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BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
• The Living Ocean Chap 11
• The Plankton, Productivity and Food Webs
Chap 12
• The Nekton: Free Swimmers of the Sea Chap 13
The 3 Domains: Emphasizes separation of prokaryotes into 2
groups.
A new system based on genetic and biochemical research organizes life
into 3 categories above the Kingdom level. The Eukarya domain includes
many single celled organisms with nuclei and animals, plants and fungi.
Groups of Organisms
How do we organize life?
• In Reference to Habitat: Plankton, Nekton
and Benthos
• In Reference to Taxonomy, some use
Kingdoms, the second highest taxonomic rank
below Domains. Many modifications have
occurred. Once 3, then 5, now 6:
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia
• Clades: A group consisting of an organism and
all its decedents. Or: A group of biological
species that share features inherited from a
common ancestor.
Procaryotes: lack organized Nucleus, no membrane
bound organelles, DNA is loose circular strands, no
chloroplasts, mitochondria or paired chromosomes
• Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria: Now divided into
2 Domains; Archaea (Extremophiles and more) and Bacteria.
• cells simple and unspecialized, single cells that lack a membrane-bounded
nuclei, sexual recombination and internal cell compartments. Some in
groups or chains. Include Bacteria and Cyanobacteria. Often referred to as
Prokaryotes
• Kingdom Protista: Microscopic and mostly single celled Eukaryotes
including autotrophs (algae) and heterotrophs (protozoa). Eukaryotes have
membrane bounded nucleus containing chromosomes, have sexual
recombination, and internal cell compartments. Reproduction among protists
can be sexual but is usually asexual. May capture food, absorb food or
photosynthesize. A “convenience kingdom” including all eukaryotes that are
not fungi, plants or animals. (algae, diatoms, forams, rads…)
• Kingdom Fungi: Filamentous multicellular eukaryotes. Not important in
marine ecosystems.
• Kingdom Plantae: plants, primarily non-motile, multi cellular photosynthetic
autotrophs. Can be planktonic brown algae Sargassum, or benthos
• Kingdom Animalia: multicellular heterotrophs with specialized cells,
tissues and organs, include marine zooplankton and a diverse group of nekton and
benthos.
Humans
Animalia
Chordata (Subphylum Vertabrata)
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo Sapiens
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Environmental Zones, or Biozones
Fig. 18.5
Supralittoral
Fig. 18.6
Fig. 18.7
Lower
Littoral
Benthos
Midlittoral
Benthos
MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapter 11
Fig. 14.9
• Marine Ecology definition....
• Ecological Niches: how an organism responds to
resources and competitors / enemies, or how an
organism makes a living
• Factors that control the distribution and abundance of
life in the marine environment or Biozones:
• PHYSICAL FACTORS:
• light...... photic zone, (in clear ocean water: ~60% absorbed in 1st
meter, 80% gone after 10 meters and <1% left below 100 meters) vision,
photosynthesis, bioluminescence
• pressure
• temperature
• circulation.... currents / waves
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Fig. 5.8
Attenuation: the decrease in the intensity of light over
distance.
Fig. 18.2
brown
green
brown
green
brown
brown
Red algae, common
in deeper water,
up to ~150 meters,
>5,000 species
red
red
red
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Bioluminescence
Golden Brown Algae
Examples include
some members of:
algae
fish
squid
octopus
copepods / krill
some dinoflagellates
& bacteria
Cockatoo Squid:
This transparent cockatoo squid, or glass squid,
retains liquids, giving it a balloon-like shape and
helping it float.
Bioluminescent Octopod:
The yellow bioluminescent ring on this female octopus may attract mates
Why Bioluminescence? attraction, distraction,
repulsion, communication, camouflage……
MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapter 11
Table 14.2
• Marine Ecology definition....
• Ecological Niches
• Factors that control the distribution and abundance of
life in the marine environment or Biozones:
• PHYSICAL FACTORS:
• light...... photic zone, (in clear ocean water: ~60% absorbed in 1st
meter, 80% gone after 10 meters and <1% left below 100 meters) vision,
photosynthesis, bioluminescence
• pressure
• temperature
• circulation.... currents / waves
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“Female elephant seal carries tags that will monitor: location, swim
speed, depth and duration of dives, as well as the temperature and
salinity of the seawater and how that changes with depth.”
(Photo by Dan Costa)
Tracking data shows female northern elephant seals traveling throughout
the northeast Pacific Ocean on their migrations. Red circles indicate colony
locations on Año Nuevo Island and Islas San Benito
How can Marine Mammals Dive so DEEP?
