensive
position.
30.
West of Scotland.
31.
They are intruded at a gentle angle, so a gentle slope will form
parallel to the sill.
32.
The igneous rock of the sill is difficult for the river to erode, unlike
the softer rocks beyond it. Thus, the river cascades over the hard
sill and erodes the softer rocks downstream.
33.
Arran, Mull, Rum, Skye.
34.
Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh or Stirling Sill.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
169
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Volcanic Landscapes
Checkpoint 4
35.
Teacher check.
36.
The plug is made of hard igneous rock in a vertical pipe or vent.
37.
Arthur’s Seat, Castle Rock (Edinburgh), Dumbarton Rock, North
Berwick Law, Bass Rock, Ailsa Craig, Loudoun Hill.
38.
Being higher than the surrounding land, they have good defensive
positions.
39.
(a)
1.
2.
3.
Lomond Hills
Stirling Sill
Great Whin Sill.
(b)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ailsa Craig
Dumbarton Rock
Loudoun Hill
Castle Rock
Arthur’s Seat
North Berwick Law
Bass Rock.
40.
A steep crag rising to a high point from where a gently sloping
ridge (the ‘tail’) descends.
41.
Igneous.
42.
Sedimentary rock.
43.
North Berwick Law, Castle Rock (Edinburgh), Calton Hill
(Edinburgh).
44.
Teacher check.
45.
(a)
(b)
(c)
170
Salisbury Crags and Castle
Basalt forms the highest ground because it is harder than the
surrounding sedimentary rocks and thus is less easily eroded.
(i) Crag
(ii) Tail
(iii) Sill.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
STUDENT ANSWER SHEETS
Volcanic Landscapes
Checkpoint 4 (continued)
46.
(a)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Castle
New Town
Portobello
Waverley Station
Old Town
Arthur’s Seat
Calton Hill
Salisbury Crags
(b)
Sill – 8
Plug – 1, 6, 7
Crag – 1
Tail – 5.
GEOGR APHY: LANDSCAPES
171