ES 10
Resources
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Oil and Natural Gas continued…
Nonrenewable
Perpetual
http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
Past to Present (1 29 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Where doe the oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
st
“Potentially”
Renewable
Fig. 1.11, p. 11
Resources
16
15
?
Perpetual
Nonrenewable
or “Nonrenewable
Mineral Resources”
14
13
12
Direct
solar
energy
Winds,
tides,
flowing
water
Fossil Metallic
Fuels minerals
(iron, gold,
copper,
aluminum)
Nonmetallic
minerals
& rocks
(clay, sand,
marble, slate)
These two are
sometimes
Called: “Solid
Nonfuel
Mineral
Resources”
9
8
?
6
Cultural Revolutions
5
•http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
4
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
2
Black Death–the Plague
Fresh
water
Fertile
soil
7
3
Renewable
Fresh
air
10
Billions of people
11
?
Plants and
animals
(biodiversity)
2-5 million 8000
years
Fig. 1.11, p. 11
Hunting and
Gathering
6000
4000
2000
Time
Agricultural Revolution
Last 14 sec on 24hr Big Bang clock
1
2000
B.C.
A.D.
0
2100 Age of Discovery
~last 2 sec on 24hr
Big Bang clock
Industrial ~Last 1 sec on 24hr
revolution Big Bang clock
1
Agricultural Revolution
Trade-Offs? Good vs Bad news?
Good News
More food, store it year round.
Supports a larger population.
Longer life expectancies.
Formation of villages, towns,
cities.
Cultural growth; art, religion,
music, science,
communication, trade goods
and information.
Irrigation systems developed.
Higher standard of living.
Bad News
Destruction of wildlife habits from
clearing forests/grasslands.
Soil erosion from over tilling and
plowing, buildup of salts
New Conflicts over water resources,
ownership of land, possessions,
spread of slavery.
Livestock overgrazing / soil
compaction, buildup of salts.
Cities concentrate waste/pollution
Increase in global greenhouse gases
from clearing forests/grasslands
and livestock husbandry
Industrial Revolution
Trade-Offs?
Good News
Mass Production of useful,
affordable products
Distribution of goods, services
Increased Agricultural
production, more food
Longer life expectancies,
better health, lower infant
mortality.
Better Transportation,
communication
Higher standard of living.
Bad News
Increased waste production
Burning fossil fuels: increase in
global greenhouse gases
Increase of air and water pollution
Habitat destruction
Biodiversity depletion
Groundwater depletion
Soil depletion, degradation
“Industrialization isolates people
from nature; reduces understanding
of important ecological and
economical services nature provides.”
Information and Globalization Revolution
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radio
Telephone
TV
Air travel, freight
Computers
Space travel
Satellites
Remote sensing
Internet, wireless technology
Cellular phones, Smart Phones & TVs, Tablets
GPS, GIS
ROV’s & AUVs
A change from potentially renewable wood,
to nonrenewable fossil fuels
2
Whale Oil, Kerosene and the “Oil Industry”
In the 1800’s, whale oil was popular for lamps and candles,
but expensive. ~15,000 right Whales killed/yr in early 1800’s
“The Pennsylvania Oil Rush” in 1860’s
Starts in Titusville in north western Pennsylvania in 1859
Producing 8,000 barrels/day in the 1860’s, 21 meters down, 8
refineries built
Cleveland Ohio had 30 refineries by 1865, J.D. Rockefeller
US whaling fleet: 392 in 1833 to 735 in 1846
250 whales killed at Point Lobos between 1862 – late 1870’s
Titusville from
1 oil well to 75 oil
Wells in less than
a year
In 1857, clean burning kerosene (originally called “coal oil”) lamps put
on market. Rapid expansion by 1860 in US, eventually leads to the end
of whale oil lamps/candles.
What state led the “Oil Rush” in the US in the 1800’s?
