ROAD SAFETY AUDIT
Main Street at South Street
Main Street at River Road
Town of Agawam
October 18, 2011
Prepared For:
MassDOT Highway Division
Prepared By:
BETA Group, Inc.
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Table of Contents
Project Data .................................................................................................................................1
Background .................................................................................................................................2
Project Description .....................................................................................................................2
Audit Observations .....................................................................................................................6
Potential Safety Enhancements .................................................................................................9
Summary of Road Safety Audit...............................................................................................15
List of Appendices
Appendix A.
Appendix B.
Appendix C.
Appendix D.
RSA Meeting Agenda
RSA Audit Team Contact List
Detailed Crash Data
Speed Regulations
List of Figures
Figure 1.
Location Map ......................................................................................................................... 3
List of Tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Participating Audit Team Members ....................................................................................... 1
Estimated Time Frame and Costs Breakdown ....................................................................... 9
Potential Safety Enhancement Summary ............................................................................. 16
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Project Data
A Road Safety Audit for the intersections of Main Street at South Street and Main Street at River Road in
the Town of Agawam was held on September 9, 2011 at the Agawam Senior Center in Agawam, MA. As
indicated in Table 1, the audit team consisted of representatives from State, Regional and Local agencies
and included a cross-section of engineering, planning and emergency response expertise.
Table 1. Participating Audit Team Members
Audit Team Member
Agency/Affiliation
Lisa Schletzbaum
MassDOT Highway Division – Safety Section
Debbie Dachos
Town of Agawam – Director of Planning and Community
Development
Khyati Parmar
Pioneer Valley Planning Commission (PVPC)
Chris Golba
Town of Agawam – Chief, Department of Public Works
Richard Niles
Town of Agawam - Police
Dan Shattuck
MassDOT - Design
Eric Gillis
Town of Agawam – Police
Michelle Chase
Town of Agawam – Town Engineer
Trung Vo
MassDOT District 2 – Traffic
Thomas Ruta
MassDOT – Design
Daryl Amaral
MassDOT – Projects
Gary Brown
Town of Agawam - Fire
Greg Lucas
BETA Group, Inc.
Jason DeGray
BETA Group, Inc.
Page 1
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Background
The Federal Highway Administration defines a Road Safety Audit (RSA) as the formal safety
examination of an existing or future road or intersection by an independent, multidisciplinary team. The
purpose of an RSA is to identify potential safety issues and possible opportunities for safety
improvements considering all roadway users. A Road Safety Audit was scheduled for the intersection of
Main Street and South Street and Main Street at River Road because both have been identified as high
crash locations within the Pioneer Valley Planning Council (PVPC) region, and an RSA is required by
MassDOT Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) guidelines. The Main Street (Route 159)
corridor is scheduled to be reconstructed in 2012 by the MassDOT Highway Division (Project File No.
602653), partially using HSIP funds. The project extends from the Connecticut State Line to Route 75, a
distance of approximately four miles, and includes both study intersections. The RSA is intended to
identify potential short and long term safety improvements that can be made at the intersections, which
can then be incorporated into the planned reconstruction project to the greatest extent practicable.
Project Description
Main Street, shown in Figure 1, is a major north-south roadway serving the Agawam area. Main Street is
a state-owned roadway designated as MA State Route 159 and is functionally classified as an Urban
Minor Arterial. It provides access from Suffield, CT to the south northward through Agawam to West
Springfield and the city of Springfield. The Six Flags New England amusement park is located on Main
Street approximately 1/3 of a mile south of South Street. All vehicle traffic destined for Six Flags must
use Main Street to access the park’s designated parking areas.
The two intersections included in the audit are discussed in detail below.
Main Street/South Street
Main Street and South Street form a 3-way Ttype intersection, with South Street under STOP
control approaching from the west. South Street
is Town-owned and is classified as an Urban
Collector, connecting to Suffield Street (Route
75) to the west and providing access to
residential areas in the southern part of Agawam.
Land use in the area includes Twisty’s ice cream
on the southwest corner of the intersection and a
home furnishings store on the northwest corner
of the intersection. The east side of Main Street
is wooded in the vicinity of South Street. Land
use along South Street is residential in nature.
Main Street at South Street
(looking south)
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Main Street (Rte 159) at
South Street & River Road
315 Norwood Park South
Norwood, MA 02062
781.255.1982
BETA@BETA-inc.com
ROAD SAFETY AUDIT
AGAWAM, MA
LONGMEADOW
Figure 1
Location Map
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Main Street provides one travel lane in each direction approaching the intersection. Main Street
southbound has a wide shoulder, greater than 10-feet in width, extending from River Road to South
Street, a total distance of approximately ¼ mile. The northbound shoulder is approximately 3-feet in
width. This pavement width is redefined south of South Street as a through lane and a right turn lane. The
right turn lane extends approximately 1,500 feet southbound, ultimately providing access to the primary
parking area for Six Flags. It was noted by local officials that historically, traffic queues from this right
turn lane can extend through the intersection at South Street, and that vehicle queues may extend all the
way back to River Road utilizing the wide shoulder. It was noted that vehicles also use the shoulder as a
travel lane when queues are not present, which is a potential factor in the crash history of the intersection,
as vehicles departing South Street would not expect a through vehicle to be traveling in the shoulder.
Locals also noted that a recent change in the signal timing at River Road has vehicles queuing southbound
at the signal and not necessarily at the park entrance any more. Vehicles turning onto South Street may
also use the wide shoulder as a de facto right turn lane. South Street has a single lane approach to Main
Street, although the pavement width available just beyond the stop line (to the east) allows for a left and
right turning vehicle to queue side by side. Pavement markings along Main Street are in good condition,
while markings along South Street are generally faded.
No sidewalks, handicap ramps or crosswalks are provided at the intersection. There is a pedestrian
overpass of Main Street at the main entrance to Six Flags south of the intersection, but no other sidewalks
or pedestrian facilities along the Main Street corridor near South Street. Significant pedestrian traffic has
been noted at this location.
