! "' "$ *!(&
!%
The HP 70911A IF module provides the HP 71910A receiver with
wideband demodulation and variable bandwidths up to 100 MHz, while
maintaining the gain accuracy of a spectrum analyzer.
) "$& $ !&$"'& $$! " $%&"#$ &($& ! "!$ $
•
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4,5;:
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CA *,5;,9 -9,8<,5*@ >/03, 4(05;(0505. ;/, ,?*,33,5;
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*6473,? 46+<3(;065:
0. :/6>: ;/, 4(169 05;,95(3 -<5*;065(3 )36*2: ;/(; 4(2,
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:0+,9(;065: -69 ;/,:, )36*2: 0: .0=,5 ),36> 6;, ;/(; ;/,
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67;065 *(9+*(., :0403(9 ;6 ;/(; 6--,9,+ 05 ;/, ! ?
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(33 67;065:
$*!(& %!
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)(5+>0+;/ -03;,9: %/, :,*65+ 7(9; +,:*90),: (5 (3;,95(;0=,
+,:0.5 ;/(; >(: *65:0+,9,+ (5+ 796=,5 -69 CAC;6C
CA )(5+>0+;/: )<; 56; 05*3<+,+ 05 ;/, -05(3 796+<*;
9,3,(:, %/, -05(3 7(9; +0:*<::,: ;/, +,:0.5 6- ;/, CAC
;6C
CA )(5+>0+;/: 6- ;/, ! Background. %6 :,9=, (: )(*2.96<5+ 4(;,90(3 -69 +,:*90)05.
=(90()3,C)(5+>0+;/ -03;,9 +,:0.5 ;/, +,:0.5 (7796(*/ <:,+
05 ;/, ! 46+<3, 0: +,:*90),+ /,9, %/, !
>(: ;/, 79,+,*,::69 6- ;/, ! (5+ <:,+ ;/,
:@5*/9656<:3@ ;<5,+ *3(:: 6- -03;,9:
$@5*/9656<:3@ ;<5,+ -03;,9: *65:0:; 6- :,=,9(3 763,: >0;/ ;/,
:(4, *,5;,9 -9,8<,5*@ (5+ " >0;/ )<--,905. ),;>,,5 ;/,
:;(.,: %/,9, (9, :,=,9(3 (+=(5;(.,: ;6 <:05. ;/0: 7(9;0*<3(9
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:7,*;9<4 (5(3@A,9 $05*, >, (9, ;9@05. ;6 *9,(;, ( *65;05<C
6<:3@ =(90()3, )(5+>0+;/ 6=,9 ( 3(9., (+1<:;4,5; 9(5., 0; 0:
(3:6 04769;(5; ;6 /(=, ( -03;,9 ;/(; *(5 ), ,(:03@ (+1<:;,+
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6- ( :30./; 40:(30.54,5; 05 +0--,9,5; :;(.,: 3:6 <5302,
6;/,9 )(5+7(:: ;67636.0,: ;/, " 6- ,(*/ :;(., 0: 3,:: ;/(5
;/, -05(3 9,8<09,+ -03;,9 "
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0: (++,+ ;6 9,+<*, ;/, " 6- ,(*/ 6- ;/, 05+0=0+<(3 :;(.,:
%/, 05+0=0+<(3 :;(.,: 3662 302, ;/, *09*<0; 05 0. %/,
)(5+>0+;/ 6- ;/0: *09*<0; 0: .0=,5 )@ ;/, -6336>05. ,8<(;065
':;(., #: #7πBB#:B#7
* Here Q is filter quality factor, not quadrature as in I-Q modulation.
*;6),9 ,>3,;;C!(*2(9+ 6<95(3
321.4
MHz
Input
IF Bandwidths
10 to 100 MHz 5
Poles
Step Gains
0 to 40 dB
Step Gains
0 to 30 dB
Calibration
Attenuator
0 to 15 dB
Option
Section
Standard
Control
Envelope
Detector
Video Bandwidths 10 kHz
to 100 MHz
Video Gain
70-MHz
DownConverter
70-MHz
Channel
Filters
70-MHz Output
140-MHz
DownConverter
140-MHz Output
Video
Output
321.4
MHz
Controller
Option
Control
FM
Discriminator
I-Q
DownConverter
FM Output
I Output
Q Output
321.4 MHz
+."* #( &1 , .% 3'$ ,.#4+$
6'$1$ / (2 3'$ $04(5 +$-3 / 1 ++$+ 1$2(23 -"$ "1.22 3'$ 3 -*
"(1"4(3 -# 2 (2 3'$ 2$1($2 ;1$#4"(-& 1$2(23 -"$ 7 #)423;
(-& 2 3'$ ! -#6(#3' " - !$ #)423$# ".-3(-4.42+7 /(2
3'$ ".,!(- 3(.- .% 3'$ (-/43 (,/$# -"$ .% 3'$ !4%%$1 23 &$
-# 3'$ $04(5 +$-3 / 1 ++$+ 1$2(23 -"$ .% 3'$ 3 -* "(1"4(3
7 " 2" #(-& 2$5$1 + .% 3'$2$ (-#(5(#4 + 23 &$2 27-"'1.;
-.42+7 34-$# %(+3$1 6(3' 3'$ #$2(1$# ! -#6(#3' " - !$
"1$ 3$# '$ $04 3(.- %.1 3'$ ! -#6(#3' .% - -;23 &$ 27-;
"'1.-.42+7 34-$# %(+3$1 (2
3.3 +: 23
&$9
9 -
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%(+3$1 3'$ 2$1($2 1$2(23 -"$ (2 "1$ 3$# !7 42(-& /;(;- #(.#$2 2
5 1( !+$ 1$2(23.12 '$ /;(;- #(.#$2 42$# 1$ ./3(,(8$# 2
"411$-3;".-31.++$# 1$2(23.12 '$ 1$2(23 -"$ 5 1($2 6(3'
%.16 1# !( 2 "411$-3 "".1#(-& 3. 3'$ %.++.6(-& 1$+ 3(.-2'(/
!
Amplifier
Amplifier
Rs
L
RP
3 -* "(1"4(3 6(3' 2$1($2 1$2(23 -"$ 2 %.1 #)423,$-3
'(2 "(1"4(3 1$/1$2$-32 .-$ 23 &$ .% 27-"'1.-.42+7 34-$# %(+3$1
"3.!$1 $6+$33; "* 1# .41- +
'(2 1$2(23 -"$ "' 1 "3$1(23(" '.+#2 %.1 %1$04$-"($2 !.5$ 3'$
+.6;%1$04$-"7 +(,(3 6'("' (2 2$3 !7 3'$ ,(-.1(37 " 11($1 +(%$;
3(,$ .% 3'$ /;(;- #$5("$ $+.6 3' 3 %1$04$-"7 3'$ #$5("$2
!$' 5$ +(*$ .1#(- 17 /;- )4-"3(.- #$5("$2 -# 1$"3(%7 3'$
2(&- + '(2 1$24+32 (- #(23.13(.- $%%$"32 3' 3 " - +(,(3 3'$ #7;
- ,(" 1 -&$ .% 3'$ %(+3$1 '$ 1$".,,$-#$# ./$1 3(-& %1$;
04$-"7 (2 3$- 3(,$2 3'$ +.6;%1$04$-"7 +(,(3 6'("' (2 &(5$!7 3'$ %.++.6(-& $04 3(.-
% ,(- 9 '$ 37/(" + 2/$"314, - +78$1 ' 2 %.41 .1 %(5$ 23 &$2 (27-"'1.-.42+7 34-$# %(+3$1 6'("' 1$24+32 (- (-#(5(#4 + 23 &$
! -#6(#3'2 .% 3. 3(,$2 3'$ .5$1 ++ %(+3$1 ! -#6(#3'
C
6'$1$
-# ! 1$ ".-23 -32 -# (2 3'$ %.16 1# !( 2 "411$-3
(- 3'$ #(.#$
6'$1$ τ (2 3'$ " 11($1 +(%$3(,$ . ,(-(,(8$ 3'$ #(23.13(.$%%$"32 %1., 1$"3(%(" 3(.- .%3$- 2$5$1 + /;(;- #(.#$2 1$ 42$#
(- 2$1($2 3. ,(-(,(8$ 3'$ 2(&- + 5.+3 &$ "1.22 $ "' (-#(5(#;
4 + #(.#$ 2$$ (& '(2 3./.+.&7 #$/$-#2 .- +.6 (,/$# -"$ #1(5(-& 3'$ /;(;#(.#$2 -# '(&' (,/$# -"$ !4%%$1(-& 3'$ 3 -* "(1"4(3
7/(" ++7 - !4%%$1 ,/+(%($1 (2 42$# 2 3'$ ,/+(%($1 3
3'$ .43/43 .% $ "' 23 &$ !$" 42$ .% (32 '(&' (-/43 (,/$#;
-"$ 1$ ,423 !$ 3 *$- (- 3'$ #$2(&- .% 3'(2 ,/+(%($1 3.