California led the world in oil production in 1910
McKittrick Tar Pit in west San
Joaquin Valley, 1st mined in 1864
The Lakeview #1 Gusher in
San Joaquin Valley in 1910,
18,000 barrels/day flowed
uncapped for 18 months
The “Texas Oil Boom”
Spindletop Gusher, E Texas, Jan 10, 1901
A period of dramatic change and
economic growth in Texas & US
between 1901 - 1940’s
Expansion in the Panhandle,
North and Central Texas.
The largest is the East Texas Oil
Field aka “Black Giant”
3
“Big Inch Pipeline”, built in 1942, for WWII effort,
1,200 miles from Houston to NJ
2 ft diameter, cost 7 million, takes oil 3.5 days, 300,000 bpd
In early 1900’s car are getting very popular.
In 1900 ~8,000 autos registered in US
In 1910 ~ 900,000 autos resisted in US
In 2007~ 254 million passenger vehicles register in US (most in any country in world)
By the end of the
WWII, over 350
million barrels
transported. Line
is still in use.
Somewhere
in China
~1/3 of all oil comes
from the sea.
Big Gulf of Mexico Petroleum Discovery September 2006
Chevron estimated the 300-square-mile region, could hold between
3 - 15 billion barrels of oil and natural gas
There are 42 US gallons in a barrel, or 159 liters.
Gulf of Mexico:
1st offshore wells in 1947.
In 1960’s 30 miles offshore,
by 1970’s 100 miles
offshore.
Platform in >7,000 ft of water (2,134m)
Drill hole depth ~20,000 ft (6.1km)
Total depth >28,120ft (>8 km or 5 miles)
1950’s tankers ~ 500 ft,
25,000 tons
1970’s tankers 1,400ft
(5 football fields) 500,000
tons
Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US
consumes ~22 million barrels/day.
4
The semi-submersible rig Deepwater Horizon, drilled the Tiber well
in the Gulf of Mexico. Water depth = 4,132 ft or 1,259 meters.
Total depth of well ~35,055ft or ~10.7km or ~6.6 miles,
deepest well in history. Could yield 400,000 – 650,000 bpd
September, 2009
“Reserves” = known amounts that can be profitably developed
at current prices and costs, using current technologies and
under current rules (institutional resources)
Reserves increase in response to:
•
•
•
•
new discoveries
higher prices
lower costs of development
technological improvements
without any change in the quantity in the ground
The size of reserves depends on economic factors,
not on the physical amount in the ground.
Total World Oil Reserves
Conventional vs Unconventional
For more on Oil History, check out this
http://www.sjgs.com/index.html
Elk Hills California, (west of Bakersfield) Hay No.7 Well blew out natural
gas and caught fire on July 26th, 1919. It burned for 26 days. The well
was extinguished with torpedoes of dynamite.
By the 1950’s, the US can no longer supply its oil needs.
5
What are fossil fuels?
Origin of Oil?
Most commercial oil is probably “organic oil”
How can this happen?
• Forms in marine basins with rich diversity of microscopic algae,
protozoa and animals (plankton) living on the surface
• Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal
• Derived from remains of organisms which decompose and are
exposed to heat and pressure beneath the Earth’s surface over
millions of years.
• Organisms die, settle onto ocean floor --> some decomposition
occurs -->depletion of O2 in bottom waters
-->decay slows or ceases.
• Consist primarily of hydrocarbons: organic compounds of H and C
atoms with smaller amounts of O, S and N. The approximate length
range for “oil” is C5H12 to C18H38. Any shorter hydrocarbons are
considered natural gas, the simplest form is methane CH4.
• Pressure and heat build up as organic material is buried under many
layers of sediment. This converts the organic molecules to kerogen
(solid, waxy organic matter in sedimentary rock, too thick to flow out of rock).
