CONTRIBUTION TO:
ITU EVENT ON COMBATING COUNTERFEIT AND SUBSTANDARD ICT DEVICES
ITU Headquarters, (Geneva, Switzerland, 17-18 November 2014)
Submitted by:
Mobile Manufacturers Forum (MMF)
Contact point:
Thomas Barmüller
Source:
Counterfeit and substandard mobile phones - A resource guide for Governments (EN)
http://spotafakephone.com/docs/eng/MMF_CounterfeitPhones_EN.pdf
COUNTERFEIT/SUBSTANDARD
MOBILE PHONES
A RESOURCE GUIDE FOR GOVERNMENTS
1
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN COUNTERFEIT AND
SUBSTANDARD MOBILE PHONES?
2
There has been a proliferation in recent years in the
manufacture, distribution, and sale of black market
mobile phones (commonly referred to as counterfeit
and substandard phones). While this problem has
1) are the same in the
measures.
both counterfeit and substandard mobile phones
on in order to understand the problem and to assist
2;
intellectual right holders; both use inferior or used
chipsets and other components; and, both fail to
information educating consumers about the risks of
purchasing black market cell phones. The goal of this
topic. The Mobile Manufacturers
Forum (MMF) has collected
guide and as such this guide
subjects such as information
on the scope of the
risks to society, and
benchmarking
information on
that are designed to control the distribution of both
categories of handsets.
counterfeit mobile phone
explicitly infringes the trademark or design of an
phone copies the trademark (brand) of an original
phone is an identical copy of the original brand or
similar to the original brand (in terms of copying the
trademark or the design) for all practical purposes
technical
solutions.
1
2
1
substandard mobile phone, on the other hand,
retail channels and do not capture those sold in the
it is reasonable and logical to assume that the data
similar in form factor to the authentic brand, but
carry no explicit branding (i.e. do not explicitly
other brands or form factors from original products.
trademark infringements.
mobile phone is essentially the same as a counterfeit
mobile phone in all other respects. There is
mobile phones present the same societal challenges.
QUANTIFYING BLACK MARKET
COUNTERFEIT/SUBSTANDARD
DEVICE PROBLEM: THE TIP OF
THE ICEBERG
3
smuggled in3
4
market in the mobile phone sector. This is because
many black market mobile phones are physically
amount is expected to be 148 million units in 2013.
Force, and that does not include the thousands
only represent those products sold in traditional
1%
11%
21%
50%
problem that exceeds 6 billion dollars USD.
6%
10%
Asia Pacific
Middle East & Africa
Eastern Europe
North America
Latin & Central America
Western Europe
3
html
4
2
furthermore estimates counterfeiting and piracy costs
WHAT IS THE NEGATIVE
IMPACT OF COUNTERFEIT
AND SUBSTANDARD MOBILE
PHONES ON SOCIETY?
4
cadmium) in both internal and external components
at concentrations much higher than the maximum
Figure A
internal and external components of the tested
mobile phones.
substandard mobile phone problem manifests itself
A : WHAT IS THE IMPACT
ON CONSUMERS?
1 : HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN COUNTERFEIT/
SUBSTANDARD MOBILE PHONES
models (3 nos. for each model) from the stores and
components) comprising all handsets.
FIGURE A: Test: Hazardous substances Chemical analysis
Cadmium (Cd)
Chemical analysis
Lead (Pb) Chemical analysis
2.7
0,02
2.1
2.01
1.9
1.8
1.2
1.01
Cadmium (Cd) %
Lead (Pb) %
3.01
0,02
0,01
0.6
0
0.01
Antenna
PCI-SD
card
Material PCI base Black PCI Gold PCI
IC 1
Panel
connector connector
mobile phones.