5.(# #(23.13(.- /1.!+$,2 " 42$# !7 3'$ + 1&$ 2(&- + 5.+3 &$
"1.22 3'$ 3 -* "(1"4(3 $$/(-& 3'$ -.-+(-$ 1 )4-"3(." / "(3 -"$ .% 3'$ !4%%$1 ,/+(%($1 2, ++ ".,/ 1$# 3.
Amplifier
FET
Amplifier
P-I-N Diodes
C
L
RP
3 -* "(1"4(3 6(3' /;(;- #(.#$2 (- /+ "$ .%
1$2(23 -"$
2$1($2
<0- +)8)+1<)6+- 7. <0- 7>-:)44 <)63 +1:+=1< 516151B-; <0-;,1;<7:<176 -..-+<;
,2=;<16/ <0- +=::-6< 16 <0- 8C1C6 ,17,-; +)6 8:7>1,- +76<16C
=7=;4A >):1)*4- *)6,?1,<0; 7>-: ) 4):/- :)6/- ';=)44A )
,1/1<)4C<7C)6)47/ +76>-:<-: 1; =;-, <7 +76<:74 <0- +=:C
:-6< 16 <0- 8C1C6 ,17,-; )6, )447? .7: ;-<<16/ ,1..-:-6< *)6,C
?1,<0;
&01; 5-<07, 7. >):A16/ <0- *)6,?1,<0 7. <0- .14<-:; ?7:3;
>-:A ?-44 ?1<0 76- ;41/0< 8:7*4-5 &0- ;-:1-; :-;1;<)6+- 16
+75*16)<176 ?1<0 <0- 8):)44-4 :-;1;<)6+- )+:7;; <0- <)63 +1:C
+=1< +:-)<-; ) >74<)/- ,1>1,-: ():A16/ <0- ;-:1-; 158-,)6+16<7 <0- <)63 +1:+=1< 67< 764A +0)6/-; <0- .14<-: *)6,?1,<0
*=< )4;7 +0)6/-; <0- 47;; <0:7=/0 <0- .14<-: ); ?-44 &01; )5C
841<=,- +0)6/- 1; )6 =6,-;1:)*4- ;1,- -..-+< %->-:)4 5-<07,;
0)>- *--6 =;-, <7 +758-6;)<- .7: <01; +0)6/- 16 )5841<=,-
!6- 7. <0- 5-<07,; <0)< 0); *--6 8)<-6<-, *A -?4-<<C
")+3):, =;-; .--,C.7:?):, +758-6;)<176 ;-- 1/ &01;
5-<07, 0); ;->-:)4 ),>)6<)/-; 7>-: 8:->17=; ;+0-5-; <0)<
:-4A 76 .--,*)+3 .7: )5841<=,- +758-6;)<176 &0- 1,-) 1; <7
;=5 <0- 8:78-: ;1/6)4 )< <0- 7=<8=< 67,- <7 7..;-< <0- ,:78
)+:7;; <0- ;-:1-; :-;1;<)6+- -4-5-6<
A ;=5516/ ) 8:78-:4A ;+)4-, >-:;176 7. <0- 168=< ;1/6)4
*)+3 16<7 <0- 7=<8=< 67,- ?1<0 ) +758-6;)<176 :-;1;<7: $+
<0- >74<)/- ,:78 )+:7;; $; +)6 *- +)6+-4-, A ;-<<16/
$+$8 <0- >74<)/- )< <0- 7=<8=< 67,- 1; )4?)A; -9=)4
<7 (16 16,-8-6,-6< 7. $;
%16+- $8 1; ,-<-:516-, *A <0- # 7. <0- <)63 +1:+=1< )6, <0168=< 158-,)6+- 7. <0- & *=..-: )5841.1-: 1< ,7-; 67< >):A
?1<0 *)6,?1,<0 &0=; $+ +)6 *- ),2=;<-, .7: -)+0 874- 7.
<0- .14<-: <7 +758-6;)<- .7: )5841<=,- >):1)<176; ():1)<176;
16 $8 7>-: <-58-:)<=:- +)6 *- +758-6;)<-, *A =;16/ )
<0-:51;<7: 16 <0- $+ +1:+=1< <7 +)6+-4 <0-1: -..-+<
%=5516/ ) ;+)4-, >-:;176 7. (16 16<7 <0- 7=<8=< 67,- ?1<0C
7=< 16<:7,=+16/ ;1/61.1+)6< )57=6<; 7. 671;- )6, ,1;<7:<176 1;
)++75841;0-, 16 ;75- " +1:+=1<; ?1<0 ) <:)6;.7:5-: +1:C
+=1< A ),,16/ ) 8:15):A ?16,16/ <7 <0- <)63 16,=+<7: )
<:)6;.7:5-: 1; +:-)<-, ?1<0 ) 76-C<7C.7=: <=:6; :)<17 1/ &01; ;-<; <0- >)4=- 7. <7 *- .7=: )6, ,-<-:516-; <0- >)4=7. $+ .7: ) /1>-6 $8 ); $+ $8 ';16/ ) <:)6;.7:5-: ?1<0 )
76-C<7C.7=: <=:6; :)<17 A1-4,; )6 158-,)6+- <:)6;.7:5)<176 7.
<7 &0=; ) :-;1;<7: 76 <0- 8:15):A ;1,- 7. <0- <:)6;C
.7:5-: 4773; 413- <15-; <0- :-;1;<)6+- .:75 <0- ;-+76,):A
;1,- --,16/ <0- 8:15):A ;1,- 7. <0- +1:+=1< .:75 (16 <0:7=/0
) +758-6;)<176 :-;1;<7: :-9=1:-; ) :-;1;<)6+- 7.
$+ $8
);+),16/ ;->-:)4 7. <0-;- ;<)/-; <7/-<0-: 1584-5-6<; )
;A6+0:767=;4A <=6-, .14<-: <0)< 0); ) +76<16=7=;4A >):1)*4*)6,?1,<0 )6, 67 +0)6/- 16 )5841<=,-
Rs
Vin
Rc
RP
KVin
&78747/A .7: ) .--,C.7:?):, )5841<=,- +758-6;)<176 +1:+=1<
Amplifier
FET
Amplifier
Rs
Rc
C
RP
L
1:4
--,C.7:?):, )5841<=,- +758-6;)<-, $ <)63 +1:+=1<
&0- " =;-; .7=: 7. <0- ;<)/-; ;07?6 16 1/ <7
1584-5-6< *)6,8);; .14<-:; ?1<0 *)6,?1,<0; ),2=;<)*4- .:75
3B <7 B )< ) +-6<-: .:-9=-6+A 7. B
Design for 1-MHz-to-10-MHz Bandwidths. 6 <0- " 57,=4- ?- 7:1/16)44A ?)6<-, <7 0)>- +76<16=7=;4A >):1)*4*)6,?1,<0; ,7?6 <7 B )< ) +-6<-: .:-9=-6+A 7. B &01; :-9=1:-, )6 7>-:)44 # 7. >-6 ?1<0 ;->-:)4
+);+),-, ;<)/-; 16 ) ;A6+0:767=;4A <=6-, +76.1/=:)<176 <016,1>1,=)4 874-; ;<144 :-9=1:-, ) 47),-, # /:-)<-: <0)6 &7 )+01->- ) 47),-, # <01; 01/0 :-9=1:-; ) ,->1+- <0)< *-C
0)>-; ); ) :-;76)6< +1:+=1< ?1<0 ) 5=+0 01/0-: =647),-, #
< ) +-6<-: .:-9=-6+A 7. B <0-:- ):- >-:A .-?
+071+-; 7. :-;76)<7:; <0)< +)6 )+01->- ) # <01; 01/0 1>-6
<0- ;1B- +76;<:)16<; 7. .1<<16/ 76 ) " *7):, 16;1,- )6
%
57,=4- <0- 87;;1*4- ;74=<176; <7 <01; ,-;1/6 8:7*4-5 ?-:4151<-,
%75- 7. <0- <:),1<176)4 +071+-; .7: 01/0C# :-;76)<7:; 16 <01;
.:-9=-6+A :)6/- 16+4=,- 0-41+)4 :-;76)<7:; )6, <:)6;51;;176
416- :-;76)<7:; &0- ;1B- 7. -1<0-: 7. <0-;- +071+-; ?); <0*1//-;< 7*;<)+4- <7 <0-1: =;- 16 <0- " 57,=4-
6-? :-;76)<7: <-+06747/A ?); .7=6, <0)< 5-< )44 7. <0+76;<:)16<; &01; :-;76)<7: 1; ) 9=):<-:C?)>-4-6/<0 ;07:<-,
+7)@1)4 <:)6;51;;176 416- .7:5-, .:75 ) 01/0C,1-4-+<:1+C
+76;<)6< +-:)51+ 5)<-:1)4 &0- ,1-4-+<:1+ +76;<)6< 7. <0- +-C
:)51+ 1; )88:7@15)<-4A ?01+0 A1-4,; ) 4-6/<0 7. 4-;;
<0)6 16+0 )< B .7: ) 9=):<-:C?)>-4-6/<0 :-;76)<7:
&0- +7)@1)4 :-;76)<7:; ):- .7:5-, ?1<0 ) ;9=):- 7=<-: +76C
,=+<7: 16+0 76 ) ;1,- )6, ) +1:+=4): 166-: +76,=+<7: 7.