Crash data summarized from the MassDOT Registry of Motor Vehicles records indicate 30 crashes at the
intersection of Main Street and South Street for the period from January 2006 through August 2011. It
should be noted that data for 2010 and 2011 are not complete. The prevalent crash type were rear-end
crashes, with twelve occurring in the northbound direction. Further analysis of the crash data reveals that
20 of the 30 crashes occurred in the months of June, July, August and September, and that 29% of the
crashes involve a driver between the ages of 16 and 20. A high percentage of northbound crashes
occurred in the afternoon, evening, or later at night, suggesting that crashes are occurring when vehicles
are leaving Six Flags heading north and may potentially be unfamiliar with the roadway geometry.
In addition to the rear-end crashes, there were nine angle crashes involving a vehicle entering or exiting
South Street, and four crashes where a vehicle on South Street hit a fixed object off the roadway. A
summary of crash data and a collision diagram are included in the Appendix.
Speed regulations maintained by MassDOT Highway Division establish a 40 MPH speed limit for Main
Street from the Connecticut state line north through the intersection with South Street. The speed limit
decreases to 35 MPH between South Street and River Road. Speed regulations maintained for South
Street establish a 35 MPH speed limit, which reduces to 25 MPH approaching Main Street. Complete
speed regulations for Main Street and South Street are included in the Appendix.
Main Street/River Road
Main Street and River Road form a 3-way, T-type signalized intersection, with River Road approaching at
an angle from the east. River Road is state-owned and is classified as an Urban Collector. River Road
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
runs parallel to the Connecticut River and connects to Route 57 to the north, which provides access to US
Route 5 and Interstate 91. Signage encourages vehicles traveling to Six Flags from I-91 to use Route 57 to
Main Street (Route 159), but a driver familiar with the area or one using a GPS navigation system may
use River Road instead.
Land use is a mix of commercial and residential in the
vicinity of the intersection. Land use along River Road is
primarily residential, with single family homes and
apartment-style developments. Land use along Main
Street is a mix of commercial and residential, with an
office building and a restaurant on the west side and a
Sunoco gas station with convenience store on the
northeast corner of the intersection. Veterans’ Memorial
Cemetery is a state-owned cemetery with entrance and
exit roadways at the northwest corner of the intersection.
The proximity of the cemetery driveway is a factor in
operations at the intersection.
Main Street at River Road
(looking south)
Main Street provides one lane in each direction at the intersection. The northbound approach has a wide
pavement area which allows separation (undefined) between a northbound through vehicle and a vehicle
turning right onto River Road. The southbound approach has a wide shoulder which can potentially
accommodate traffic turning right into the cemetery, but which can also accommodate queued traffic in a
similar fashion to the wide shoulder between River Road and South Street. River Road also provides a
single lane approach, but is wide enough at the intersection to allow separation between a left and right
turning vehicle. A median island separates approaching and departing traffic on River Road.
The intersection is under traffic signal control with two phase operation. There are arrow indications for
the northbound Main Street right turn, which allows it to operate as an overlap during the River Road
green phase. A single overhead mast arm is provided at the intersection with one overhead signal head
facing each direction, which are supplemented by post-mounted heads. There are two post-mounted
signals in the median island on the River Road approach. Locals noted that the signal timing causes
southbound vehicles to back up to and onto Route 57.
No sidewalks, handicap ramps or crosswalks are provided at the intersection. Sidewalks are provided
along the north side of River Road east of the intersection and along the east side of Main Street north of
the intersection. Centerline markings near the intersection are generally in good condition, while edge line
markings and stop lines are worn. A passing zone is marked on Main Street north of the intersection,
terminating approximately 350 north of the southbound stop line.
Crash data summarized from the MassDOT Registry of Motor Vehicles records indicate 20 crashes at the
intersection of Main Street and River Road and five crashes at the intersection of Main Street and
Veterans’ Memorial Cemetery for the period from January 2006 through August 2011. The prevalent
crash type were rear-end crashes, with eleven occurring in the northbound direction. Further analysis of
the crash data reveals similar trends to the Main Street/South Street intersection. A majority of the crashes
occurred in the months of June, July, August and September, and 40% involved a driver between the ages
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
of 16 and 20. 70% of the crashes at River Road occurred between 6 PM and 2 AM, again suggesting that
crashes involve vehicles leaving Six Flags.
Speed regulations maintained by MassDOT Highway Division establish a 35 MPH speed limit for Main
Street in the vicinity of the intersection. Speed regulations for River Road establish a 25 MPH speed limit
approaching Main Street. Complete speed regulations are included in the Appendix.
Audit Observations
Following a brief introduction to the RSA process and a summary of existing geometry, crash and speed
regulation information, the audit participants were asked to discuss safety issues at the two subject
intersections. Audit participants then visited each intersection as a group, at which time they offered
observations on safety issues. A summary of those major safety considerations is as follows:
Main Street/South Street
Intersection Geometry – The
northbound approach to the
intersection provides one lane with a
3-foot shoulder. This total width is not
adequate for a vehicle to pass a left
turning vehicle on the right. This may
be a factor in 12 rear-end crashes on
this approach.
Visibility – This was a concern for
both the Main Street northbound
approach and the South Street
approach. Sight distance is restricted
along Main Street northbound by a
combined horizontal/vertical curve, as
well as by vegetation overgrowing the
Vegetation blocking visibility for vehicles
guardrail along the east side of the
departing South Street
roadway. MassDOT stated that they
measured sight distance at four locations between the Six Flags parking lot access and South Street
for the northbound direction, and that none of the four locations meets minimum requirements for
stopping sight distance. Visibility is restricted for vehicles on South Street looking to the south by
high grasses and other overgrowth bordering the Twisty’s ice cream property. The limited sight
distance may have been a factor in 19 (63%) of the crashes at the intersection.
Wide Shoulder – The wide shoulder was noted as a safety issue because it is regularly used as a travel
lane, or as queue storage for vehicles bound for Six Flags. These uses create additional conflicts
between through vehicles and vehicles turning to and from South Street.
