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HP’s information technology community has adopted DCE as the
infrastructure for developing client/server information technology
applications. The team developing the DCE service has discovered that
putting an infrastructure like DCE in place in a legacy environment is
more than just technology and architecture.
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Mainframe
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Batch File Transfers
Data Center (HP 3000
Systems, COBOL, and HP
TurboImage Databases)
Sales Offices,
Factory Floor, Etc.
Data Entry
Terminals
Running VPlus 3000
Programs
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DCE also incorporates a time service API to provide a conĆ
sistent networkĆwide view of time. This service addresses
the issues created when applications require time stamps to
be reconciled across geographic boundaries or between sysĆ
tems.
Security is another area that raises both issues and opportuĆ
nities. HP has traditionally used host password security and
the security features inherent in the operating system to proĆ
tect data and applications. If a user gained access to an apĆ
plication, then the user was presumed to have authority to
execute any transaction performed by the application. In
recent years, some application teams have supplemented
host security with features provided by relational database
management systems (RDBMS), but these too are usually
limited in their flexibility. For example, a user that may have
the ability to change a record when executing an authorized
transaction should be prohibited from doing so with a dataĆ
base maintenance utility. Such discrimination is beyond the
capability of most relational database management systems
and requires added attention to system administration.
DCE extends the concept of security to the application itself.
The principles of DCE security are authentication and authoĆ
rization. DCE provides three services to enable the ultimate
authorization of actions within a server. The registry service
is a database used to keep information about users, groups,
systems, and other principals* that can have an identity
within the DCE security framework. The authentication serĆ
vice, based on the widely respected Kerberos technology
from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is used to
allow principals to authenticate themselves. The privilege
service supplies the privilege attributes for a principal. These
attributes are used by an access control list (ACL) manager
within the body of a server to make authorization decisions.
Using an ACL manager, server authorization decisions can be
as granular as business needs dictate. Back doors, such as
maintenance utilities or rogue programs, are not possible
because users have no access to the systems on which critiĆ
cal data is stored. This makes the properly authenticated and
authorized transaction the only vehicle by which a user can
affect the database. Security and ACLs are also described in
the articles on pages 41 and 49, respectively.
client even if it has been moved temporarily after a disaster.
Both of these cases can be accomplished with no changes to
the client or the user's system configuration. DCE's global
directory services are described in the article on page 23.
HewlettĆPackard was a significant contributor to the technolĆ
ogy suite that makes up the OSF DCE definition. One of the
most important contributions was the RPC mechanism.
DCE's RPC is a compatible superset of the Network ComputĆ
ing System (NCS) from what was once Apollo Computer.
The principles upon which the two solutions are based reĆ
main the same. They include platform independence and
platform unawareness.
DCE platform independence comes from the fact that it runs
on all computing platforms in common use within HP's IT
environment: HP 3000 computers, HP 9000 workstations,
IntelĆbased Windows 3.1, and Windows NT. Platform unĆ
awareness comes from the fact that application programmers
only need to concern themselves with the platform they are
working on. Thus, when a developer codes a client, there is
no need for the developer to be concerned with what platĆ
form the server will run on. Conversely, the server developer
does not need to know what platform the client is using.
Thus, an application client running on a desktop PC can
send a byte string or pointer to a server running on a PAĆ
RISC platform even though the data representations on the
two systems are different. Fig. 2 shows a typical configuraĆ
tion of some of the components in HP's DCE client/server
environment.
RPC provides the added benefit of interoperating with clients
and servers already implemented using NCS. This provides a
transition for applications to the more robust world of DCE.
HP operates one of the world's largest private Internet ProtoĆ
col (IP) networks. The final criterion used by the task force
was that the client/server technology chosen must operate
Application Servers
In addition to authentication and authorization, DCE proĆ
vides features to protect both the integrity and privacy of
data transmitted over a network. These features can be inĆ
voked by clients or servers when the sensitivity of business
data dictates that such precautions are prudent.
Production DCE Servers
(Replicated in Key Locations)
HP 9000 Business
Servers
Another challenge of the environment is change. Data cenĆ
ters are consolidated and moved, and hardware within the
centers is replaced on a regular basis.
DCE provides a flexible, scalable directory service that can
be used to apply human readable names to objects such as
servers. Servers record their binding information at startup.
Clients then locate servers wherever they may be. Multiple
directory types permit great flexibility for the application
developer. For example, the corporate telephone directory
may have replicated instances of the server at many locaĆ
tions. Should one server fail, a client can automatically bind
to another. In the case of an online transaction processing
system, the one and only server can be found reliably by a
* A principal can be either a human user or an active object (machine, file, process, etc.).
December 1995 HewlettĆPackard Journal
Services
• Security
• Time
• Directory
Secure
Client/Server
Communication
Security and Directory
Service Communication
Application Clients
(PC or Workstation)
The new client/server environment for information technology
operations.
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