4(2&3) : 197-205, 2010
N
LIMNOLOGY OF TWO SPRINGS ADJACENT TO CHATTHA NULLAH
JAMMU PART III. ZOOPLANKTON
Save Nature to Survive
QUARTERLY
S.P.S.DUTTA, M. KHULLAR* AND J. SHARMA
Department of Environmental Sciences,
Jammu University, Jammu -180 004
E-mail: khullarmridhu@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Zooplankton, a very dynamic portion of total plankton, has a greater species
diversity and their composition varies with seasonal production of meroplankton
such as eggs, larvae and juveniles of benthos, nekton etc. Functionally, the
zooplankton includes detritivores, herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. These
excrete dissolved and particulate inorganic and organic materials that can serve
as nutrient for saprovores, phytoplankton and caprovores. Zooplankton influences
ionic composition and nutrient quality, either by removal of material as food or
addition of fecal matter and excretory products. These, after death, sink and form
rich organic deposits i.e. detritus. Zooplankton is also recognized as the biological
indicator of water. (Das and Pandey, 1978; Vasisht and Sra, 1979; Sladeck, 1983;
Narayana and Somashekhar, 2002; and Mishra, 2005). Role of zooplankton as
prey and predators of fish is also well-known (Nikolsky, 1999). Earlier, except the
reports of Slathia et al., (2001), and Dutta et al., (2006), there is no published
work on this aspect of limnology for Jammu springs. Taking into consideration
the importance of zooplankton in aquatic environment, present study was
undertaken in two springs and has been described.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of
zooplankton in two springs was undertaken
and has been described. Zooplankton,
qualitatively, comprising of fifty six species have
shown the presence of thirty seven species of
protozoans, seven species of rotifers, three
species of copepods and their three larvae,
three species of miscellaneous insects, five
species of annelids and water nematodes.
Quantitative study has shown the dominance
of Protozoa (190-1362), followed by Rotifera
(0-937), Copepod (0-456), Insecta (0-173),
water Nematoda (0-63) and Oligochaeta (012). Analysis of coefficient of correlation of
zooplankton, Sorenson’s index of similarity
and species diversity index has also been
calculated. Species diversity index above 1
indicates clean water conditions of these
springs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Topography
Chattha nullah, an important perennial tributary of the Behlol nullah, is fed by a
large number of seasonal and perennial limnocrene and rheocrene springs. For
the present one year limnological study, the two limnocrene springs, located on
the sides of Chattha nullah, near village Gadigarh, were selected. Water of these
springs is used for bathing, washing and drinking purposes.
Monthly zooplanktonic samples, at each spring, were collected by filtering two
litres of water through a planktonic net (No. 25). Samples were preserved in 5%
formaldehyde solution in labelled glass tubes and were identified (Ward and
Whipple, 1959; Arora, 1965; Nair et al., 1971; Battish, 1981; Dutta, 1983; Adoni,
1985 and Kudo, 1986) and counted in Sedgewick Rafter counting cell. The
results are expressed as number/L.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of zooplanktonic analysis of two experimental springs and their mean
have been tabulated in Tables 1 to 3.
Qualitative composition
Qualitatively, zooplankton, comprising of 56 species, has shown the dominance
of Protozoa (Volvox sp., Euglena deses, E.gracilis, E.spirogyra, E.viridis, Phacus
acuminata, P.oscillans, Peranema trichophorum, Lepocynclis sp., Entosiphon
197
KEY WORDS
Zooplankton
Seasonal change
Diversity
Dominance
Received :
Revised :
Accepted :
04.02.2010
24.06.2010
27.07.2010
*Corresponding author
S. P. S. DUTTA et al.,
Table 1: Monthly variations in zooplankton (number/litre) at spring I, adjacent to Chattha nullah, Jammu
Months
May. Jun.
Jul.
Aug. Sep.
Oct.
Nov. Dec. Jan.
Organisms
PROTOZOA
Volvox sp.
Euglena deses Ehren.
Euglena gracilis Klebs
Euglena spirogyra Ehren.
Euglena viridis Ehren.
Total Euglena Spp.
Phacus acuminate Stokes
P. oscillans klebs
Total Phacus spp.