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Visual Stimulation – It was suggested that the prevalence of police officers and traffic control devices
in the roadway presents additional stimulus for drivers traveling the corridor, which may draw their
attention away and reduce awareness of the South Street intersection.
Pedestrian Accommodations – Despite the lack of pedestrian facilities at the intersection, it was noted
that pedestrians frequently walk along the roadway. This creates a potential safety issue for both
pedestrians and drivers. It was noted that a number of abutters establish private parking lots for Six
Flags on their property, which contributes to the number of pedestrians walking along Main Street.
Bicycle Accommodations – It was noted that the proposed project should consider bicycle
accommodation along the corridor, and should consider potential connections with future planned
improvements.
Signage – The lack of advance warning signage on both Main Street and South Street was cited as a
contributing factor to the lack of awareness and visibility of the intersection. Street name signs are
smaller than current MassDOT standards. The stop ahead sign on South Street is faded and blocked
by brush., which may be a factor in the four fixed object crashes on the South Street approach.
Commercial wayfinding signs located along the east side of Main Street are overgrown and may
create a safety issue due to limited visibility, and the resulting limited reaction time for drivers.
Destination signage for Six Flags seems limited, as well as route marker signing for those exiting the
park.
Speeds – It was suggested that the 40 MPH speed limit zone extending from the Connecticut state line
to north of South Street is inappropriate given the volume of traffic along the roadway.
Main Street/River Road
Signal Equipment –Several safety issues related to signal equipment were discussed during the audit.
o A single overhead signal head without backplates is provided for each Main Street
approach, which may impact visibility of signals and result in lowered awareness of the
intersection for approaching vehicles. The Main Street approaches would benefit from
additional overhead signal heads and backplates. Signal visibility and lack of awareness
of the intersection may be a factor in 18 (72%) of the crashes at the intersection.
o It was noted that the ground-mounted signal head in the River Road median facing Main
Street northbound traffic was not as bright as the other signal heads. A closer inspection
revealed that this signal head was leaning forward slightly, which reduced visibility for
approaching vehicles. This may be the result of settlement around the raised island, or
from being struck by a vehicle, although the crash summary did not include any crashes
of this type.
o The ground-mounted signal head in the River Road median facing Main Street
northbound traffic has a green arrow for a right turn overlap during the River Road green
phase. This type of overlap phase operation typically occurs when there is an exclusive
turning lane; however, this location does not have a separate lane. This may potentially
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
create conflicts between right-turning vehicles and through vehicles in the same queue,
where right-turning vehicles are shown a green right arrow while through vehicles are
shown a red ball indication. This may be a contributing factor to the eleven rear-end
crashes at this approach.
o The mast arm shaft mounted signal head facing
Main Street southbound traffic is partially
blocked by a post-mounted signal head facing
River Road, as seen at right. This may also be a
contributing factor in rear-end crashes at the
intersection.
Signal Operations – Team members noted southbound
queues extending onto Route 57, which is approximately 2
miles north of River Road. It was also noted that the signal has been observed serving a small number
of vehicles on River Road while there was a long queue on Main Street.
Cemetery Driveway – The proximity of the Veterans’ Memorial Cemetery driveway to the
intersection was noted as a potential safety issue. Vehicles exiting the cemetery are already at the stop
line for the southbound approach, and may encroach on the intersection without being aware that they
are in the intersection. It was also suggested that vehicles turning right on red from River Road and
then stopping to turn left into the cemetery may be a factor in northbound rear-end crashes.
Turning Vehicles – Additional safety concerns regarding turning vehicles were noted, including truck
turns from southbound Main Street to River Road, left turning vehicles from Main Street to River
Road, and the overlap right turn from northbound Main Street to River Road. Four crashes occurred
between southbound left turning vehicles and northbound vehicles.
Pedestrian Accommodations – Despite the lack of pedestrian facilities at the intersection, it was noted
that pedestrians frequently walk along the roadway. This creates a potential safety issue for both
pedestrians and drivers.
Bicycle Accommodations – It was noted that the proposed project should consider bicycle
accommodation along the corridor, and should consider potential connections with future planned
improvements and the existing Connecticut River Walk and Bikeway, which runs along River Road
northeast of Main Street.
Signage – Guide signage at the intersection is potentially confusing. The lack of advance intersection
signage and signal ahead signage was noted as a safety concern, as well as the limited visibility of
existing street name signs, which are blocked by an existing guide sign. Street name signs are smaller
than current MUTCD standards.
Speeds – It was suggested that speeds along River Road exceed the posted limits.
Visibility – It was suggested that overgrowth of vegetation on the southeast corner of the intersection
is restricting visibility. This may create a sight distance restriction for vehicles turning right on red
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
from River Road, and may also decrease awareness of River Road for vehicles approaching from the
south.
Potential Safety Enhancements
After the site visit, audit participants returned to the meeting location to discuss the safety issues and
consider improvements. Audit participants were encouraged to consider both short and long term
improvements for each issue. Each improvement considered has been categorized as short-term, mid­
term, or long-term based on the definitions shown in Table 2. Additionally, a cost category has been
assigned to each improvement based on the parameters set forth in Table 2.
Table 2. Estimated Time Frame and Costs Breakdown
Time Frame
Short-term
<1 year
Costs
Low
Mid-term
1–3 years
Medium
Long-term
>3 years
High
<$10,000
$10,000–$50,000
>$50,000
Main Street/South Street
The following improvements were suggested by audit participants to improve safety issues associated
with the intersection of Main Street and South Street.
Clear vegetation on the southwest corner of the intersection and along the eastern edge of Main
Street. The planned reconstruction project will clear overgrowth along the eastern edge of Main
Street and will also clear the southwest corner as part of sidewalk work. This will be a mid-term,
low cost improvement that is already included in the proposed project. The Town also noted that
their regulations require a 10’ by 10’ triangle clear zone from the roadway layout line, and that
the overgrowth on the Twisty’s property on the southwest corner is in violation of this ordinance.