Antenna
3
31,613
25,132
31,466
30,154
38,737
More than 39 times
than the acceptable
Pb limit
40,000
39,236
FIGURE B: High Lead (Pb) content found in all handsets tested - clearly amplifying their
substandard character
SE-X5-11012012 (Suny Ericson)
F-N71-05012012 (Forme)
19,617
Battery
Chip
Microphone
connector component
Speaker
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4866
5764
0
9846
11,879
9248
0
8573
PCB
0
0
Back cover
0
Camera
14,505
22,705
G5-C2-02012012 (G-Five)
1395
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Charging
connector
1706
16,140
13,022
23,076
8575
14,039
Memory
card slot
0
307
0
0
0
0
483
SIM slot
1217
0
5672
9202
10,000
19,056
19,617
20,000
0
Figures in PPM
30,000
LED light
W-M25-09012012 (Wing)
YX-88-110120012 (YX Tel)
2 : OTHER SAFETY ASPECTS
found to contain alarmingly high proportions of
substandard mobile phones is not the only safety
compliance assessments before they can be sold.
in most countries, mobile phones must be type
therefore safe for consumer use. Figure B
Figure C
things, ensures that the mobile phone performs the
functions it purports to be able to perform, tests for
accessories such as battery chargers and batteries
FIGURE C: Parts of the cell phone where hazardous substances are found
LED manual
soldering point
Chip component
Memory
card slot
Mic
soldering
point
Battery
Connector
SIM
Connector 1
SIM
Connector 2
SPK manual
soldering point
4
B:
INdT STUDY
8
3 : QUALITY OF SERVICE
existence of counterfeit and substandard phones in
testing protocols in order to compare the
A:
GSMA
of 18 counterfeit smartphones alongside 3 genuine
sector labs for compliance to any legal or industry
standards.
and data capacity loss, data transmit speeds and
measures that are needed in order to make up for the
(i.e., more antenna installations, base stations and
the need for more spectrum).
4 : COUNTERFEIT/SUBSTANDARD PHONES
ARE SOLD WITHOUT WARRANTY
stations to rectify the problems.
These results highlight the considerable impact for
function.
8
5
5 : SECURITY ISSUES (CYBER SECURITY,
THEFT OF STOLEN PHONES,
DATA-PROTECTION, ETC.)
phones cannot be underestimated. This is a huge
They use them to shoot, store, and share photos and
through the creation of blacklists and other similar
measures.
interests, and crime control are a cornerstone
of the most important public policy debates
the security related risks that arise from mobile
phones need to be taken seriously.
societal problems is not in the crosshairs of most
much more important threat than other counterfeit
products because it is perhaps the most important
numbers, social security numbers, bank account
information, and other types of information. There is
these mobile phones are not continuously scanning
the information the consumer inputs on the phone
mobile phones present. This is a threat that must be
taken seriously.
B : WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF
COUNTERFEIT/SUBSTANDARD
DEVICES ON GOVERNMENTS?
money or their identity.
any country is the existence of a legal protection
of rights of legitimate business and the promotion
capacity to act as a logger of information including
remote phone monitoring, logging of incoming and
address books, and other data.
in the loss of potentially billions in direct and indirect
6
C : IMPACT ON PRIVATE INDUSTRY:
COUNTERFEIT/SUBSTANDARD
PROBLEM RESULTS IN LOSSES
FOR RIGHTS’ HOLDERS
WHAT CAN GOVERNMENTS DO
TO CONTROL THIS PROBLEM?
5
the MMF discusses potential solutions to the problem
Most major manufacturers employ tens of thousands
of sales as result of these black market products
A : NETWORK BLOCKING SOLUTIONS
produced rather easily and cheaply.
right one for a certain country.
enables black market manufacturers to create and
distribute counterfeit and substandard phones
much easier than in the past.
1 : COUNTERFEIT/SUBSTANDARD
‘FINGERPRINTING’ BLOCKING
SOLUTIONS
of mobile phones and black market manufacturers
number because the technology may not be able
them. To compound this problem, these black market
manufacturers pay no intellectual property royalties.
does not guarantee that the model is not counterfeit
or substandard. The GSMA for example, does not
check the legitimacy of the device before issuing
an IMEI number.
of turnkey solutions, counterfeit and substandard
mobile phones can be produced incredibly cheap
One technological solution (referred to as
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a.
to determine if the capabilities of the phone
match the listed capabilities. The technology
capabilities stored in the capability database
(database creation is based on information
lists to determine if the mobile phone is blocked or
not. This solution has the potential of screening out
The capability database can also, for example, use
b.
capability crosscheck failed.