• Petroleum (Petra-rock / Oleum-oil) /Crude Oil: complex mixture of
liquid hydrocarbons of various lengths. Termed 1st used and published in 1546 by
German geologist/mineralogist Georg Bauer aka Georgis Agricola
Geothermal Gradient: 20 degrees C/km, 68 degrees F/km or 109 degrees F/mi
Kerogen / Oil Formation
Figure 5.7
• Kerogen, highly viscous, complex molecules (“Tar”) forms first,
at temperatures <30º- ~100ºC @ ~ <1-3km depth.
Kerogen can then convert to various liquid hydrocarbons at
temperatures ~80ºC - 120ºC (sometimes wider) @ ~ 3-8km depth. is
The process of breaking a long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones =
“Cracking”.
• At temperatures > 100ºC (212ºF), liquid petroleum can be converted
into a variety of natural gases such as methane, ethane, propane and
butane each type more complex and heavier molecules.
•
•
At temperatures of ~200ºC (400ºF) and/or depths of > 10km, methane can break
down completely and the rocks no longer contain hydrocarbons.
Limited window of opportunity for the conversion of organic remains to
hydrocarbon fuels
6
How do “Conventional” oil fields/petroleum pools/ aka
“Oil Traps” form?
1) Need Source Rock (different
types)
(sedimentary layers originally containing
organic C)
Geothermal Gradient:
~1,6Km
20 – 30 deg C/Km
~3Km
Or 77 deg F/Mi
~6Km
2) Need burial / Heat and Pressure
applied to source rocks to promote
Kerogen conversions
3) Concentrate petroleum into a pool-> HC compounds can Migrate
from source rocks into rocks that
can become saturated with
petroleum.
4) Need Reservoir Rock: permeable
rock whose pore space is saturated
with oil/gas
and one last thing……..>>>>
How do oil fields/petroleum pools form?
5) To accumulate a pool, the
HC must be trapped in the
Reservoir Rock:
Need Cap Rock:
impermeable layer that
halts migration of fluids
(e.g. shale, salt deposit)
Common “Oil Traps”
include anticlines,
faults, salt domes &
stratigraphic
7
Geologic Setting of the East Texas Oil Field
• Age: Cretaceous, ~100my
• Source Rock: Eagle Ford Shale
• Reservoir Rock & Cap Rock: Woodbine Formation,
(4 Members, 350 – 600ft thick, ss, sh, lms, coal, tuff) known since
early 1920s, sandstone deposited in a shallow sea, burial,
lithification, uplift, erosion, subsidence, another shallow sea,
deposition of impermeable calcareous ooze or chalk and finally
burial by other sedimentary formations.
• http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/shaleusa9.pdf
ES 10
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Oil and Natural Gas continued…
Past to Present (1 31 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Where doe the oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
st
Why use Oil?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
It burns
Yields lots of energy
It’s relatively cheap
It flows
Easy to extract or pump it out
Easy to transport
Not much land disruption
It’s abundant
At end of 2011, world proven crude oil reserves stood at over
>1.4 trillion Barrels (~1,482 billion barrels)
1,481,526
• can be converted to useful materials
8
Refining Crude Oil
Heating / distilling separates crude oil into
components with different boiling points
Lightest components rise: petroleum gases,
gasoline. Then kerosene (used as jet fuel),
heating oil, and diesel fuel for trucks, buses,
trains, and ships. Heaviest fractions stay at
the bottom of the column: lubricating oils,
waxes and asphalt.
Petrochemicals are products of oil
distillation, over 4,000. Common
“end-products” are pesticides,
plastics, fibers, paints, synthetic
rubbers and medicines
42 Gallons/Barrel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eCt0VDg-Kc
Why use Natural Gas?
A bi-product of oil & coal used as fuel, and
in smelting iron ore
Mostly methane, ethane, propane, butane
• Burns hotter than oil
• It’s cleaner than oil
• Easy to extract
• Easy to transport
• Yields lots of energy
• Global reserves up 140% since 1973
*Includes both home heating oil and diesel fuel
• Not much land disruption
**Heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation, and for electric power
generation (Source: American Petroleum Institute)
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