C16+0 ,1)5-<-: &0-;- ,15-6;176; ):- ;5)44 -67=/0 <7
57=6< .7=: 7. <0-;- :-;76)<7:; 76 ) ;16/4- 8:16<-, +1:+=1<
*7):, ?1<0 <0- )88:78:1)<- +1:+=1<:A <7 +:-)<- ) .7=:C874;A6+0:767=;4A <=6-, .14<-: &0- =647),-, # 7. <0-;- +-:)51+
+7)@1)4 :-;76)<7:; )< B 1; ):7=6, ;07:<-, <:)6;51;;176 416- & *-0)>-; 413- ) 8):)44-4 $
:-;76)6< +1:+=1< )< ) +-6<-: .:-9=-6+A +7::-;876,16/ <7 )
9=):<-: ?)>-4-6/<0 7. 416- 6 -9=1>)4-6< $ 4=58-,C-4-C
5-6< 57,-4 .7: <01; +1:+=1< +)6 *- +)4+=4)<-, *A 5)<+016/
<0- ;478- 7. <0- :-)+<)6+- +0)6/- ?1<0 <0- .:-9=-6+A 7. <0<:)6;51;;176 416- +1:+=1< )< :-;76)6+- <7 )6 -9=1>)4-6< $
+1:+=1< 1/ &0- -9=1>)4-6< 8):)44-4 :-;1;<)6+- +)6 *- +)4C
+=4)<-, .:75 <0- # 7. <0- :-;76)<7:
&7 1584-5-6< ) ;A6+0:767=;4A <=6-, .14<-: )44 7. <0- ;<)/-;
6--, <7 *- )41/6-, <7 -@)+<4A <0- ;)5- +-6<-: .:-9=-6+A A
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+
FET Buffer
Resonator
TL
/4
R
L
+
C
Amplifier
Ct
Cc
T
L
+ Cb
Equivalent circuit for a ceramic resonator.
The resonator chosen for the HP 70911A investigation was
cut to a length that corresponded to approximately 360 MHz
so that it could be pulled into alignment at 321.4 MHz. Using
varactor diodes for the parallel capacitance allows the alignĆ
ment of all of the center frequencies using a DAC under
automated computer control.
For a square transmission line with a round center conductor
the characteristic impedance of the line can be approximated
by the following formula:1
ƪ
ƫ
Z 0ā ^ 60 ă lnā 1.079 w āohms
Ǹ r
d
where w is the width of the square transmission line, d is
the diameter of the coaxial element center conductor, and r
is the relative permittivity of the dielectric.
From the dimensions given above for coaxial resonators, Z0
is calculated to be approximately 6.3 ohms. Using the formuĆ
las given for R, L, and C in Fig. 6, the equivalent circuit of
the resonator looks like Fig. 7.
To implement a fourĆpole synchronously tuned filter, the
final Q of each stage needs to be 140 to meet the final deĆ
sired bandwidth of 1 MHz. This implies a total parallel
equivalent resistance of 1004 ohms. Since the resonator parĆ
allel resistance is only 1765 ohms, the total impedance of the
circuit that buffers each stage must be greater than 2327
ohms. It is a challenging design task to generate a buffer
stage with that high an impedance at a frequency of
321.4 MHz. To attain a maximum bandwidth of 10 MHz the
equivalent parallel resistance needs to be 100.4 ohms.
The circuit topology used for the 10ĆMHz to 100ĆMHz bandĆ
widths, which is discussed in the next section, worked well
at the lower Q levels, but was unable to provide the high
impedance necessary for the minimum bandwidth of 1 MHz.
To attain the high impedance needed, a GaAs FET buffer
stage is used across the resonator (see Fig. 8). The driver
stage is a commonĆbase configuration so the output impedĆ
ance level can be set high enough to be stepped up by a
tappedĆcapacitor transformer circuit, which is similar to the
10ĆMHzĆtoĆ100ĆMHz bandwidth circuit. The varactor diodes
used to vary the capacitive taps have a tuning range of apĆ
proximately 10 to 1.
Resonator with circuitry for bandwidth and center frequency
tuning.
For a tappedĆcapacitor transformer the effective turns ratio is
given by: N = Cb/Ct + 1. The impedance ratio varies with N2.
This impedance ratio provides the required bandwidth range
but there is a drawback. The tappedĆcapacitor transformer
also steps up the signal voltage at the input of the FET amĆ
plifier. This leads to distortion problems. The solution was to
step the voltage back down with a fixedĆratio tappedĆcapaciĆ
tor transformer (see Fig. 9). This keeps the voltage at the
FET down to a level that keeps the distortion within allowĆ
able limits.
Varying Ct and Cb can set the desired bandwidth from
2.3 MHz to 23 MHz for each pole. Cc is used to adjust the
center frequency to 321.4 MHz for each pole. Since the efĆ
fective capacitance across the resonator changes as the tap
capacitors are varied, the center frequency needs to be reĆ
adjusted as the bandwidth is varied. This is accomplished
with varactor diodes driven by DACs and a lookup table
containing the appropriate voltage settings for each bandĆ
width in 10% increments over the entire range of bandĆ
widths. Cascading four of these stages as a synchronously
tuned bandpass filter yields an overall bandwidth of 1 MHz
to 10 MHz.
Design for 10-MHz-to-100-MHz Bandwidths. The dynamic range
limitations of the resolution bandwidth filter design apĆ
proaches described above meant that they would not work
for the HP 70911A. A different approach was needed. A synĆ
chronous type of filter was still desired because synchronous
filters have low group delay variation. This is a requirement
for good pulse fidelity, which was one of the goals for the
HP 70911A. A fiveĆresonator synchronous filter was chosen
for the shape factor requirements and the range of bandĆ
width desired. These are two conflicting requirements
because, unlike other filter types, increasing the number of
resonators in a synchronous filter decreases the required Q
of the individual resonators. For the required maximum
Amplifier
Ct
Cc
TL
C1
FET Buffer
1765
Ohms
3.55 nH
55.1 pF
Circuit values for the ceramic resonator's equivalent circuit.
October 1995 HewlettĆPackard Journal
Cb
C2
1ĆMHzĆtoĆ10ĆMHz bandwidth filter stage.
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Tapped
Ideal
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2200 pF
29 pF
1 k
470 nH
470 nH
2.3 pF
470 nH
29 pF
2200 pF
470 nH
29 pF
17.5 nH
17.5 nH
1 k
2200 pF
2.3 pF
470 nH
470 nH
29 pF
29 pF
2200 pF
470 nH
17.5 nH
2200 pF
1 k
1 k
1 k
29 pF
29 pF
* Center Frequency
Adjust
* DAC Inputs
* Upper Tap
* Lower Tap
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0 dB
10 dB
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LowPass Filter
Q2
51
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(a)
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Differential
Amplifier
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9.;* 5489)*9*(9.43 '&3)<.)9- 4+ 9-* 24):1*8 7*841:9.43
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20.00
12.00
4.00
–4.00
–12.00
–20.00
–42.00
–32.00
–22.00
–12.00
–2.00
8.0
Input Power (dB)
*9*(947 1.3*&7.9> *7747
(94'*7 *<1*99B&(0&7) 4:73&1
2))( *36 % 136) '3140)< *900?;%:) 6)'8-*-)6 ;-8, -87 -2,)6)28
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36 ?> 398498 -7 6)59-6)( ",) 3**)67
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",)7) 7-+2%07 %6) %440-)( 83 % 1-<)6 ;,-', ,%7 731)
&9**)6-2+ -2 *6328 3* -8 %2( -7 *3003;)( &= %2 348-32%0 *-08)6
%2( %2 %140-*-)6 1%+) 6).)'8-32 *-08)6-2+ -7 238 4%68 3* 8,)
()7-+2 7-2') -8 -7 %7791)( 8,%8 8,) :%6-%&0)?&%2(;-(8, *-08)67
%6) -2 8,) 94786)%1 4%8, ",) 398498 *-08)6 -7 97)( 83 '32*-2)
8,) 398498 &%2(;-(8, 83 % 74)'-*-)( %13928
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03;7 8,) 1-<)6 ;,)6)%7 -2 8,) ?> ()7-+2 8,)6) -7 %
(-40)<)6 %8 8,) 1-<)6 398498 ;,-', 463:-()7 % +33( 398?3*?
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%003;7 '328-29397 )0)'8632-' %140-89() '328630 )<8 8,)6)
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40-*-)6 %073 463:-()7 8)14)6%896) '314)27%8-32 *36 8,) +%-2
321.4 MHz
300 MHz
Fractional-N
LO
Diplexer
3* 8,) &3%6( ",) '314)27%8-32 -7 (32) &= 97-2+ % 8,)61-7836
83 :%6= 8,) '966)28 -2 % 4?-?2 (-3() ;,-', :%6-)7 8,) )1-88)6
()+)2)6%8-32 -14)(%2') ;-8, 8)14)6%896)
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1%/) 8,) ',%22)0 *-08)67 % *0)<-&0) 348-32 *36 %2= 3* 8,)
78%2(%6( 3984987
",) (-7'6-1-2%836 +)2)6%8)7 %2 398498 :308%+) 8,%8 -7
0-2)%60= 4634368-32%0 83 8,) *6)59)2'= 3* 8,) -2498 7-+2%0 8
-7 97)( 83 ()13(90%8) ;-()&%2( *6)59)2'= 13(90%8)( 7-+?