Peranema trichophorum (Ehren.)
Lepocynclis sp.
Entosiphon sulcatum (Dujardin)
Amoeba gorgonian Penard
A. proteus (Pallas)
Total Amoeba spp.
Pelomyxa sp.
Arcella Vulgaris Ehren.
A. discoides Ehren.
Total Arcella spp.
Difflugia corona Wallich
Centropyxis aculeata (Ehren.)stein
C. ecornis (Ehren.) leidy
C. constricta (Ehren.) lenard
C. aerophila Deflandre
C. arcelloides Penard
Total Centropyxis spp.
Actinophrys sp.
Lacrymaria sp.
Nassula sp.
Chilodonella sp.
Paramecium Aurelia Ehren.
P. coudatum Ehren.
P. bursaria (Ehren.)
P. trichium Stokes
Total Paramecium spp.
Clopoda sp.
Colpidium sp.
Uronema marina Dujardin
Stentor sp.
Stylonychia sp.
Euplotes patella (Muller)
Vorticella microstoma Ehren.
Carchesium polypinum (Linnaeus)
TOTAL PROTOZOA
ROTIFERA
Brachionus quadridentatus(Hermann)
Euchlanis dilatata Myers
Colurella obtuse Gosse
Lecane (Monostyla) bulla Gosse
Cephalodella sp.
Philodina sp.
Lepadella ovalis Muller
TOTAL ROTIFERA
ARTHROPODA
CRUSTACEA
COPEPODA
Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus)
Eucyclops serrulatus Fischer
Paracyclops fimbriatus Fischer
Nauplius
Metanauplius
Copedodid larvae
Total larval stages
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
10
10
20
-
72
18
28
46
118
26
24
24
6
6
71
32
103
6
6
165
24
12
12
36
38
105
105
105
15
263
19
19
18
18
19
28
47
66
28
94
28
76
282
21
46
46
46
34
80
34
181
85
42
127
68
68
127
322
225
30
255
45
45
30
15
15
15
15
338
75
22
97
390
150
278
1613
43
12
34
89
12
12
12
26
26
544
170
170
442
170
1465
17
17
34
34
9
9
34
34
8
34
26
50
85
9
17
274
22
40
40
80
50
130
1140
1352
115
115
310
310
51
51
26
26
765
765
697
19694
-
39
39
-
15
21
36
66
66
-
17
85
102
30
30
17
17
111
17
128
120
120
550
150
550
230
1720
23
17
40
18
27
27
13
19
20
-
-
-
2
-
85
21
42
42
84
-
-
93
136
60
196
100
50
50
102
2
-
198
LIMNOLOGY OF TWO SPRINGS
cont....Table 1: Monthly variations in zooplankton (number/litre) at spring I, adjacent to Chattha nullah, Jammu
Months
May.
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Total Copedoda
Insecta
Diptera
Chironomus sp.
Coleopterans
Insecta unidentified
Total insecta
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Aeolosoma hemprichi (Ehren.)