Ordinance enforcement is a short-term, low cost solution. Finally, it was agreed that the proposed
reconstruction project should investigate sight distance for the northbound approach and
determine what would be required to meet stopping sight distance requirements established by
AASHTO and included in MassDOT’s Project Development and Design Guide. This aspect of
the work is also a short-term, low cost improvement. The project shall provide the required
minimum or seek formal approval of a design exception.
Consider the need for revising the proposed lane configuration along Main Street to provide a
northbound left turn lane into South Street. If determined to be warranted, this potential
improvement is a mid-term, high cost improvement that would be incorporated into the planned
reconstruction project. The audit team discussed potential configurations of the Main Street/South
Street intersection, including the currently proposed design which maintains existing lane
configurations, with a single lane approach for Main Street in both directions under these
conditions. The southbound departure will be modified to include a painted gore area, intended to
provide definition of the entrance to the right turn lane into Six Flags and discourage drivers from
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
using the wide southbound shoulder along Main Street prior to South Street as a travel lane before
entering the right turn lane. The audit discussion considered modifying the southern leg of the
intersection to include a northbound through lane, a northbound left turn lane, and a southbound
departure lane. The northern leg of the intersection would include a single lane in each direction
with a painted or raised median to shadow the northbound left turn lane. Shoulders could be
reduced to 4-feet in each direction, which is the minimum allowed while maintaining bicycle
accommodation. It was noted that this alignment would require a minimum of 4 feet of additional
widening, which could potentially impact wetlands and require property acquisition. This revised
alignment would also require the southbound through travel lane to shift towards the right, then
shift back to center south of the intersection to accommodate the southbound right turn lane. It
was suggested that this may create awkward transitions, and it was agreed that this concept
requires further study to determine feasibility.
Consider additional sidewalks. The proposed project includes a sidewalk along the west side of
Main Street from Six Flags to South Street. A crosswalk will be provided across the South Street
approach, with a receiving handicap ramp on the northwest corner of the intersection. The
sidewalk will not extend beyond this handicap ramp along Main Street. The proposed project
should consider providing a continuous sidewalk along Main Street to River Road. Improvements
in this area should be mindful of the existing Connecticut River Walk and Bikeway along River
Road, and should consider providing a potential connection to future improvements, where
feasible. It was noted that pedestrians walk along this corridor to access Six Flags. This is a mid­
term, potentially high cost improvement.
Consider bicycle accommodation. The proposed project should consider bicycle access along the
corridor. As noted above, improvements should be mindful of future pedestrian and bicycle
facilities along River Road. This is a mid-term, potentially high cost improvement.
Consider installation of a flashing beacon. The audit team briefly discussed the installation of a
traffic signal, but the project designer noted that the intersection of Main Street and South Street
does not meet traffic signal warrants as established by the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
Devices (MUTCD). Installing a flashing beacon at the intersection to supplement STOP sign
control would increase awareness of the South Street intersection for approaching drivers. This is
a mid-term, medium cost improvement that should be reviewed and, if found appropriate,
included in the planned reconstruction project.
Replace STOP Ahead sign on South Street. There is a faded existing sign
with the word message “STOP AHEAD” on the South Street approach
approximately 500’ in advance of Main Street. This sign should be replaced
with a graphical W3-1a STOP Ahead sign. This is a short-term, low cost
improvement that can be implemented in advance of the proposed
reconstruction project. The new sign should be placed a minimum of 100’ in
advance of the stop line, in accordance with the MUTCD.
Replace STOP sign on South Street. The STOP sign on South Street should be replaced with a
larger (36”x36”) sign and supplemented with a second STOP sign on the left side. This will help
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
increase awareness of the STOP condition for approaching traffic. This is a short-term, low cost
improvement that can be implemented in advance of the proposed reconstruction project.
Apply “STOP AHEAD” markings on South Street. Markings should be applied at or near the new
W3-1A STOP Ahead sign and shall comply with the MUTCD. This is a short-term, low cost
improvement that can be implemented in advance of the proposed reconstruction project.
Install W1-7 arrow sign facing the South Street approach. The
W1-7 Two-Direction Large Arrow sign increase awareness of the
end of a STOP-controlled approach at a T-type intersection. It
should be installed on the far side of the intersection facing
approaching South Street traffic. This is a short-term, low cost
improvement.
Replace street name signs. New MassDOT standards for street name signs require 12” tall signs
with 6” capital letters and 4.5” lowercase letters. This new standard meets the requirements of the
2009 MUTCD and provides increased visibility for approaching traffic. This is a short-term, low
cost improvement that should be included in the planned reconstruction project.
Install intersection warning signs. Advance warning signs should be
installed on Main Street approaching South Street in each direction to warn
of the intersection. MassDOT intends to post a W1-10 Curve With
Intersecting Street warning sign in each direction as part of planned
improvements, which should be supplemented with a W16-8 advance street
name plaque. This is a short-term, low cost improvement.
Investigate permits for private signs and remove non-compliant signs. There
are several directional signs for private businesses located along the east
side of Main Street at the South Street intersection. These signs should be removed if they are not
properly permitted along state highway. This is a short-term, low cost improvement that should
be included in the proposed reconstruction project.
Work with Six Flags on traffic management. It was suggested that the number of police officers
and traffic control devices in the roadway provides too much visual stimulation for northbound
traffic and may as a result decrease awareness of the approaching intersection at South Street. In
addition to the improvements listed above, the Town of Agawam should work with Six Flags to
determine the appropriateness of their traffic management plan. As stated by a representative of
the Agawam Police Department, police presence is an “absolute necessity” for pedestrian,
bicyclist and motor vehicle safety. This is a short-term, low cost improvement.
Conduct a speed study for the existing 40 MPH zone on Main Street. It was suggested that the 40
MPH speed limit that extends from the Connecticut line to north of South Street is inappropriate
for the amount of vehicular, bicycle and pedestrian volume along the corridor and should be
reduced. A speed study should be conducted to re-evaluate the proper speed limit for this
roadway segment. This is a short-term, low cost improvement.