2%07 79', %7 8,37) *392( -2 7%8)00-8) 8)0):-7-32 0-2/7 36 ',-64
6%(%67
",) /)= 4)6*361%2') 74)'-*-'%8-32 *36 8,) (-7'6-1-2%836
-7 0-2)%6-8= ()%00= 8,) *6)59)2'=?-2498?83?:308%+)?398498
86%27*)6 *92'8-32 7,390( &) % 786%-+,8 0-2) 96 +3%0 ;%7 83
1%/) 8,) 1%<-191 )6636 *631 % 786%-+,8 0-2) 0)77 8,%2 3*
8,) *900?7'%0) 398498 %'6377 8,) ?> ():-%8-32 6%2+) 3*
8,) ()13(90%836 ",) 8)',2-59)7 97)( -2 8,-7 ()7-+2 ;)6)
(6-:)2 46-1%6-0= &= 8,%8 +3%0
%2= (-**)6)28 8=4)7 3* '-6'9-87 ,%:) &))2 ()7-+2)( 83 (3
()13(90%8-32 ",)6) %6) 378)6?!))0= (-7'6-1-2%8367
6%8-3 ()8)'8367 4,%7)?03'/)( %2( *6)59)2'=?03'/)( ()13(9?
0%8367 %2( 7034) ()8)'8367 -+-8%0 8)',2-59)7 ;,-', '3928
8,) >)63 '6377-2+7 3* 8,) -2498 7-+2%0 %2( )<86%'8 8,) *6)?
59)2'= -2*361%8-32 1%8,)1%8-'%00= 3**)6 8,) 4631-7) 3*
8,),-+,)78 0-2)%6-8= ",)7) 8)',2-59)7 %6) 97)( -2 8,)
8,) %2( 38,)6 13(90%8-32?(31%-2
%2%0=>)67 *631 );0)88? %'/%6( 08,39+, 8,)= %',-):) )<?
')00)28 0-2)%6-8= 8,)7) 463(9'87 %6) 0%6+) %2( )<4)27-:) %2(
')68%-20= ;390( 238 *-8 32 % 7-2+0) ?-2',?&=??-2', '%6( -2
8,) 36 8,)7) 6)%7327 -8 ;%7 2)')77%6= 83 496?
79) % (-**)6)28 %4463%',
";3 %2%03+ ()13(90%8367 7))1)( 83 3**)6 8,) &)78 438)28-%0
*36 ,-+, 0-2)%6-8= %'6377 % &63%( &%2( % 4907) '3928 ()13(?
90%836 %2( % 8-1)?()0%= (-7'6-1-2%836 4907) '3928 ()13(?
90%836 -+ +)2)6%8)7 % *-<)(?0)2+8, 398498 4907) %8
):)6= >)63 '6377-2+ 3* 8,) -2498 7-+2%0 !-2') ,-+,)6?*6)?
59)2'= 7-+2%07 ,%:) 136) >)63 '6377-2+7 8,) 398498 4907)7
3''96 136) *6)59)280= 7 % 6)7908 8,) (' %:)6%+) :%09) 3*
8,) 398498 4907) 86%-2 -7 ,-+,)6 *36 ,-+,)6?*6)59)2'= -24987
",) 03;?4%77 *-08)6 40%')( %*8)6 8,) 4907) +)2)6%836 *-08)67 398
Bandpass
Filter
70 MHz
Bandpass
Filter
140 MHz
391.4 MHz
(a)
321.4 MHz
300 MHz
Fractional-N
LO
(b)
'83&)6 );0)88? %'/%6( 3962%0
461.4 MHz
!-140-*-)( &03'/ (-%+6%1 3* 8,)
398498 348-327 *36 (-6)'8 '322)'8-32 83
'311)6'-%0 ()13(90%8367 % ?> 398498 & ?> 398498
34!24 4/ $2/0 (% ,/.'%2 4(% $%,!9 ,).% 4(% ,/7%2 4(% -/$5;
,!4)/. 2!4% !4 7()#( 4()3 7),, /##52 . /52 #!3% 7% .%%$ 4/
$%-/$5,!4% "2/!$ &2%15%.#9 $%6)!4)/.3 !.$ !3 ! 2%35,4 4(%
-!8)-5- $%,!9 ,).% ,%.'4( )3 ,)-)4%$ "9 $%6)!4)/. 2%15)2%;
-%.43 !.$ ./4 -/$5,!4)/. 2!4% .%%$3
T
Low-Pass
Filter
Clock
In
T
FM Out
Pulse
Generator
5,3% #/5.4 $)3#2)-).!4/2
4(% #!22)%2 &2%15%.#9 #/-0/.%.4 /& 4(% 05,3% 42!). ,%!6).' !
$# 6!,5% ,).%!2,9 02/0/24)/.!, 4/ 4(% ).054 &2%15%.#9 ()3
,).%!2 #/.6%23)/. /& ).054 &2%15%.#9 4/ /54054 6/,4!'% )3 *534
7(!4 7% .%%$%$ 4/ "5),$ ! ,).%!2 $)3#2)-).!4/2
()3 490% /& $%-/$5,!4/2 #!. "% )-0,%-%.4%$ 6%29 3)-0,9
!.$ ).%80%.3)6%,9 "9 53).' ! 2%42)''%2!",% /.%;3(/4 4)-%2 4/
'%.%2!4% 4(% /54054 05,3%3 4 $/%3 (/7%6%2 (!6% $)3!$6!.;
4!'%3 ). /52 !00,)#!4)/. /2 /.% 6%29 .!22/7 05,3%3 7/5,$
"% 2%15)2%$ 4/ -!+% 4()3 7/2+ !4 : ,3/ 4(%3%
3)-0,% /.%;3(/4 4)-%23 4%.$ 4/ (!6% ./)39 /540543 "%#!53%
/& 6!2)!4)/.3 ). 4(% 7)$4( /& 4(% /54054 05,3%
4)-%;$%,!9 $)3#2)-).!4/2 7/2+3 "9 #/.6%24).' 4(% ).054
3)'.!,3 &2%15%.#9 -/$5,!4)/. ).4/ 0(!3% -/$5,!4)/.
)'
$%,!9 ,).% $%,!93 4(% ).054 3)'.!, "9 ! &)8%$
!-/5.4 /& 4)-% 0(!3% $%4%#4/2 /. 4(% $%,!9 ,).% /54054
#/-0!2%3 4(% 0(!3% /& 4(% ).054 3)'.!, !'!).34 4(% 0(!3% /&
4(% 4)-%;$%,!9%$ 6%23)/. /& 4(% ).054 ).#% 4(% 0(!3% /& !
()'(;&2%15%.#9 3)'.!, #(!.'%3 -/2% 2!0)$,9 4(!. 4(% 0(!3%
/& ! ,/7;&2%15%.#9 3)'.!, 4(% 0(!3% $)&&%2%.#% "%47%%. 4(%
47/ ).0543 4/ 4(% 0(!3% $%4%#4/2 7),, ).#2%!3% ,).%!2,9 7)4(
&2%15%.#9 (% /54054 6/,4!'% /& 4(% 0(!3% $%4%#4/2 )3 02/;
0/24)/.!, 4/ 4()3 0(!3% $)&&%2%.#% !.$ 4(53 02/0/24)/.!, 4/
4(% &2%15%.#9 /& 4(% ).054 3)'.!, 90)#!,,9 4(% ,%.'4( /& 4(%
$%,!9 ,).% )3 #(/3%. 3/ 4(!4 4(% 3)'.!, 7),, "% $%,!9%$ $%'2%%3 !4 4(% #%.4%2 &2%15%.#9 /& 4(% $)3#2)-).!4/2 ()3
')6%3 :%2/ 6/,43 $# /54054 !4 4(% #%.4%2 &2%15%.#9 !.$ #%.;
4%23 4(% /54054 ). 4(% -)$$,% /& 4(% 0(!3% $%4%#4/23 42!.3&%2
&5.#4)/. ()3 ).(%2%.4,9 ,).%!2 #/.6%23)/. /& &2%15%.#9 4/
0(!3% 3%%-%$ 4/ -!+% 4()3 490% /& #)2#5)4 ! ,/')#!, #!.$)$!4%
&/2 /52 !00,)#!4)/.