Nais communis Piguet
Dero digitata (Muller)
Chaetogaster orientalis Steph
Stylaria fossularis Leidy
Total oligochaeta
Nematoda
Water Nematodes
Total zooplankton
45
33
-
-
-
2
190
-
-
289
150
104
9
9
19
19
-
-
47
47
161
161
-
110
110
-
-
20
20
60
60
-
13
13
-
15
15
-
-
-
-
9
9
-
-
-
172
269
36
324
395
344
614
1753
30
1521
34
725
100
3342
2168
sulcapum, Amoeba gorgonian, A.proteus, Pelomyxa sp.,
Arcella vulgaris, A.discoides,Difflugia corona, Centropyxis
aculeate, C.ecornis, C.constricta, C.aerophila, C.arcelloides,
Actinophrys sp., Lacrymaria, sp., Nassula sp., Chilodonella
sp., Parmecium aurelia , P.caudatum, P.bursaria , P.trichium,
Colpoda sp., Colpidium sp., Uronema sp., Stentor sp.,
Stylonychia sp., Euplotes patella, Vorticella microstoma and
Carchesium polypinum) followed by Rotifera (Brachionus
quadridentatus, Euchlanis dilatata, Colurella obtusa
,Lecane(monostyla) bulla, Cephalodella sp., Philodina sp. and
lepadella ovalis) Copepoda (Mesocyclos leuckarti, Eucyclops
serrulatus and Paracyclops fimbriatus) and their larvae
(nauplius, metanauplius and copepodid), Insecta
(Chironomus sp., coleopterans and unidentified insects),
Oligochaeta (Aeolosoma hemprichi, Nais communis, Dero
digitata, Chaetogaster orientalis and Stylaria fossularis) and
water nematodes. When compared to the observations of
some earlier workers, present zooplanktonic composition is
different. Jana and Sarkar (1971) reported Protozoa, Nematoda,
Crustacea and Rotifera (Brachionus sp., Lecane sp. and Dipolis
sp.) from Swetganga spring, Bakreswar. Jana (1973)
documented the presence of nematodes (Torbrilus sp.),
copepods (Cyclopas sp. and nauplius larvae) and rotifers
(Lecane sp. and Brachionus sp.) from thermal springs of
Bakreswar, Birbhum. Tanti and Saha (1992) noticed one
species each of Nematoda, Insecta and Protozoa from thermal
springs of Rajgir, Bihar. Saha (1993) worked out the association
of protozoans (Arcella discoides, Lesquereusia spiralis,
Euglypha sp. and Vorticella sp.) rotifers (Monostyla sp., Lecane
sp. and Brachionus sp.), nematodes (Monunchus macrostoma
and Trilobus gracilis), crustaceans (Cyclops sp. and nauplius
larvae) and insects (Chiromomus sp.) from Bhimbandh thermal
springs, Bihar. Slathia et al., (2001) analyzed zooplankton of
of Rehtari spring and observed the presence of fifteen species
of protozoans and four species of rotifers; Dutta et al., (2006)
made zooplanktonic analysis of Bhilan spring water and
documented the association of seven species of protozoans
and one species of crustacean. Limnocrene nature of springs,
optimum range of temperature and chemical characteristics
of water, may explain present quantitative richness of
zooplankton in these springs. An overall zooplanktonic
analysis has shown the dominance of protzoans and is in
agreement with the observations of Saha (1993), Slathia et al.,
(2001) and Dutta et al., (2006).
Qualitative zooplanktonic analysis has shown irregular
presence of various groups of zooplankton in these springs.
Among the various genera of protozoans, Volvox is seen five
times (May, June, July, August and October), Euglena eight
times (July, September, October and December to April).
Among various species of Euglena, E.viridis is seen only once
(December), E.spirogyra twice (December and January),
E.gracilis thrice (January, March and April) and E. deses six
times (July, September, October, January, February and March).
Among the various species of Phacus, P.oscillans is observed
twice (October, November) and P. acuminata six times (June,
September, October, November, January and April), Pernema
trichophorum, Lepocynclis and Entosiphon sulcatum, among
flagellates, are observed only once in October, January and
March, respectively ( Table 3).
Among Rhizopoda, Pelomyxa sp. is seen once (December)
and Amoeba sp. four times (August, December, February and
March). Arcella remined almost perennial, except in October
and January. Among its various species, A. discoides is noticed
five times (May, July, August, September and November) and
A.vulgaris is noticed eight times (June, July, August, September,
December, February, March and April). Genus Difflugia,
represented by D.corona, is observed only once in October
(Table 3). Genus Centropyxis, which showed its absence in
the month of September, October, November, recorded
maximum qualitative diversity in May and August. Among its
various species, C. constricta (August and March), C. aerophila
(July and August) and C. arcelloides (May and August) are
noticed twice, and C.aculeata (May, June, December, January,
March and April ) and C.ecornis (May, June, August, December,
January and February) six times .
Qualitatively, among various genera of ciliates, Colpidium
(January), Stentor (December), Nassula (January), Chilodonella
(December) and Carchesium (November) are seen only once;
Uronema twice (January, February); Lacrymaria (June, January,
February) and Colpoda (June, August, September) thrice;
Stylonychia four times (June, July, December and February);
199
S. P. S. DUTTA et al.,
Table 2: Monthly variations in zooplankton (number/litre) at spring II, adjacent to Chattha nullah, Jammu
Months
May. Jun.