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
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Install a 25 MPH speed limit sign for the South Street approach. It was noted that South Street is
under a 25 MPH speed regulation near Main Street, but that no existing signage is posted. 25
MPH speed limit signs should be erected in both directions to enforce this speed regulation. This
is a short-term, low cost improvement that can be implemented in advance of the proposed
reconstruction project.
Main Street/River Road
Reconstruct traffic signal. The audit discussion began as a discussion of specific improvements
related to signal head and signal post locations before evolving into a discussion on the wholesale
replacement of the traffic signal equipment. The designer should consider replacing all
equipment, but at a minimum should address the following safety issues. Signal improvements
are a mid-term, high cost improvement.
o Relocate posts so that signal heads are clearly visible. This recommendation is specific to
the signal head facing Main Street southbound traffic, which is blocked by a postmounted head facing River Road. The placement of all signal heads should avoid similar
potential blockages.
o Install additional overhead signals and apply backplates. The existing signal has just one
overhead signal facing each direction on a single mast arm. The proposed design could
incorporate two mast arms for the Main Street corridor, which would allow the placement
of two overhead signal heads with backplates for each direction. Backplates enhance the
visibility of the signal head against the visual background and against solar glare.
o Reset the right side signal post facing Main Street northbound. The existing signal post at
this location does not appear as bright as the other signal heads. This occurs because the
head is tilted slightly forward towards approaching traffic. This signal post should be
reset, which may require earthwork under the island to stabilize the soil.
o Update signal timings. The intersection should be retimed based on design year traffic
volumes projected from recent existing volumes. This will optimize the operation of the
traffic signal. The traffic signal should also provide a timing plan designed to handle the
peak demands associated with the amusement park.
Revise Main Street northbound right turn operation. The existing northbound right turn operates
from within a wide lane which allows some separation of Main Street northbound through
vehicles and right turning vehicles at the stop line. This approach also has a right-turn overlap
indication, which may cause confusion for approaching vehicles. This approach should be revised
so that the signal operation matches the lane assignments. Two separate options were discussed
and are presented herein. Further study is required to determine the appropriate application,
which should both improve safety and satisfy the needs of the community and the roadway
network.
o Eliminate right turn overlap. The first option considered is to eliminate the right turn
overlap. The approach would see a red ball indication when River Road has a green
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Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
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signal. This is a short-term, low cost improvement that can be implemented in advance of
proposed improvements. It should be noted that this option has the potential to increase
vehicle delays and queues on the northbound approach at the intersection.
o Include a defined northbound right turn lane in addition to the through lane. This option
would modify the northbound approach to provide a dedicated lane for right-turning
traffic. This option would maintain the existing overlap operation. This is a mid-term,
low cost improvement that could be incorporated into the planned reconstruction project.
Some members of the audit team noted that this may promote River Road as a cutthrough, a sensitive local issue.
Provide an advance guide sign for the Veterans’ Memorial Cemetery. It was noted that the
existing sign for the cemetery is located between the entrance and exit roadways and is parallel to
the roadway, making it ineffective as a wayfinding sign for approaching traffic. The proposed
project will include an advance guide sign before the cemetery entrance. This is a potential shortterm, low cost improvement that will be included in the planned reconstruction. The project will
also provide a defined right turn lane into the cemetery driveway, allowing for separation of
through vehicles and right-turning vehicles.
Provide advance street name signs on Main Street. It was suggested
that an advance street name sign meeting MassDOT standards
should be installed on the Main Street approaches to provide
additional notification to motorists regarding the location of River
Road. This is a potential short-term, low cost improvement that
should be incorporated into planned improvements.
Replace street name signs. New street name signs should be installed at this intersection similar to
those proposed for Main Street at South Street. This is a potential short-term, low cost
improvement that should be included in the planned reconstruction project. Street name signs
should be located so that no obstructions exist with
signals or other proposed or existing signs.
Remove and reset existing guide sign for Six Flags.
There is an existing D6 guide sign for Six Flags in
the landscaped area bordering the gas station on the
northeast corner. This sign blocks the existing street
name signs, as shown at right. It was noted during
the audit that this sign will be reset to the west side
of Main Street facing River Road as part of
proposed improvements. This is a potential shortterm, low cost improvement.
Update arrow on the existing Route 159 North D6
guide sign. The existing D6 guide sign is located in
the median for River Road and shows a slanted arrow
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
for Route 159 North. This is inappropriate given the generally straight alignment of the road, and
may potentially confuse approaching drivers. It was noted that the arrow can be overlaid with a
vertical arrow, which would not require replacement of the entire sign panel. This is a short-term,
low cost improvement that may be done in advance of or in conjunction with proposed
improvements.
Provide signage that includes additional destination routes. It was suggested that the existing D6
guide sign discussed above should include major routes as destinations due to the traffic
generated from Six Flags who may be relying on signage to direct them back to Route 57, US 5,
Interstate 91 and the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90). The designer should work with MassDOT
Traffic personnel to determine the appropriate modifications, if any. This is short-term, low cost
improvement that should be incorporated into planned improvements.
Eliminate raised island. This was suggested as a potential improvement to accommodate truck
turns from Main Street southbound to River Road. The raised island could be replaced with a
painted island, which would maintain channelization but still allow a vehicle to traverse it. This
would require relocation of a utility pole which is located within the existing island. This is a
short-term, medium cost improvement that could be incorporated into planned improvements but
would require coordination with utility companies.
Prohibit right turn on red for River Road. This was suggested as a potential improvement to
address vehicles turning right onto Main Street, and then stopping to turn left into the Veterans’
Memorial Cemetery. It should be noted that the crash history does not indicate any crashes
involving left-turning vehicles at the cemetery driveway. This potential improvement is a shortterm, low cost improvement.
Install a 25 MPH speed limit sign for the River Road approach. It was noted that River Street is
under a 25 MPH speed regulation near Main Street, but that no existing signage is posted. 25
MPH speed limit signs should be erected in both directions to enforce this speed regulation. This
is a short-term, low cost improvement.