/7%6%2 4()3 490% /& $)3#2)-).!4/2 0/3%$ 47/ 0/4%.4)!, $)3;
!$6!.4!'%3 &/2 /52 !00,)#!4)/. )234 4()3 $)3#2)-).!4/2 )3
).(%2%.4,9 ,)-)4%$ ). 4(% -!8)-5- &2%15%.#9 $%6)!4)/. !.$
4(% -!8)-5- -/$5,!4)/. 2!4% )4 #!. (!.$,% 90)#!, 0(!3%
$%4%#4/23 /.,9 "%(!6% 7%,, 7(%. 4(% 0(!3% $)&&%2%.#% "%;
47%%. 4(% ).0543 6!2)%3 "9 ,%33 4(!. $%'2%%3 %#!53%
0(!3% $)&&%2%.#% )3 02/0/24)/.!, 4/ ).054 &2%15%.#9 4(% -!8;
)-5- &2%15%.#9 $%6)!4)/. 4(% $)3#2)-).!4/2 #!. (!.$,% )3
,)-)4%$ ,3/ 4(% 3%.3)4)6)49 ).(%2%.4,9 2/,,3 /&& !4 ()'( -/$;
5,!4)/. 2!4%3 . /4(%2 7/2$3 !3 4(% ).054 &2%15%.#9 34!243 4/
6!29 -/2% 15)#+,9 4(% ,%6%, /& 4(% $%-/$5,!4%$ /54054 7),,
(% 3%#/.$ $)3!$6!.4!'% /& 4(% 4)-%;$%,!9 $)3#2)-).!4/2 )3
"!3%$ /. 0(!3% $%4%#4/2 #(!2!#4%2)34)#3 52 ()'( /& : 7/5,$ 35''%34 53).' ! $/5",%;"!,!.#%$ -)8%2 !3 !
0(!3% $%4%#4/2 /.6%.4)/.!, $/5",%;"!,!.#%$ -)8%23 !2%
$%3)'.%$ 4/ 7/2+ 7)4( ! 3).53/)$!, 0/24 $2)6% (% 2%35,4
)3 4(!4 4(% -)8%2 /54054 6/,4!'% 6!2)%3 3).53/)$!,,9 7)4( 4(%
0(!3% $)&&%2%.#% "%47%%. 4(% !.$ 4(% 7!6%&/2-3
)' (%2%&/2% )4 )3 /.,9 ,).%!2 )& 4(% 0(!3% $)&&%2%.#%
"%47%%. 4(% ).054 3)'.!,3 $/%3 ./4 6!29 -5#( &2/- $%'2%%3 ).#% 7% 7!.4%$ '//$ ,).%!2)49 4(!4 -%!.4 ! 3(/24
$%,!9 ,).% .&/245.!4%,9 4(% 3(/24%2 4(% $%,!9 ,).% 4(%
,/7%2 4(% 3%.3)4)6)49 /& 4(% $)3#2)-).!4/2 (/24 $%,!9 ,).%3
-%!. ,/7 0(!3% 3()&43 !.$ 4(%2%&/2% ,/7 /54054 6/,4!'%3
/2 '//$ 3)'.!,;4/;./)3% 2!4)/ 7% 7!.4%$ 4/ -!8)-):% 4(%
4)-% $%,!9
$/5",%;"!,!.#%$ -)8%2 (!3 ! 3).53/)$!, 42!.3&%2 &5.#4)/.
"%#!53% )43 ).054 6/,4!'% )3 3).53/)$!, $%!,,9 )& )43 ).;
0543 !2% 315!2% 7!6%3 4(% 42!.3&%2 &5.#4)/. 7/5,$ "% ,).%!2
/6%2 ! ;$%'2%% 2!.'% /7%6%2 '%.%2!4).' 6%29 &!34
315!2% 7!6%3 )3 (!2$ !.$ 4(% -)8%2 7/5,$ .%%$ ! 6%29
"2/!$"!.$ $#;#/50,%$ 4/ 7/2+ 7%,, /245.!4%,9 4(%2% )3
! 490% /& $/5",%;"!,!.#%$ -)8%2 4(!4 -%%43 4(%3% 2%15)2%;
-%.43 4(% %8#,53)6%;OR '!4% . )$%!, $/5",%;"!,!.#%$
-)8%2 '%.%2!4%3 )43 "9 ).6%24).' 4(% 7!6%&/2- 7(%.;
%6%2 4(% !-0,)45$% /& 4(% #2/33%3 :%2/ )' ()3 )3
%8!#4,9 7(!4 ! $)')4!, %8#,53)6%;OR '!4% $/%3 7)4( ,/')#;,%6%,
).0543 (53 7)4( 4()3 #(!2!#4%2)34)# !. %8#,53)6%;OR '!4%
#!. "% 53%$ !3 ! $/5",%;"!,!.#%$ -)8%2
%#!53% /& /52 ()'( !.$ "2/!$ &2%15%.#9 2!.'% 7%
.%%$%$ 4/ 53% 6%29 &!34 ,/')# #)2#5)429 )& 7% 7!.4%$ 4()3 4/
7/2+ /4/2/,!3 ). )4% &!-),9 /& %-)44%2;#/50,%$
,/')# 452.%$ /54 4/ "% 0%2&%#4 &/2 /52 !00,)#!4)/. (%3%
,/')# '!4%3 #/-% ).$)6)$5!,,9 0!#+!'%$ ). %)'(4;0). 3-!,,;
/54,).% 3 !.$ &%!452% 2)3% 4)-%3 5.$%2 0)#/3%#/.$3
(% &!34 315!2% 05,3%3 '%.%2!4%$ "9 4()3 ,/')# !2% 0%2&%#4 &/2
-!+).' ! 6%29 ,).%!2 0(!3% $%4%#4/2
(%. ,/')# '!4%3 !2% !3 3-!,, !.$ &!34 !3 4(%3% )43 /.,9 .!4;
52!, 4/ 53% 4(%- 7(%2%6%2 9/5 #!. . 4(% %.$ !,-/34 !,, 4(%
&5.#4)/.3 /. 4(% "/!2$ ).#,5$).' ,)-)4).' !-0,)&)%23 -)8%23
Output
Voltage
Input
Phase
Time Delay
0
Phase
Detector
Low-Pass
Filter
90
180
FM Out
Splitter
)-%;$%,!9 $)3#2)-).!4/2
2!.3&%2 &5.#4)/. &/2 ! $/5",%;"!,!.#%$ -)8%2
#4/"%2 %7,%44;!#+!2$ /52.!,
'+1#+1 40 1, ", 1&# "#*,"2)1',+ 1 7 0 4# #19
1#/ 2+"#/01,," 1&# -/, )#*0 4# $!#" '+ 1/6'+% 1, !&'#3#
%,," )'+#/'16 '1 #!*# !)#/ 1&1 20'+% ),4#/ $/#9
.2#+!6 4,2)" -/,"2!# #11#/ /#02)10 1 ),4#/ $/#.2#+!6
1&# -#/'," ,$ 1&# '0 ),+%#/ &# /'0# 1'*# ,$ 1&# -/10 20#"
",#0 +,1 !&+%# 0, ,3#/)) 1&# 0.2/# 43#0 /# 80.2/#/
2/ +)60'0 ,$ 1&# 1'*#9"#)6 "'0!/'*'+1,/ 0&,4#" 1&1 '1
40 -#/$#!1)6 )'+#/ 21 1&'0 '0 1/2# ,+)6 '$ 1&# 0.2/# 43#0
/# -#/$#!1
Output
Voltage
Input
Phase
0
90
180
5!)20'3#9OR 1/+0$#/ $2+!1',+
+" -&0# "#1#!1,/0 4#/# '*-)#*#+1#" 20'+% 1&#0# ),%'!
%1#0 #!20# ,$ 1&# +12/# ,$ *,"2)1',+ +" "#*,"29
)1',+ ),%'! -/10 4,/( 4#)) '+ $/#.2#+!6 *,"2)1',+
--)'!1',+0
'% 0&,40 ),!( "'%/* ,$ 1&# "'0!/'*'+1,/ &#
97 '+-21 '0 --)'#" 1, )'*'1'+% *-)'$'#/ &# )'*'19
'+% *-)'$'#/ '0 &'%&9%'+ 01%# 1&1 12/+0 1&# '+!,*'+% 0'+# 43# '+1, !,+01+19)#3#) $/#.2#+!6 *,"2)1#" 0.2/#
43# '3#+ 1&1 ,2/ 0'%+) -/,!#00'+% '0 ",+# 4'1& ),%'!