Jul.
Aug. Sep. Oct.
Nov. Dec.
Organisms
Protozoa
Volvox sp.
Euglena deses Ehren.
Euglena gracilis Klebs
Euglena spirogyra Ehren.
Euglena viridis Ehren.
Total Euglena Spp.
Phacus acuminate Stokes
P. oscillans klebs
Total Phacus spp.
Peranema trichophorum (Ehren.)
Lepocynclis sp.
Entosiphon sulcatum (Dujardin)
Amoeba gorgonian Penard
A. proteus (Pallas)
Total Amoeba spp.
Pelomyxa sp.
Arcella Vulgaris Ehren.
A. discoides Ehren.
Total Arcella spp.
Difflugia corona Wallich
Centropyxis aculeata (Ehren.)stein
C. ecornis (Ehren.) leidy
C. constricta (Ehren.) lenard
C. aerophila Deflandre
C. arcelloides Penard
Total Centropyxis spp.
Actinophrys sp.
Lacrymaria sp.
Nassula sp.
Chilodonella sp.
Paramecium Aurelia Ehren.
P. coudatum Ehren.
P. bursaria (Ehren.)
P. trichium Stokes
Total Paramecium spp.
Clopoda sp.
Colpidium sp.
Uronema marina Dujardin
Stentor sp.
Stylonychia sp.
Euplotes patella (Muller)
Vorticella microstoma Ehren.
Carchesium polypinum (Linnaeus)
Total protozoa
Rotifera
Brachionus quadridentatus(Hermann)
Euchlanis dilatata Myers
Colurella obtuse Gosse
Lecane (Monostyla) bulla Gosse
Cephalodella sp.
Philodina sp.
Lepadella ovalis Muller
Total Rotifera
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Copepoda
Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus)
Eucyclops serrulatus Fischer
Paracyclops fimbriatus Fischer
Nauplius
Metanauplius
Copedodid larvae
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
72
54
54
34
34
93
93
1377
1630
26
24
24
8
8
16
16
8
40
32
72
120
160
144
8
586
24
12
12
48
60
108
36
36
12
204
12
408
30
28
28
57
9
66
47
38
19
28
132
38
19
321
19
19
18
18
60
60
97
21
46
46
46
34
80
34
46
57
57
115
115
514
85
42
127
13
138
278
225
225
38
38
20
38
38
10
10
20
133
19
152
12
95
123
95
818
43
12
36
91
12
12
12
12
36
48
24
24
240
240
420
871
17
17
23
23
8
8
8
8
8
608
83
755
10
10
20
22
44
44
22
22
55
44
207
115
115
310
310
81
81
230
230
23
759
-
64
64
12
12
24
9
9
-
23
333
356
-
19
19
96
76
84
256
8
36
9
53
110
44
154
23
58
81
-
-
-
-
-
195
115
-
487
234
-
-
-
-
44
132
132
121
66
50
42
-
200
-
LIMNOLOGY OF TWO SPRINGS
cont....Table 2: Monthly variations in zooplankton (number/litre) at spring II, adjacent to Chattha nullah, Jammu
Months
May.
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Total larval stages
Total Copedoda
Inecta
Diptera
Chironomus sp.
Coleopterans
Insecta unidentified
Total Insecta
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Aeolosoma hemprichi (Ehren.)
Nais communis Piguet
Dero digitata (Muller)
Chaetogaster orientalis Steph
Stylaria fossularis Leidy
Total Oligochaeta
Nematoda
Water Nematodes
Total Zooplankton
-
-
-
-
-
310
234
721
-
-
-
319
495
92
17
17
24
24
2
2
-
24
24
184
184
6
3
4
13
19
2
21
2
1
3
38
38
22
22
-
-
8
8
24
24
-
-
11
11
-
9
9
-
-
-
-
458
333
121
1375 1012 867
878
932
1642 682
Euplotes eight times (May, June, July, August, October,
December, February and March) and Paramecium (May, June,
,August, September, October, December, January, February
and April) nine times. Vorticella however, remained almost
perennial, except in May. An overall protozoans analysis has
shown January highest and November lowest diversity.