Consider additional sidewalks. As previously discussed, the proposed project should consider
providing a continuous sidewalk along Main Street to River Road. Improvements in this area
should be mindful of the existing Connecticut River Walk and Bikeway along River Road, and
should consider providing a potential connection to future improvements, where feasible. It was
noted that pedestrians walk along this corridor to access Six Flags. This is a mid-term, potentially
high cost improvement.
Consider bicycle accommodation. The proposed project should consider bicycle access along the
corridor. As noted previously, improvements should be mindful of future pedestrian and bicycle
facilities along River Road. This is a mid-term, potentially high cost improvement.
Trim trees. Trees should be trimmed in the vicinity of the intersection to provide an adequate
clear zone. This is a potential short-term, low cost improvement that will be incorporated into the
proposed project.
Page 14
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Summary of Road Safety Audit
Table 3 summarizes potential recommendations discussed by the audit team. The recommendations are
categorized based on the potential safety payoff, as well as by time frame and cost. The safety payoff is a
qualitative judgment of the effectiveness of the potential safety improvements. Each recommendation has
a responsibility assigned to it stating whether MassDOT or the Town of Agawam would be responsible
for implementing the recommended improvement. The term “Project” refers to improvements that are
assumed to be included or could reasonably be accommodated as part of planned improvements.
Page 15
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Table 3. Potential Safety Enhancement Summary
Safety Issue
Safety Enhancement
Responsibility Safety Payoff Time Frame
Cost
Main Street at South Street
Visibility
Clear vegetation on the southwest corner of the intersection.
Town
High
Short-term
$500
Visibility
Clear vegetation along the eastern edge of Main Street.
MassDOT
High
Short-term
$1,500
Project
High
Short-term
**
Project
TBD
Short-term
**
Consider need for revising the proposed lane configuration
Visibility, Wide
along Main Street to provide a northbound left turn lane into
Shoulder, Intersection
South Street. This improvement should only be included if
Geometry
determined to be warranted.
Project*
High
Mid-term
TBD
Pedestrian
Accommodations
Consider additional sidewalks. The project should consider
extending the proposed sidewalk north from South Street to
River Road.
Project*
High
Mid-term
$100,000
Bicycle
Accommodations
Consider bicycle accommodation.
Project*
Medium
Mid-term
**
Visibility
Consider installation of a flashing beacon.
Project*
High
Mid-term
$50,000
Signage
Replace STOP Ahead sign on South Street.
Town/Project*
Medium
Short-term
$200
Signage
Replace STOP sign on South Street with larger 36‖x36‖ sign.
Include a supplemental left side STOP sign.
Town/Project*
Medium
Short-term
$500
Signage
Apply ―STOP AHEAD‖ markings on South Street.
Town/Project*
Medium
Short-term
$500
Signage
Install W1-7 arrow sign facing the South Street approach.
Town/Project*
Medium
Short-term
$200
Signage
Replace street name signs.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
$400
Signage
Install W1-10 Curve With Intersecting Street warning signs,
supplemented with W16-8 Advance Street Name plaque.
Project
Medium
Short-term
$500
Signage
Investigate permits for private signs and remove noncompliant signs.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
**
Visibility
Visibility
Determine impacts associated with providing minimum
required stopping sight distance.
Design and construct improvements providing minimum
required stopping sight distance, or seek a formal design
exception.
Page 16
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Table 3. Potential Safety Enhancement Summary
Safety Issue
Safety Enhancement
Visual Stimulation
Work with Six Flags on traffic management.
Speeds
Conduct a speed study for the existing 40 MPH zone on Main
Street.
Responsibility Safety Payoff Time Frame
Cost
Town
Medium
Short-term
TBD
MassDOT
Medium
Short-term
$5,000
Install a 25 MPH speed limit sign for the South Street
approach.
Main Street at River Road
Project*
Medium
Short-term
$200
Signal Equipment,
Signal Operations
Reconstruct traffic signal.
Project*
High
Mid-term
$150,000
Signal Equipment
Relocate posts so that signal heads are clearly visible.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
**
Signal Equipment
Install additional overhead signal heads and apply
backplates.
Project*
High
Short-term
**
Signal Equipment
Reset the right side signal post facing Main Street
northbound.
Project*
High
Short-term
**
Signal Operations
Update signal timings.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
**
Signal Equipment,
Turning Vehicles
Revise Main Street northbound right turn operation. This
includes determining the preferred improvement methodology
between the two options discussed by the audit team.
Project*
Medium
Mid-term
**
Signage, Cemetery
Driveway
Provide an advance guide sign for the Veterans’ Memorial
Cemetery.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
$500
Signage
Provide an advance street name sign for River Road on both
Main Street approaches.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
$1,000
Signage
Replace street name signs.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
$400
Signage
Provide an advance guide sign for the Veterans’ Memorial
Cemetery.
Project
Medium
Short-term
$500
Signage
Remove and reset existing guide sign for Six Flags.
Project
Medium
Short-term
$200
Signage
Update arrow on the existing Route 159 North D6 guide sign.
Project*
Low
Short-term
$200
Signage
Provide signage that includes additional routes. This includes
working with MassDOT Traffic to determine the appropriate
modifications.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
TBD
Speeds
Page 17
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Table 3. Potential Safety Enhancement Summary
Safety Issue
Safety Enhancement
Turning Vehicles
Eliminate raised island. This includes coordination with utility
companies to relocate an existing utility pole.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
**
Cemetery Driveway,
Turning Vehicles
Prohibit right turn on red for River Road.
Project*
Low
Short-term
$200
Speeds
Install a 25 MPH speed limit sign for the River Road
approach.
Project*
Medium
Short-term
$200
Pedestrian
Accommodations
Consider additional sidewalks. The project should consider
extending the proposed sidewalk north from South Street to
River Road, ultimately providing a connection to the
Connecticut River Walk & Bikeway.