-/10 4# , 3',20)6 +##"#" 0,*#1&'+% )'(# 1&'0 1, !,+3#/1
1&# '+-21 '+1, )#3#)0
+ '"#) "#*,"2)1,/ '0 '+0#+0'1'3# 1, *-)'12"# *,"2)9
1',+ ,$ 1&# '+-21 0'%+) &# ,21-21 3,)1%# 0&,2)" +,1 !&+%#
1 )) 4&#+ 1&# '+-21 *-)'12"# 3/'#0 '*'1'+% *-)'$'#/0
/# 20#" 1, !&'#3# 1&'0 &#6 &3# &'%& %'+ +" !)'- 1&#
)#3#) ,$ 1&# ,21-21 0'%+) 1 -/#"#$'+#" )#3#) 2/ )'*'1'+%
*-)'$'#/0 /# '*-)#*#+1#" 4'1& )'+# /#!#'3#/0 4&'!&
/# "'$$#/#+1')9'+-21 &'%&9%'+ *-)'$'#/0 4'1& 9)#3#) ,219
-210 &#'/ &'%& %'+ +" &/" )'*'1'+% )),4 1&# "#*,"9
2)1,/ 1, 4,/( -/,-#/)6 4'1& '+-210 0 ),4 0 "*
&# ,21-21 ,$ 1&# )'*'1'+% *-)'$'#/ '0 0.2/# 43# 4'1& +,*'+) !#+1#/ $/#.2#+!6 ,$ 7 &'0 '0 *'5#"
%'+01 97 1, ),4#/ $/#.2#+!6 ,$ 7
4&#/# 1&# !12) "#*,"2)1',+ 1(#0 -)!# /'%'+))6 1&#
&# 20# ,$ 0*)) 02/$!# *,2+1 ),%'! -/10 #+ )#" 20 1,
"#0'%+ !,*-!1 %#+#/1',+ +" $/#.2#+!6 !,+3#/0',+
!'/!2'1/6 &# 97 '0 "#/'3#" $/,* 1&# 97 /#$9
#/#+!# $/#.2#+!6 3') )# '+ 1&# &# 97
0'%+) '0 !,+3#/1#" 1, )#3#)0 6 )'*'1'+% *-)'$'#/ &#
97 /#$#/#+!# !),!(0 -/#0!)#/ 4&'!& "'3'"#0 1&# '+-21
$/#.2#+!6 6 0'5 1, -/,"2!# 97 ,21-21 &# 97
+" 97 0.2/# 43#0 /# 1&#+ --)'#" 1, 1&# '+9
-210 ,$ + #5!)20'3#9OR %1# &'0 %1# -#/$,/*0 0 ",2 )#9 )+!#" *'5#/ -/,"2!'+% 97 +" 97
,21-210 &# 97 ,21-21 '0 0#)#!1#" 6 +"-00 $')1#/
&'0 $')1#/ '0 ! !,2-)#" 0, )'*'1'+% *-)'$'#/ '0 -)!#" ,+
1&# ,21-21 1, !,+3#/1 1&# 97 !( 1, )#3#)0
&# 97 +" 1&# 97 &/"9)'*'1#" '+-21 0'%9
+) /# 1&#+ --)'#" 1, +,1&#/ #5!)20'3#9OR %1# &'0 %1#
'0 )0, 20#" 0 ",2 )#9 )+!#" *'5#/ -/,"2!'+% ,21-210
1 7 +" 7 &# 97 ,21-21 '0 0#)#!1#"
4'1& ),49-00 $')1#/ &# #+1'/# 06+1&#0'0 +" $/#.2#+!6
!,+3#/0',+ !'/!2'1/6 ,!!2-'#0 ,+)6 '+
&# 20# ,$ #5!)20'3#9OR %1#0 +" 0.2/# 43#0 0 ,-9
-,0#" 1, 1/"'1',+) "',"# *'5#/0 +" 0'+# 43#0 &0 02/9
-/'0'+% !,+0#.2#+!# 0 +,1#" #/)'#/ 1/"'1',+) "',"#
*'5#/ &0 0'+20,'") -&0#91,93,)1%# 1/+0$#/ !&/!1#/'09
1'! 0 /#02)1 1&# ,21 ,$ + '"#) "',"# /'+% *'5#/ 4'1&
0'+20,'") '+-210 '0 +,1&#/ 0'+# 43# + !,+1/01 1&# ),%'!
)#3#) *'5#/0 4# 20# &#/# &3# 1/'+%2)/ 1/+0$#/ $2+!1',+
0 /#02)1 1&# ,21-21 ,$ 1&#0# *'5#/0 '0 1/'+%2)/
/1&#/ 1&+ 0'+20,'") 43#$,/* + ,2/ !0# 4# ",+1
!/# 4&#1&#/ '10 0'+20,'") ,/ 1/'+%2)/ #!20# 4#
'**#"'1#)6 !,+3#/1 1&# 1, 0.2/# 43# 4'1& +,1&#/
)'*'1'+% *-)'$'#/
Time Delay
Cable Driver
(Limiting Amplifier)
50Ω
Vbb
Phase
Detector
71.4-MHz IF
321.4-MHz
IF Input
Low-Pass
Filter
Limiting
Amplifier
250-MHz
LO
Low-Pass
Filter
Limiting
Amplifier
300-MHz
Reference
Vbb
50Ω
250-MHz
Bandpass
Filter
Limiting
Amplifier
6
50 MHz
"'0!/'*'+1,/ ),!( "'%/*
Low-Pass
Filter
!1, #/ #4)#119!(/" ,2/+)
Differential
Amplifier
#-* @> .7 2*<8 &440.*) 83 8-* ).7(6.1.2&836 (.6@
(9.86= #-* .7 &440.*) 83 & 74*(.&0 (&'0* )6.:*6 ;-.(- 463)9(*7 @8=4* 3984987 8-&8 -&:* & 0&6,*6 8-&2
979&0 :308&,* 7;.2, #-.7 0&6,* :308&,* 7;.2, &003;7 97 83
40&(* & 7*6.*7 @3-1 6*7.7836 32 8-* 398498 (988.2, 8-* 7.,@
2&0 &140.89)* .2 -&0+ #-* 6*7.7836 .2(6*&7*7 8-* 398498 .1@
4*)&2(* 3+ 8-* ,&8* 83 &6392) 3-17 ;-.(- 89627 398 83
'* (69(.&0 83 &(-.*:.2, ,33) ).7(6.1.2&836 0.2*&6.8=
#-* 3984987 3+ 8-* (&'0* )6.:*6 +3003; 8;3 ).++*6*28 4&8-7
2* 398498 ,3*7 ).6*(80= 83 8-* .2498 3+ 8-* 4-&7* )*8*(836
#-* 38-*6 398498 ,3*7 83 & )*0&= 0.2* #-.7 )*0&= 0.2* .7 &
@.2@032, @3-1 786.40.2* 86&(* *1'*))*) .2 8-* 1.))0* 3+
8-* 46.28*) (.6(9.8 '3&6) 91*6397 '*2)7 &2) 89627
759**>* .8 .283 & @.2@'=@@.2 &6*& #-* '3&6) 1&)* 398 3+
! -&7 & ).*0*(86.( (3278&28 3+ &'398 =.*0).2, &
@27 )*0&= #-.7 )*0&= 463)9(*7 & @)*,6** 4-&7* 7-.+8 &8
8-* (*28*6 +6*59*2(= 3+ >
#-* )*0&=*) &2) 92)*0&=*) 7.,2&07 23; 1**8 &8 8-* 4-&7*
)*8*(836 ;-.(- .7 &238-*6 *<(097.:*@OR ,&8* #-* 759&6*
;&:*7 &6* &440.*) 83 8-* -.,-@.14*)&2(* .2498 3+ 8-* 4-&7*
)*8*(836 8-639,- & @3-1 1&8(-.2, 4&) #-* &88*29&8.32
:&09* 3+ 8-.7 4&) .7 (6.8.(&0 83 ,33) ).7(6.1.2&836 0.2*&6.8= 7
1*28.32*) *&60.*6 ,33) 759&6* ;&:*7 &6* (6.8.(&0 +36 ,33)
0.2*&6.8= #-* &88*29&8.32 :&09* (-37*2 786./*7 & '&0&2(*
'*8;**2 8;3 ?)*759&6.2, 1*(-&2.717
+ 8-* &88*29&8.32 :&09* .7 71&00 8-* )*0&= 0.2* 398498 ;.00
238 '* .730&8*) +631 8-* @4 .2498 (&4&(.8&2(* 3+ 8-* 4-&7*
)*8*(836 #-.7 (&4&(.836 )*,6&)*7 8-* 6*8962 0377 3+ 8-* )*0&=
0.2*7 03&) %-*2 & 4907* *1*6,*7 +631 8-* )*0&= 0.2* 398498
&2) -.87 & 4336 .14*)&2(* 1&8(- 731* 3+ 8-* 4907*7 *2@
*6,= .7 6*+0*(8*) '&(/ .283 8-* )*0&= 0.2* 8 8-*2 86&:*07
'&(/;&6)7 8-639,- 8-* 0.2* 83 *1*6,* &8 8-* )*0&= 0.2* .2498
@27 0&8*6 %-*2 8-* 4907* 6**1*6,*7 -*6* .8 -.87 8-* 398@
498 3+ 8-* (&'0* )6.:*6 #-.7 .2(.)*28 :308&,* ).7896'7 8-*
'.&7 3+ 8-* (&'0* )6.:*6 398498 86&27.78367 &2) &7 & 6*7908
(&97*7 ).7896'&2(*7 .2 8-* 7-&4* 3+ 8-* 2*; 759&6* ;&:*