96
1226 846
July, August, October, December and January minimum
diversity in these springs. Water nematodes made their
presence in January, February and March only.
Qualitatively, zooplankton recorded tetramodal viz. June, August,
October and March peaks. These observed March maximum
and May and September minimum diversity (Table 3).
Seasonally, among the rotifers, Lepadella ovalis and
Brachionus quadridentatus are seen once in March and
October, respectively, Lecane (Monostyla) bulla twice (March
and April); Cephalodella sp. thrice (July, August and March)
and Euchlanis dilatata (January, February, March and April)
and Colurella obtusa (November, January, February and
March) four times, and Philodina sp. recorded it’s May
absence. An overall rotifers study has shown January, February,
April qualitative increase. March highest June lowest qualitative
count and May total absence (Table 3).
Quantitative variations
The order of quantitative dominance of total zooplankton,
protozoans, rotifers, copepods, insects, oligochaetes and water
nematodes in these two springs is seen as 247-2110n/L>
190-1362n/L> 0-937n/L> 0-456n/L> 0-173n/L> 0-12n/L
and 0-63n/L, respectively (Table 3).
Quantitative dominance of protozoans, observed presently is
in accordance with the earlier observation of Saha (1993)
from Bhimbandh thermal springs, Slathia et al., (2001) from
Rehtari springs Udhampur and Dutta et al., (2006) from Bhilan
springs. Rich algal growth, optimum physico-chemical
conditions and presence of fish may explain quantitative
dominance of protozoan in these springs, under study. Brown
and Austin (1973) attributed protozoan dominance to the rich
Copepods, among crustacean zooplankton, also remained
seasonal. Among various species of Copepods, Paracyclopes
fimbriatus is observed thrice (October, November and March)
Mesocyclops leuckarti four times (May, June, March and April)
and Eucyclops serrulatus four times (October, November,
February and April). Larval stages viz. nauplius, metanauplis
and copepodid recorded their presence in May, June,
November, February and March (Table 3). Copepods
maximum qualitative diversity is seen during November and
March and minimum during May, June, October and April.
These recorded total absence in July, August, September,
December and January (Table 3).
algal growth and alkaline pH.
Quantitatively, protozoan recorded May, December, January
and April increase. Protozoan count remained low in the
month of July, august and September. Annual highest and
lowest record of protozoan count is seen in the month of April
and September, respectively.
Analysis of coefficient of correlation (r) of protozoan, with water
quality parameters, has shown significant correlation with water
temperature (r =0.6284*) and phosphate (r=-0.6893*) in these
springs. Quantitatively the order of dominance of various genera
of Protozoa has been seen Euplotes (0-689n/L) > Paramecium
(0-498n/L) > Vorticella (0-360n/L) > Phacus (0-310n/L) >
Uronima (0-304n/L) > Nassula (0-272n/L) > Stylonychia (0243n/L) > Euglena (0-240n/L) > Colpidium (0-221n/L) >
Chilodonella (0-169n/L) > Volvox (0-72n/L) > Carchesium (069n/L) > Centropyxis (0-67n/L) > Arcella (0-66n/L) > Colpoda
Among the various miscellaneous forms, Chironomus
recorded absence in July, August and January. Coleopteran
were seen during July, November and January and unidentified
insects in the month of December. Among the various species
of Oligochaeta, Dero digitata, Chaetogaster orientalis and
Stylaria fossularis are seen only once in January, June and
October, respectively. Aeolosoma hemprichi (July and
December) and Nais communis (June and August) are observed
twice. Qualitatively, oligochaetes recorded June maximum and
201
S. P. S. DUTTA et al.,
Table 3: Monthly mean variations in zooplankton (number/litre) at spring I and spring II, adjacent to Chattha nullah, Jammu
Months Organisms
May. Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec. Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Protozoa
Volvox sp.
Euglena deses Ehren.
Euglena gracilis Klebs
Euglena spirogyra Ehren.
Euglena viridis Ehren.
Total Euglena Spp.
Phacus acuminate Stokes
P. oscillans klebs
Total Phacus spp.
Peranema trichophorum (Ehren.)
Lepocynclis sp.