3 : NETWORK BLOCKING BASED
ON TYPE APPROVAL
c.
considering this approach.
2 : IMEI NETWORK BLOCKING SOLUTIONS
B : IMPORTATION BLOCKING
SOLUTIONS
not block those handsets that are imported as
contraband (outside the customs process).11
C : DEVELOPMENT OF A
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
more traditional measures should also be a focus.
should include, among other things, consumer
employed by some countries is perhaps best
The solutions used in both countries establish
purposes.10 The blacklist is focused on stolen and lost
8
1 : INCREASED CONSUMER AWARENESS
a critical component of any strategy. The demand
CONCLUSION
of the mobile phones and their importance in
problems posed by these products such as the safety
and health threats, the poor performance of the
important the security threats particularly in the
dollar industry for illegal manufacturers and it is
2 : INCREASED ENFORCEMENT
must occur in order to adopt a solution that best suits
must include increased resources in the form of
focus on the huge black markets that exist in all
other resources.
problem impacts and cuts across a number of
industry representation is necessary. The MMF
For more information on this important issue,
action plans and the allocation of appropriate and
sustainable funding mechanisms.
3 : LEGISLATIVE/REGULATORY REFORMS
help consumers learn more about the dangers
before they buy them.
substandard mobile phones are out of the reach of
products that are being shipped to a third country.
9
ANNEX 1
TEST CATEGORY #1 AND #2:
Access Failure and Dropped Calls
TEST CATEGORY #4:
Transmission Power Capabilities:
•
•
• Access Failure: This category measures call
•
• Dropped Calls: This category measures
ongoing calls that are undesirably interrupted
• Minimum received power
• Maximum transmission power to be listened by
antenna.
• Results:
•
30
26.0%
20
10
0.0%
0
Substandard
Average
Dropped Calls
Average Minimum Received Power
24.0%
20
10
3.3%
Bit Error Rate (%)
Access Failure
Drop Call Rate (%)
Access Failure Rate (%)
30
0
Original
Average
Substandard
Average
4
20 times (13dB)
3
2
1
0
-60 -62 -64 -66 -68 -70 -72 -74 -76 -78 -80 -82 -84 -86 -88 -90 -92
Original
Average
Received Signal Level (dBm)
Original Average
Average Maximum Transmitted Power
2.0
TEST CATEGORY 3:
Handover Performance
Substandard Average
•
to another.
• This mechanism is called handover and should
Power (Watts)
1.81
1.35
0.96
1.0
0.72
0.51
0.37
0.13
0.09
0.0
GSM 850
(ie. dropped).
How
mobility
works
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Original
Average
Handover Failure Rate (%)
Handover Time (s)
+41% time
delayed
0.37%
Substandard
Average
PCS (1900)
Substandard Average
30
34.2%
20
•
needs to be executed
•
10
1.8%
0
Substandard
Average
Transmission Power
Control Average time
needs to be controlled.
phones and if transmits
Original
Average
High
Power
Power Control Time (s)
Handover Fail
Average Handover Time
0.4
DCS (1800)
TEST CATEGORY #5:
Transmission Power Control:
Should my phone transmit high or low?
•
0.53%
EGSM (900)
Original Average
0.49
+55% more
delay
0.4
0.31
0.2
0
Substandard
Average
Original
Average
Low
Power
10
TEST CATEGORY #6:
How fast is my internet access?
• The speed of internet access is related to technology
• Most substandard phones tested do not support
Data Speed (Kbps)
Speed Data Rates
200
EDGE
100
GPRS
0
-62
-65
-68
-71
-74
-77
-80
-83
-86
-89
Received Signal Level (dBm)
125
700
300
Distance Estimated (meters)
Original
Substandard
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