Project*
High
Mid-term
$100,000
Bicycle
Accommodations
Consider bicycle accommodation.
Project*
Medium
Mid-term
**
Visibility
Trim trees to provide an adequate clear zone.
Project*
Medium
Mid-term
**
*
Responsibility Safety Payoff Time Frame
Cost
These improvements were not part of the proposed project as described and should be evaluated and included, if feasible, in the next
submission for use of HSIP funds for construction. All other “Project” safety enhancements are assumed to already be included in the
proposed improvements.
** Improvements to be incorporated into the proposed project are assumed to be included as part of the overall project cost.
Page 18
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Appendix A. RSA Meeting Agenda
Road Safety Audit
Agawam – Main St at South St and at River Road
Meeting Location: Conf. Room at Agawam Senior Center
954 Main Street, Agawam
Friday, September 9, 2011
10:30 AM – 12:30 PM
Type of meeting:
Road Safety Audit for High Crash Intersection
Attendees:
Invited Participants to Comprise a Multidisciplinary Team
Please bring:
Thoughts and Enthusiasm!!
10:30 AM
Welcome and Introductions
10:45 AM
Review of Site Specific Material
• Collision Diagram, Traffic Data, Special Speed Regulations
• Existing conditions and geometry
• Discuss safety issues
11:00 AM
Visit the Site
• Drive to the intersections of Main Street with River Road and South Street
• As a group, identify areas for improvement
11:45 AM
Completion of RSA
• Finalize discussion on all areas for improvement
• Discuss potential improvements with pros and cons and record possible
countermeasures
12:30 PM
Adjourn for the Day – but the RSA has not ended
Instructions for Participants:
• Before attending the RSA on September 9th, participants are encouraged to
drive/walk through the intersections and complete/consider elements on the RSA
Prompt List with a focus on safety.
• All participants will be actively involved in the process throughout. Participants
are encouraged to come with thoughts and ideas, but are reminded that the
synergy that develops and respect for others’ opinions are key elements to the
success of the overall RSA process.
• After the RSA meeting, participants will be asked to comment and respond to the
document materials to assure it is reflective of the RSA completed by the
multidisciplinary team.
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Appendix B. RSA Audit Team Contact List
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Appendix C. Detailed Crash Data
1
Summary of Motor Vehicle Crashes on Route 159 (Main Street) in Agawam
Main Street @ South Main Street @ River Main St @ Veterans'
Street
Road
Memorial Cemetary
# of
% of Total
# of
% of Total
# of
% of Total
Crashes Crashes Crashes Crashes Crashes Crashes
Month of Year
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
Day of Week
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Total
Time of Day
6 - 10 a.m.
10 a.m. - 2 p.m.
2 - 6 p.m.
6 - 10 p.m.
10 p.m. - 2 a.m.
2 - 6 a.m.
Total
Crash Severity
Property Damage Only/Not Reported
Non-fatal Injury
Fatality
Total
Manner of Collision
Angle
Rear-end
Sideswipe, opposite direction
Sideswipe, same direction
Single-vehicle, struck fixed object
Single-vehicle, struck unreported
Single-vehicle, struck wildlife (deer)
Total
Ambient Light
Dark - Lighted Roadway
Daylight
Dusk
Total
1
1
0
1
3
6
6
4
4
2
1
1
30
3%
3%
0%
3%
10%
20%
20%
13%
13%
7%
3%
3%
1
0
0
1
2
3
3
6
1
1
2
0
20
5%
0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
15%
30%
5%
5%
10%
0%
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
5
0%
0%
20%
0%
0%
0%
0%
40%
20%
0%
20%
0%
2
3
2
10
6
4
3
30
7%
10%
7%
33%
20%
13%
10%
3
2
0
4
5
4
2
20
15%
10%
0%
20%
25%
20%
10%
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
5
20%
20%
0%
20%
20%
20%
0%
0
7
7
7
8
1
30
0%
23%
23%
23%
27%
3%
0
1
5
9
5
0
20
0%
5%
25%
45%
25%
0%
0
3
1
0
1
0
5
0%
60%
20%
0%
20%
0%
17
13
0
30
57%
43%
0
12
8
0
20
60%
40%
0
4
1
0
5
80%
20%
0%
8
14
0
0
5
2
1
30
27%
47%
0%
0%
17%
7%
3%
6
13
1
0
0
0
0
20
30%
65%
5%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1
2
0
1
1
0
0
5
20%
40%
0%
20%
20%
0%
0%
13
16
1
30
43%
53%
3%
9
11
0
20
45%
55%
0%
1
4
0
5
20%
80%
0%
1. Data from RMV Database from 1/1/2006 through 8/18/2011. Note 2010 2011 are not complete years
2. Most crashes involved 2 or more drivers.
1
Summary of Motor Vehicle Crashes on Route 159 (Main Street) in Agawam
Main Street @ South Main Street @ River Main St @ Veterans'