Entosiphon sulcatum (Dujardin)
Amoeba gorgonian Penard
A. proteus (Pallas)
Total Amoeba spp.
Pelomyxa sp.
Arcella Vulgaris Ehren.
A. discoides Ehren.
Total Arcella spp.
Difflugia corona Wallich
Centropyxis aculeata (Ehren.)stein
C. ecornis (Ehren.) leidy
C. constricta (Ehren.) lenard
C. aerophila Deflandre
C. arcelloides Penard
Total Centropyxis spp.
Actinophrys sp.
Lacrymaria sp.
0Nassula sp.
Chilodonella sp.
Paramecium Aurelia Ehren.
P. coudatum Ehren.
P. bursaria (Ehren.)
P. trichium Stokes
Total Paramecium spp.
Colpoda sp.
Colpidium sp.
Uronema marina Dujardin
Stentor sp.
Stylonychia sp.
Euplotes patella (Muller)
Vorticella microstoma Ehren.
Carchesium polypinum (Linnaeus)
Total protozoa
Rotifera
Brachionus quadridentatus(Hermann)
Euchlanis dilatata Myers
Colurella obtuse Gosse
Lecane (Monostyla) bulla Gosse
Cephalodella sp.
Philodina sp.
Lepadella ovalis Muller
Total Rotifera
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Copepoda
Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus)
Eucyclops serrulatus Fischer
Paracylops fimbriatus Fischer
Nauplius
Metanauplius
Copedodid larvae
Total larval stages
Total copepoda
Apr.
72
27
27
9
14
17
40
47
47
689
875
26
24
24
7
7
44
16
60
4
23
16
39
60
80
72
4
376
24
12
12
24
30
54
18
18
6
102
6
222
38
14
14
29
5
33
24
19
10
14
67
53
53
53
19
17
294
19
19
18
18
10
14
24
63
14
77
14
38
190
21
46
46
46
34
80
34
23
29
29
58
58
348
85
42
127
34
34
70
69
300
225
15
240
42
42
25
27
27
5
13
18
169
104
21
125
6
243
137
186
1216
43
12
35
90
12
12
12
6
31
37
12
12
272
205
205
221
210
85
1168
17
17
17
12
29
8
8
21
21
4
4
17
13
30
304
43
46
9
515
10
10
20
22
22
22
31
31
40
25
65
598
22
780
115
115
310
310
66
66
13
13
383
115
498
360
1362
-
52
52
6
6
12
8
15
23
33
33
11
167
178
8
43
51
25
25
48
38
51
137
59
18
13
90
60
60
330
75
247
115
937
23
29
9
61
9
14
14
34
7
10
10
17
-
-
-
98
58
156
286
11
138
21
159
456
-
-
-
-
47
68
30
98
144
72
66
91
61
33
185
323
76
22
98
202
LIMNOLOGY OF TWO SPRINGS
Table 3: Monthly mean variations in zooplankton (number/litre) at spring I and spring II, adjacent to Chattha nullah, Jammu
Months Organisms
Insecta
Diptera
Chironomus sp.
Coleopterans
Insecta unidentified
Total Insecta
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Aeolosoma hemprichi (Ehren.)
Nais communis Piguet
Dero digitata (Muller)
Chaetogaster orientalis Steph
Stylaria fossularis Leidy
Total Oligochaeta
Nematoda
Water Nematodes
Total Zooplankton
May.