8-&8 8-* (&'0* )6.:*6 .7 86=.2, 83 ,*2*6&8* #-* )*,6&)*)
7-&4* 3+ 8-* 759&6* ;&:* )*,6&)*7 8-* ).7(6.1.2&8367
0.2*&6.8= 7 .8 89627 398 8-.7 *++*(8 .7 ;3678 ;-*2 8-* 6*@
+0*(8*) 4907* &66.:*7 &8 8-* (&'0* )6.:*6 &8 8-* *),* 3+ & 2*;
4907* $2+36892&8*0= 8-.7 .2-*6*280= 3((967 &8 8-* +6*59*2(=
;-*6* 8-* )*0&= 0.2* -&7 )*,6**7 3+ 4-&7* 7-.+8A6.,-8 .2
8-* (*28*6 3+ 8-* 4&77'&2) #-.7 *++*(8 .7 7**2 &7 8-* 0.2*&6.8=
6.440* .2 8-* (*28*6 3+ 8-* 4&77'&2) ., 2 8-* +6*59*2(= )31&.2 8-* 4-&7* )*8*(836 (&2 '* 8-39,-8
3+ &7 463)9(.2, & )( :308&,* 4634368.32&0 83 8-* 4-&7* ).+@
+*6*2(* '*8;**2 .87 3984987 33/.2, &8 .8 .2 8-* 8.1* )3@
1&.2 .7 &073 .28*6*78.2, #-* 8;3 .24987 83 8-* 4-&7* )*8*(836
&6* 759&6* ;&:*7 ;.8- & +.<*) 8.1* )*0&= 3+ 27 '*8;**2
8-*1 7 & 6*7908 8-* 4-&7* )*8*(836 463)9(*7 398498 4907*7
3+ +.<*) @27 ;.)8- 7 8-* .2498 +6*59*2(= (-&2,*7 8-*7*
4907*7 3((96 136* +6*59*280= '98 8-* 4907* ;.)8- 6*1&.27
8-* 7&1* #-.7 .7 &073 *<&(80= -3; 8-* 4907* (3928 )*13)9@
0&836 ;36/7 "3 &7 .8 89627 398 '= 97.2, & 0.2*&6 4-&7* )*8*(@
836 396 8.1* )*0&= ).7(6.1.2&836 89627 398 83 '* *59.:&0*28 83
& 4907* (3928 )*13)90&836 8 ;36/7 &7 ;*00 &7 .8 )3*7 '*@
(&97* 97.2, & )*0&= 0.2* 83 +.< 8-* 398498 4907* ;.)8- .7
136* 78&'0* 8-&2 8-* ! 8.1* (3278&28 3+ & 7.140*6 .140*@
1*28&8.32
#-* 4-&7* )*8*(836 3984987 &6* &440.*) 83 03;@4&77 +.08*67 83
6*13:* 8-* &( (31432*28 3+ 8-* 4907* 86&.2 #-*7* +.08*67
-&:* & @> '&2);.)8- 8-&8 7*87 8-* 1&<.191 +6*59*2(=
13)90&8.32 6&8* 8-* ).7(6.1.2&836 (&2 6*7432) 83 ".2(* 8-*
4-&7* )*8*(836 -&7 ).++*6*28.&0 3984987 & ).++*6*28.&0 &140.@
+.*6 .7 97*) &+8*6 8-* +.08*67 #-* ).++*6*28.&0 &140.+.*6 6*13:*7
8-* )( 3++7*8 .2-*6*28 .2 8-* 0*:*0 398498 3+ 8-* 4-&7*
)*8*(836 968-*6 ,&.2 &+8*6 8-* ).++*6*28.&0 &140.+.*6 .7 97*)
83 ,.:* & @:308 7;.2, +36 & @> (-&2,* .2 .2498 +6*@
59*2(= #-* 1&<.191 +6*59*2(= )*:.&8.32 8-* ).7(6.1.@
2&836 (&2 -&2)0* .7 0.1.8*) '= 8-* )6.:* (&4&'.0.8= 3+ 8-.7
&140.+.*6 6&8-*6 8-&2 8-* ).7(6.1.2&836 (.6(9.86= .87*0+ 8 -&7
'**2 :*6.+.*) *<4*6.1*28&00= 8-&8 8-* ).7(6.1.2&836 ;.00 6*@
7432) 83 &7 19(- &7 > 3+ )*:.&8.32 ;.8- *77*28.&00=
232)*,6&)*) 0.2*&6.8= 7;.8(-&'0* &140.+.*6 463:.)*7 &
-.,-*6@7*27.8.:.8= 7*88.2, ,.:.2, & @:308 7;.2, +36 & @>
+6*59*2(= (-&2,*
#-* @ )3;2@(32:*68*6 ., 6*(3:*67 8-* .2@4-&7* &2)
59&)6&896* (31432*287 3+ 8-* .2498 7.,2&0 #-* .2498
;.8- & 231.2&0 (*28*6 +6*59*2(= 3+ > .7 1.<*)
&,&.278 & @> 03(&0 37(.00&836 #-.7 (6*&8*7 &2 ;.8- &
231.2&0 (*28*6 +6*59*2(= 3+ >*63 -*68> 36 )( #-* 398498
'&2);.)8- *<8*2)7 +631 > 83 >
0.50
0.30
0.10
–0.10
–0.30
–0.50
301.4
#-* ;&= 83 1.2.1.>* 8-.7 463'0*1 .7 83 97* & 1&8(-.2, 4&)
83 .730&8* 8-* )*0&= 0.2* +631 8-* (&4&(.8&2(* 3+ 8-* 4-&7*
)*8*(8367 .2498 #-* &88*29&8.32 (&2 320= '* 73 0&6,* '*@
(&97* *<(*77.:* &88*29&8.32 .2863)9(*7 38-*6 463'0*17 #-*
&88*29&836 6*)9(*7 8-* :308&,* 7;.2, 83 0*77 8-&2 0*:*07
7 & 6*7908 8-* 4-&7* )*8*(836 1978 463:.)* ,&.2 83 463)9(*
0*:*07 &8 .87 398498 $20./* 8-* 0.2* 6*(*.:*67 8-*7*
*<(097.:*@OR ,&8*7 -&:* & 6*0&8.:*0= 03; ,&.2 3+ ) "3
;.8- 03;@0*:*0 .24987 8-* 398498 4907*7 3+ 8-* 4-&7* )*8*(@
836 78&68 83 033/ 0*77 759&6* #-.7 1&2.+*787 .87*0+ &7 8-*
'63&) 703; )6334 .2 8-* 0.2*&6.8= (96:* 2 8-* *2) &2 &8@
8*29&8.32 :&09* 3+ ) ;&7 (-37*2 &7 & 6*&732&'0* (31463@
1.7* '*8;**2 8-*7* 8;3 0.2*&6.8= )*,6&).2, 1*(-&2.717
321.4
Input Frequency (MHz)
341.4
#-* .2498 7.,2&0 .7 740.8 .283 8;3 4&8-7 &(- 3+ 8-*7* 4&8-7
,3*7 83 8-* ! 4368 3+ & 1.<*6 #-* @> .7 &440.*)
83 8-* 43687 3+ '38- 1.<*67 #-* .2498 83 32* 3+ 8-*7*
1.<*67 .7 7-.+8*) '= )*,6**7 #-* 3984987 &6* 03;@4&77
+.08*6*) 83 6*13:* 8-* .1&,* +6*59*2(= 8-*2 &140.+.*) &2)
7*28 83 8-* +6328 4&2*0 3+ 8-* .7(6.1.2&836 0.2*&6.8= *6636 4*6(*28 3+ +900 7(&0*
(83'*6 *;0*88@&(/&6) 3962&0
R
Low-Pass
Filter
Variable
All-Pass
Filter
Low-Pass
Filter
All-Pass
Filter
L
321.4-MHz
LO
321.4-MHz
IF In
90
Splitter
L
R
321.4-MHz LO. #,) ?> 463(9')7 % 7=28,)7->)(
7-+2%0 8,%8 -7 03'/)( 83 8,) ?> 6)*)6)2') 7-+2%0 %2(
0):)0 78%&-0->)( -+ #,) ,%7 % $ 8,%8 6927 %8
8;-') 8,) 398498 *6)59)2'= > #,) 6)%732 *36 692?
2-2+ %8 8,-7 *6)59)2'= -7 &%7)( 32 8,) %:%-0%&-0-8= 3* %
?>?83??> $ ()7-+2 8,%8 ,%7 463:)2 83 ,%:)
+33( 4,%7) 23-7) %2( ,%7 &))2 -2 97) *36 731) 8-1) #,)
$ 398498 -7 &9**)6)( %2( 740-8 -283 8;3 4%8,7 8,) 1%-2
7-+2%0 4%8, %2( 8,) 4,%7)?03'/)( 0334 4%8, #,) 4,%7)?
03'/)( 0334 4%8, +3)7 *631 8,) 740-88)6 83 % 4%(?%140-*-)6?
4%( '31&-2%8-32 83 1%-28%-2 6):)67) -730%8-32 *631 8,) 46)?
7'%0)6 #,) 46)7'%0)6 (-:-()7 8,) ?> 7-+2%0 &= 36 #,) (-:-() 291&)6 -7 '3286300)( &= %2 7=28,)?