Street
Road
Memorial Cemetary
# of
% of Total
# of
% of Total
# of
% of Total
Crashes Crashes Crashes Crashes Crashes Crashes
Weather Condition
Clear/Other/Unknown
Cloudy
Fog, smog, smoke
Rain
Snow
Total
Road Surface
Dry
Wet
Snow
Total
Driver Ages2
<16
16-20
21-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75-84
Not reported
Total
2
Driver Contributing Code
Physical Impairment
Disregarded signs, signals, road markings
Driving too fast for conditions
Inattention/Distracted
Followed too closely
Failed to yield right-of-way
Made an improper turn
Exceeded speed limit
On-board navigation system
Swerving
Operating in
erratic/reckless/careless/negligent/aggressive
manner
No improper driving
Not reported
Total
19
4
1
4
2
30
63%
13%
3%
13%
7%
16
0
0
4
0
20
80%
0%
0%
20%
0%
1
0
0
4
0
5
20%
0%
0%
80%
0%
21
8
1
30
70%
27%
3%
16
4
80%
20%
2
3
0
5
40%
60%
0%
1
17
6
7
13
7
3
3
1
1
59
2%
29%
10%
12%
22%
12%
5%
5%
2%
2%
0
16
5
5
7
4
1
1
1
0
40
0%
40%
13%
13%
18%
10%
3%
3%
3%
0%
0
3
0
0
1
1
3
0
1
0
9
0%
33%
0%
0%
11%
11%
33%
0%
11%
0%
2
7
3
18
3
3
1
3
0
0
5%
17%
7%
43%
7%
7%
2%
7%
0%
0%
1
0
0
12
3
2
0
0
1
0
5%
0%
0%
57%
14%
10%
0%
0%
5%
0%
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0%
0%
0%
20%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
20%
0
1
1
42
0%
2%
2%
0
2
0
21
0%
10%
0%
1
2
0
5
20%
40%
0%
20
1. Data from RMV Database from 1/1/2006 through 8/18/2011. Note 2010 2011 are not complete years
2. Most crashes involved 2 or more drivers.
COLLISION DIAGRAM
AGAWAM
ROUTE 159 (Main Street) at River Road
EPDO
CRASH TYPE
REAR END
SIDE SWIPE
ANGLE
OUT OF
CONTROL
HEAD-ON
OVERTURNED
TURNING
MOVEMENT
PEDESTRIAN/
BICYCLE
BACKING
PARKED
VEHICLE
HIT FIXED
OBJECT
CRASH #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
DATE
6/5/2006
6/30/2006
1/5/2007
5/4/2007
6/23/2007
8/28/2007
9/29/2007
10/6/2007
7/10/2008
7/24/2008
8/7/2008
11/7/2008
11/27/2008
DAY
Mon
Fri
Fri
Fri
Sat
Tue
Sat
Sat
Thu
Thu
Thu
Fri
Thu
TIME (24)
18:27
17:11
21:16
17:49
16:23
17:54
23:20
22:25
22:16
15:30
20:19
12:10
21:10
EPDO
5
1
1
5
5
1
5
1
1
5
1
5
5
R/S
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1 = Property Damage Only
5 = Personal Injury
10 = Fatality
ROAD SURFACE (R/S)
WEATHER CONDITIONS (W/C)
1 = Dry
2 = Wet
3 = Snow
4 = Ice
5 = Sand,mud,dirt,oil,grave
6 = Water (standing, movin
7 = Slush
97 = Other
99 = Unknown
1 = Clear
2 = Cloudy
3 = Rain
4 = Snow
5 = Sleet, Hail, Freezing Rain
6 = Fog, Smog, Smoke
7 = Severe Crosswinds
8 = Blowing Sand, Snow
97 = Other 99 = Unknown
W/C CRASH #
1
14
1
15
3
16
1
17
1
18
1
19
1
20
1
21
1
22
1
23
3
24
3
25
1
DATE
4/14/2009
7/18/2009
8/3/2009
8/3/2009
5/16/2010
8/6/2010
8/8/2010
8/19/2008
3/22/2007
11/14/2008
9/23/2006
8/20/2007
DAY
Tue
Sat
Mon
Mon
Sun
Fri
Sun
Tue
Thu
Fri
Sat
Mon
TIME (24)
18:27
22:05
19:10
19:10
20:35
22:38
20:57
10:19
11:08
13:03
16:37
21:49
EPDO
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
R/S
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
8/31/2011
W/C
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
3
3
COLLISION DIAGRAM
AGAWAM
ROUTE 159 (Main Street) at South Street
Main Street
South Street
EPDO
CRASH TYPE
REAR END
SIDE SWIPE
ANGLE
OUT OF
CONTROL
HEAD-ON
OVERTURNED
TURNING
MOVEMENT
PEDESTRIAN/
BICYCLE
BACKING
PARKED
VEHICLE
HIT FIXED
OBJECT
CRASH #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
DATE
1/30/06
4/14/06
6/1/06
6/15/06
7/17/06
7/22/06
8/8/06
9/16/06
10/11/06
5/30/07
6/23/07
9/15/07
9/20/07
12/13/07
2/7/08
DAY
Mon
Fri
Thu
Thu
Mon
Sat
Tue
Sat
Wed
Wed
Sat
Sat
Thu
Thu
Thu
TIME (24)
4:53
1:57
22:13
23:41
13:06
11:38
17:42
21:36
22:37
17:01
1:01
12:27
11:58
11:31
18:57
EPDO
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
R/S
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
2
1 = Property Damage Only
5 = Personal Injury
10 = Fatality
ROAD SURFACE (R/S)
WEATHER CONDITIONS (W/C)
1 = Dry
2 = Wet
3 = Snow
4 = Ice
5 = Sand,mud,dirt,oil,grave
6 = Water (standing, movin
7 = Slush
97 = Other
99 = Unknown
1 = Clear
2 = Cloudy
3 = Rain
4 = Snow
5 = Sleet, Hail, Freezing Rain
6 = Fog, Smog, Smoke
7 = Severe Crosswinds
8 = Blowing Sand, Snow
97 = Other 99 = Unknown
W/C CRASH #
6
16
1
17
3
18
1
19
1
20
2
21
1
22
1
23
3
24
1
25
1
26
3
27
1
28
4
29
4
30
DATE
6/29/08
8/31/08
9/26/08
7/9/09
7/30/09
8/25/09
8/27/09
10/2/09
5/28/10
5/28/10
11/4/10
6/3/11
6/26/11
7/5/11
7/21/11
DAY
Sun
Sun
Fri
Thu
Thu
Tue
Thu
Fri
Fri
Fri
Thu
Fri
Sun
Tue
Thu
TIME (24)
16:42
22:18
19:07
20:19
18:31
18:26
14:06
16:23
14:40
15:17
18:03
11:28
22:30
22:04
10:44
EPDO
5
5
1
1
1
5
5
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
R/S
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
8/31/2011
W/C
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
Road Safety Audit—Main Street at South Street and at River Road—Agawam, MA
Prepared by BETA Group, Inc.
Appendix D. Speed Regulations