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
13
13
22
22
1
1
-
36
36
173
173
3
3
6
10
55
65
1
1
19
19
21
21
30
30
-
7
4
11
12
12
8
8
-
6
6
-
5
5
5
5
-
-
-
911
476
247
325
259
861
813
1311
63
1374
17
785
50
2110
1551
Table 4: Coefficient of correlation (r) between the zooplankton and physico-chemical parameters of spring I and spring II, adjacent to Chattha
nullah, Jammu
Parameters
Water
pH
temp. ºC
Electrical DO
conductivity
-0.6284*
-0.2808
-0.2865
-0.0766
0.4990
0.5054
-0.7052*
-0.4580
-0.0184
-0.4480
0.2423
0.5105
-0.2889
0.5653*
Organisms
Protozoa
Rotifera
Copepoda
Insecta
Oligochaeta
Nematoda
Total
zooplankton
0.0012
0.4543
-0.0363
0.1883
0.0013
0.7116*
0.42010
Free CO2
0.3755 -0.0256
0.2252 -0.1620
0.0557 -0.7965**
-0.0142 -0.5562*
-0.5318* 0.7428**
-0.3306 -0.7232**
0.1756 -0.6498*
HCO3-
Cl-
-0.1894 -0.0076
-0.3473 -0.1380
-0.5765* -0.3810
-0.0014 -0.1552
-0.5755* 0.5200
-0.3678 -0.3922
-0.4565 -0.0407
Ca++
Mg++
Total
PO43hardness
-0.2432
-0.0238
0.6604*
0.5562*
0.0934
-0.1831
-0.0005
-0.4756
-0.3080
0.3196
0.3556
-0.0027
-0.4626
-0.4223
-0.4060
-0.1264
0.3050
0.4413
-0.0729
-0.1346
-0.2669
NO 3-
-0.6893* -0.0802
-0.1077 -0.1656
-0.2203 -0.1460
-0.1175 -0.1666
0.5039 0.5077
-0.0093 -0.1776
-0.3446 -0.1895
SiO2
-0.1272
-0.1495
-0.1873
0.2424
0.1934
-0.1835
-0.2384
*Significant correlation at 0.05 level (p<0.05); ** Significant correlation at 0.0 1level (p<0.01)
22n/L) > Lepocynclis, Lacrymaria and Actinophrys (0-12n/L)
and > Stentor (0-6n/L).
Table 5: Student’s ‘t’ test (significance test) of zooplankton with
various abiotic factors
Parameters
Zooplankton
Water temperature
pH
Electrical conductivity
DO
Free CO2
HCO3ClCa++
Mg++
Total hardness
Nitrate
Phosphate
Silicate
1.6360
1.6656
1.3724
1.674
1.6534
1.0306
1.6400
1.5585
1.6344
1.1803
1.6770
1.6780
1.6781
Quantitatively, total rotifers, fluctuating between 0-937n/L,
recorded March highest and July lowest count and total
absence in the month of May. The order of quantitative
dominance of various genera of rotifers has been seen as
Lecane (0-330n/L) > Philodina (0-247n/L) > Lepadella (0115n/L) > Cephalodella (0-75n/L) > Euchlanis and Colurella
(0-60n/L) and > Brachionus (0-12n/L). Rotifera, in these two
springs, have shown in significant correlation (r) with various
physico-chemical parameters of water (Table 4).
Quantitatively, Copepods, both adult and larval stages, ranging
between 0-456n/L, recorded November and March peaks.
These observe November highest and June lowest count and
remained absent in July, August, September, December and
January. The order of quantitative dominance of various genera
of copepods has been seen as Eucyclops (0-286n/L) >
Mesocyclops (0-76n/L) and > Paracyclops (0-66n/L). Among
Critical value of ‘t’ test at 5% level is 2.201
(0-60n/L) > Amoeba (0-42n/L) > Peranema (0-34n/L) >
Pelomyxa (0-25n/L) > Difflugia (0-23n/L) > Entosiphon (0-
Table 6: Coefficient of correlation (r) between the zooplankton and phytoplankton of spring I and spring II, adjacent to Chattha nullah,
Jammu
Zooplankton Phytoplankton
Protozoans
Rotifers
Copepods
Insects
Oligochaetes
Nematodes
Zooplankton
Chlorophyceae
Bacillariophyceae
Cyanophyceae
Phytoplankton
0.4772
0.4276
0.4122
0.5417*
0.1890
-0.0784
0.2086
-0.1863
0.6711
0.3400
0.0666
0.0830
-0.0831
-0.0379
-0.1473
-0.0042
-0.6647*
-0.4276
-0.5552*
-0.3694
0.1246
-0.1190
0.3324
-0.0668
0.6089*
0.3612
0.4262
0.4210
*Significant correlation at 0.05 level (P<0.05); **Significant correlation at 0.01 level (P<0.01)
203
S. P. S. DUTTA et al.,
as Aeolosoma (0-12n/L) > Nais (0-8n/L) > Stylaria (0-5n/L)
and > Cheatogaster (0-4n/L).