• They have a heart brain shunt system + their lungs
and trachea collapse
• Body temp decreases, heart pumps less frequently
• Marine mammals have proportionally more blood in their
bodies than do land animals
• Marine mammals store most of their blood in their muscles
• Their blood is composed mostly of myoglobin, as opposed
to hemoglobin. Myoglobin can hold more oxygen molecules
• They have energy saving behaviors, i.e. elephant seals
probably sleep on some of their dives
MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapter 11
MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapter 11
• Ecology definition....
• Ecological Niches
• Factors that control the development & distribution of
life in the marine environment or Biozones:
• PHYSICAL FACTORS:
• light...... vision, photic zone, photosynthesis,
bioluminescence
• pressure
• temperature: can effect viscosity, floatation adaptations,
surface temps change more than the deep water. Annual
surface temps are small at very low and high latitudes and
larger at mid latitudes. Change of temps act as signal to
spawn, spring and summer migration, reproduction and
growth / winter dormancy
• circulation.... currents / waves
• CHEMICAL FACTORS:
• Salinity
Stenohaline Fish: most fresh water fish, most saltwater fish,
Goldfish, Haddock
Some Euryhaline Fish: Salmon, Eels, Bull Shark, Herring,
Molly, Trout, Sturgeon, Striped Bass, Lamprey, Tilapia,
Puffer Fish
• Nutrients: NO3
•
•
•
•
-
PO4
-3
SiO4
-4
dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5)
photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition
Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%
Sea Water: N2 48%, O2 15%, CO2 15%
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Fig. 15.5
Fig. 15.6
Nitrogen
Cycle
Phosphate
Cycle
Nitrate=NO3-
_
(PO4 3)
MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapter 11
•
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Figure 5.7
CHEMICAL FACTORS:
salinity
nutrients
dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5)
photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition
Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%
Sea Water: N2 48%, O2 15%, CO2 15%
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS:
dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation
reproduction and numbers of offspring
food
predators...... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons, senses
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS:
substrate
slope failure
chemosynthesis
plate tectonics
MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapter 11
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CHEMICAL FACTORS:
salinity
nutrients
dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5)
photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition
Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%
Sea Water: N2 48%, O2 15%, CO2 15%
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS:
dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation
reproduction and numbers of offspring
Food, predators...... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons,
senses
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS:
substrate
slope failure
Chemosynthesis
Plate tectonics
Fig. 18.4
Substrate
Rocky
Zonation
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Fig. 18.9
Substrate
Soft
Sediment
Benthos
MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6)
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CHEMICAL FACTORS:
salinity
nutrients
dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5)
photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition
Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%
Sea Water: N2 48%, O2 15%, CO2 15%
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS:
dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation
reproduction and numbers of offspring
food
predators...... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons, senses
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS:
substrate
slope failure
Chemosynthesis: Hydrogen Sulfide chemosynthesis =
6{CO2}+6{H2O}+3{H2S}→C6H12O6+3{H2SO4}
Plate Tectonics
Location of Chemosynthetic Biological Communities (CBC)
in Monterey Bay. Mostly bacteria, clams and worms.
Close-up view showing the manipulator arm of ROV Tiburon pushing a clear plastic
core tube into the sediment near a small colony of deep-sea clams in Monterey
Canyon. Samples such as this help scientists understand the complex chemistry that
helps these chemosynthetic clams survive.
Vesicomyid clams often live in areas where hydrogen sulfide is available just
below the sediment surface. They obtain all their nutrition from bacteria in their
gills, which consume hydrogen sulfide. With a steady supply of hydrogen
sulfide, these clams may live for up to a century and grow to over 15 cm long.
Tangled communities of tubeworms live in many of Monterey
Bay's chemosynthetic biological communities. Like Vesicomyid
clams, these tubeworms obtain nutrition from sulfur-loving
bacteria in their guts. Their long roots can burrow up to 2 meters
into sediment or bedrock in search of methane and hydrogen
sulfide for their bacterial food providers.
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MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapter 11
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CHEMICAL FACTORS:
salinity
nutrients
dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5)
photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition
Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%
Sea Water: N2 48%, O2 15%, CO2 15%
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS:
dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation
reproduction and numbers of offspring
food
predators...... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons, senses
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS:
substrate
slope failure
Chemosynthesis: Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis =
6{CO2}+6{H2O}+3{H2S}→C6H12O6+3{H2SO4}
• plate tectonics??
8