7->)6 8,%8 -140)1)287 8,) *6%'8-32%0? (-:-7-32 #,) 398498
3* 8,) 7=28,)7->)6 -7 )59%0 83 > >
;,)2 8,) $ -7 4,%7)?03'/)( #,-7 7-+2%0 +3)7 83 32)
-2498 3* % 4,%7) ()8)'836 #,) 4,%7) ()8)'836 398498 -7 03;?
4%77 *-08)6)( 7911)( %2( *)( 83 %2 -28)+6%836 %2( 0334
*-08)6 #,-7 -7 ;,)6) 8,) 7=28,)7->)6 7 23-7) -7 *-08)6)( #,)
23-7) '31)7 *631 8,) 1)8,3( 3* *6%'8-32%0? 7=28,)7-7 97)(
-2 8,) #,-7 23-7) -7 ()7-+2)( 83 &) ;)00 3987-() 8,) *);
/-03,)68> 3* &%2(;-(8, 3* 8,) 4,%7)?03'/)( 0334 ;,)6) -8 -7
)%7= 83 *-08)6
#,) 1%-2 7-+2%0 4%8, +3)7 *631 8,) 740-88)6 83 % (-:-()?&=?
8;3 #,-7 -7 %2 4%68 8,%8 -7 &-%7)( -2 8,) 1-((0) 3* -87
8,6)7,30( 83 %003; *36 %' '3940-2+ 3* 8,) ?> $
7-+2%0 #,) 398498 3* 8,) (-:-()6 -7 > ;,-', -7 8,)2
-2498 83 %2 %140-*-)6 %2( 6)7-78-:) 740-88)6 #,) 740-88)6 398?
4987 %6) *)( 83 8,) 0%78 +%-2 78%+)7 3* 8,) &3%6( #,)7) %1?
40-*-)67 %6) 692 ;)00 -283 '3146)77-32 83 +)8 % '3278%28 398?
498 43;)6 #,) %140-*-)6 3984987 %6) '31&-2)( ;-8, % ?(
740-88)6'31&-2)6 %2( 8,)2 %++6)77-:)0= 03;?4%77 *-08)6)( 83
6).)'8 8,) ,%6132-'7 463(9')( &= 8,) 0-1-8-2+ %'8-32
Qout
?! ()13(90%836 &03'/
(-%+6%1
I-Q Down-Converter. #;3 /)= 4)6*361%2') 74)'-*-'%8-327 *36
%2 ?! ()13(90%836 %6) %140-89() &%0%2') %2( 4,%7) &%0?
%2') 140-89() -1&%0%2') -7 8,) +%-2 (-**)6)2') &)8;))2
8,) %2( ! 398498 43687 ()%00= 8,-7 +%-2 (-**)6)2') 7,390(
&) >)63 %'6377 8,) ?> -2498 &%2(;-(8, 3* 8,) ()13(?
90%836 ,%7) -1&%0%2') -7 % 1)%796) 3* 8,) )6636 -2 8,)
4,%7) 7,-*8 &)8;))2 8,) %2( ! 3984987 ()%00= 8,-7 4,%7)
7,-*8 7,390( &) ()+6))7 %'6377 8,) -2498 &%2(;-(8,
#,) %140-89() %2( 4,%7) &%0%2') 3* 8,) ()13(90%836 %6)
&38, *%'836= %(.978)( *36 &)78 4)6*361%2') $%6-%&0) 4?-?2
(-3() %88)29%8367 -2 8,) %2( ! " 4%8,7 %003; 8,) +%-2 3*
8,) 8;3 ',%22)07 83 &) %(.978)( -2()4)2()280= #,) ?()?
+6)) 4,%7) 7,-*8)6 32 8,) -7 %073 %(.978%&0) %2( -7 97)( 83
%0-+2 59%(6%896) #,)7) %(.9781)287 %003; 97 83 %0-+2 8,)
',%22)07 :)6= '037)0= #,) 1-<)67 97)( %6) 496',%7)( %7 %
1%8',)( 7)8 ;-8, 74)'-*-)( +%-2 %2( 4,%7) 1%8',-2+ %'6377
396 4%77&%2(
#,) (-**-'908 4%68 ;%7 1%-28%-2-2+ 8,-7 &%0%2') %'6377 8,)
)28-6) ?> -2498 &%2(;-(8, 3* 8,) ()13(90%836 * 8,)
*6)59)2'= 6)74327)7 3* 8,) 8;3 ',%22)07 (-**)6 ):)2 70-+,80=
%140-89() %2( 4,%7) &%0%2') ;-00 &) ()+6%()( 36 8,-7 6)%?
732 ;) 86-)( 83 1%/) 8,) 8;3 ',%22)07 %7 7=11)86-'%0 %7
4377-&0) %2( %7 *0%8 %7 4377-&0) #,) 46-28)( '-6'9-8 &3%6(
0%=398 3* 8,) " 4%8,7 *36 &38, ',%22)07 -7 -()28-'%0 73 8,%8
%2= &3%6( 4%6%7-8-'7 ;-00 &) 8,) 7%1) *36 &38, ',%22)07 #,)
'-6'9-86= ;%7 ()7-+2)( 83 &) %7 &63%(&%2( %7 4377-&0)
36 )<%140) 8,) 03;?4%77 *-08)67 ,%:) % '362)6 *6)59)2'=
3* > ):)2 8,39+, 8,)= 320= 2))( 83 4%77 *6)59)2'-)7
%7 ,-+, %7 > #,) '362)6 *6)59)2'= ;%7 40%')( 8,-7
,-+, 83 1-2-1->) 8,) *-08)67 4,%7) 7,-*8 -2 8,) ?> 4%77?
&%2( 96 %140-*-)67 %6) *%78 34 %147 8,%8 463:-() 3:)6
300-MHz
Reference
Combiner
1.875 MHz
Prescaler
10
Divider
16
642.8 MHz
∫
VCO
Divider
2
Low-Pass
Filter
Splitter
Fractional-N
Synthesizer
IC
03'/ (-%+6%1 3* 8,) ?> Iout
'83&)6 );0)88? %'/%6( 3962%0
Prescaler
32, 33, 36,
37
321.4 MHz
0.500
0.300
0.8
0.100
0.4
0.0
–0.100
–0.4
–0.8
–0.300
–0.500
271.4
(a)
321.4
271.4
371.4
Input Frequency (MHz)
(b)
321.4
371.4
Input Frequency (MHz)
" = 26"%3"563& 1)"4& &3303 # = ".1-*56%& *.#"-"/$&
; 0' #"/%8*%5) )&4& 01 ".14 "3& "-40 64&% 50
.*/*.*;& 5)& 1)"4& 4)*'5 */ 5)& =; 1"44#"/% ' 5)&4&
1"354 )"7& 4*(/*'*$"/5 1)"4& 4)*'5 5)&/ 5)&3& "3& -*,&-: 50 #&
4*(/*'*$"/5 1)"4& 4)*'5 %*''&3&/$&4 #&58&&/ 5)& 580 $)"//&-4
"/% 1)"4& #"-"/$& 8*-- #& %&(3"%&% &13&4&/5"5*7& 1&3'03=
."/$& '03 5)& = %&.0%6-"503 *4 4)08/ */ *( 0 "$)*&7& 5)& #&45 1)"4& #"-"/$& "$3044 063 #"/%8*%5) "/
"%+645"#-& "--=1"44 '*-5&3 *4 64&% 0/ 5)& =$)"//&- 065165 )&
1)"4& 4)*'5 7&3464 '3&26&/$: 0' 5)*4 $*3$6*5 *4 "%+645"#-& 5 *4
64&% 50 $0.1&/4"5& '03 .*4."5$)&4 #&58&&/ 5)& $)"//&-4 */
1)"4& 4)*'5 "4 " '6/$5*0/ 0' 065165 '3&26&/$:
)& "65)034 806-% -*,& 50 5)"/, 0)/ *4)&3 '03 )*4 4611035
"/% (6*%"/$& 0/ 5)*4 130+&$5 5)&34 8)0 ."%& 4*(/*'*$"/5
$0/53*#65*0/4 50 5)*4 130+&$5 */$-6%& 3&( 6*/5"/" '03 $0/=
530--&3 "/% '*3.8"3& %&4*(/ *-- !"-,084,* '03 ."3,&5 3&=
4&"3$) "/% 130%6$5 %&'*/*5*0/ "/% *- 53"/% '03 "-*(/.&/5
.&5)0%0-0(: "/% 130%6$5*0/ 5&45 %&7&-01.&/5 )& "65)034
806-% "-40 -*,& 50 5)"/, 5)& &/5*3& ."/"(&.&/5 5&". '03
5)&*3 4611035 %63*/( %&7&-01.&/5
*#-&5 </ $$63"5& 11309*."5*0/ 0' 5)& .1&%"/$& 0' "
*3$6-"3 :-*/%&3 0/$&/53*$ 8*5) "/ 95&3/"- 26"3& 6#& 0- =
$5 11 =
&#36"3: 0- /0 11 =
$50#&3 &8-&55="$,"3% 063/"-