Table 7: Sorenson’s index of similarity for Zooplankton
Months
Spring I and Spring II
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
Mean
0.2000
0.4545
0.0000
0.2352
0.3076
0.1538
0.3333
0.8000
0.1538
0.4800
0.4827
0.4705
0.3392
Water netmatodes recorded their irregular presence, with
January and March highest count (Table 3). Statistical analysis
of water nematodes, with different physico-chemical
parameters of water has shown significant correlation with pH
(r = 0.7116**) & free carbon dioxide (r = 0.7232**).
An overall study of total zooplankton has shown October,
January and March peaks. These recorded March highest and
July lowest count (Table 3). Monsoon (July, August, and
September) absence/ low count of various zooplankton
species may be attributed to the effect of floods. Analysis of
coefficient of correlation (r) of total zooplankton with various
physico-chemical characteristics of water has shown
significant correlation with water temperature (r = -0.7052**),
electrical conductivity (r = 0.5653*) and free carbon dioxide
(r = -0.6498*) only. Student’s‘t’ test of zooplankton with abiotic
factors is also insignificant (Table 5)
Table 8: Diversity index of zooplankton at spring I and spring II and
mean, adjacent to Chattha nullah, Jammu.
Months
Spring I
Spring II
Mean
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
Mean
2.3718
2.6700
0.0000
0.5111
3.8775
0.2330
2.9567
2.4525
2.2921
3.3696
3.0098
2.3460
2.1716
0.9928
3.001
2.7338
3.2769
1.8243
3.4631
1.5722
2.0781
2.7988
0.5508
1.9276
2.6524
2.2393
1.6823
2.8355
1.3669
1.894
2.8509
1.8331
2.2645
2.2653
2.5455
1.9602
2.4687
2.4992
Among various phytoplanktonic groups, total zooplankton
have shown significant coefficient of correlation (r) with
Chlorophyceae (r = 0.6089*) and insignificant with
Bacillalriophyceae (r = 0.3612), Cyanophyceae (0.4210*)
and total phytoplankton (r = 0.4210) (Table 6). Among
different groups of zooplankton, protozoans, rotifers,
crustaceans, insects generally have shown insignificant
correlation.
Sorenson’s index of similarity
Analysis of Sorenson’s index of similarity for zooplankton at
spring I and II has shown annual mean range between 0 (July)
-0.8000 (December), which indicates incomplete similarity
(Table 7). Index of similarity remained low during May, July,
August, October and January. Effect of rains, may explain July
and August low records of zooplankton similarity of index in
these springs.
the larval stages of copepods, the order of quantitative
dominance has been seen as nauplius (0-138n/L) >
metanauplius (0-61n/L) and > copepodid (0-33n/L). Different
physico-chemical parameters of water, when correlated with
the number of copepods, have shown significant correlation
with free carbon dioxide (r = -0.7965**), bicarbonate (r = 0.5765*) and calcium (r = 0.6604*) only (Table 4).
Species diversity index
An observation of the Table 8 reveals annual mean record of
Shannon and Weaver diversity of zooplankton as 2.1716 and
2.2393 at spring I and II, respectively. Its annual mean variation
for two springs has been calculated as 1.3669 (July) and
2.8355 (June). This value above 1 indicates clean water
characteristics of these springs (Ransom and Dorris, 1972;
Wilhm and Dorris, 1968 and Zutshi, 1992). Seasonally,
diversity index recorded monsoon low record and is caused
by floods.
Insects in these two springs recorded October, December and
April increase. These showed October and December highest
count. Insect count remained low during May, July, January,
and November, with lowest count in July and complete
absence in August. Among the various insects, quantitative
analysis has shown the dominance of Chironomus (0-173n/L)
followed by unidentified insects (0-55n/L) and Coleoptera (o3n/L). Analysis of coefficient of correlation (r) has indicated
that any of the physico-chemical parameters, except free
carbon dioxide (-0.5562*) and calcium (r=0.5562*), does
not appear to be strong determinant for abundance of insects
in these springs.
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205
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