SUPPORTING INFORMATION for Journal of Biogeography
Genetic signatures of historical dispersal of fish threatened by biological invasions: the case of galaxiids in South
America
Delphine Vanhaecke, Carlos Garcia de Leaniz, Gonzalo Gajardo, Jason Dunham, Guillermo Giannico, Sofia Consuegra
Data accessibility
Alignments of the 16S rDNA results generated in this study are publicly available in figshare,
http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1423279.
Appendix S1. Genetic diversity and differentiation among galaxiid fish (Aplochiton zebra) populations.
(a) Genetic diversity measures of 13 Aplochiton zebra populations for 13 microsatellite markers. N, sample size; Ar, allelic richness based on a
minimum of eight samples; Ho, observed heterozygosity; He, expected heterozygosity; HW, P-values for deviation of Hardy Weinberg
equilibrium; FIS, fixation index (positive value indicates homozygosity excess). Significant values of deviation of HW after Bonferroni
correction (P <0.000295) are shown in bold (continued on the next page).
U17
U20
U28
U29
U33
U34
RL
REN
RPU
RPI
RQU
RFU
RIC
(N=20)
(N=26)
(N=22 )
(N=21)
(N= 27)
(N=16 )
(N= 17)
(N=30 )
(N= 21)
(N=30 )
(N=27 )
(N=30 )
(N= 30)
Aze 1
Aze 2
Aze 3
Aze 4
Ar
2.65
2.98
3.05
2.55
2.32
3.26
2.00
3.12
1.87
3.89
3.75
3.14
2.45
Ho
0.30
0.58
0.32
0.29
0.56
0.56
0.53
0.37
0.10
0.53
0.56
0.33
0.47
He
0.52
0.54
0.32
0.26
0.50
0.56
0.44
0.39
0.17
0.50
0.53
0.46
0.37
HW
0.16
1.00
0.54
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.61
0.63
0.14
1.00
1.00
0.07
0.29
FIS
0.42
-0.06
0.00
-0.12
-0.11
-0.01
-0.21
0.06
0.45
-0.07
-0.06
0.27
-0.26
Ar
5.29
4.57
4.81
4.39
4.10
3.71
3.47
2.53
2.38
5.06
5.01
4.78
5.25
Ho
0.70
0.69
0.70
0.79
0.80
0.63
0.59
0.47
0.43
0.67
0.63
0.83
0.80
He
0.80
0.69
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.65
0.65
0.50
0.44
0.76
0.76
0.74
0.75
HW
0.59
0.71
1.00
0.18
0.68
1.00
0.33
0.70
1.00
0.38
0.68
0.23
0.69
FIS
0.12
0.01
-0.06
-0.16
-0.17
0.04
0.10
0.06
0.03
0.12
0.17
-0.13
-0.06
Ar
2.40
2.31
2.38
1.99
1.98
1.95
1.47
2.83
2.86
2.00
2.59
2.47
2.72
Ho
0.50
0.42
0.19
0.10
0.15
0.13
0.06
0.50
0.38
0.47
0.48
0.47
0.37
He
0.52
0.48
0.42
0.31
0.30
0.22
0.06
0.42
0.47
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.40
HW
1.00
0.68
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.19
1.00
0.64
0.33
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
FIS
0.03
0.11
0.55
0.69
0.51
0.43
-0.03
-0.18
0.19
-0.05
-0.03
0.04
0.07
Ar
3.50
2.87
4.02
4.84
3.36
4.72
5.09
3.01
3.32
3.36
1.97
4.23
3.42
Ho
0.20
0.00
0.13
0.56
0.29
0.08
0.38
0.32
0.26
0.24
0.08
0.31
0.30
He
0.62
0.31
0.61
0.71
0.62
0.75
0.73
0.43
0.53
0.35
0.28
0.45
0.42
Aze 5
Aze 6
Aze 8
Aze 9
HW 0.00
0.01
0.00
0.10
0.08
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.21
0.00
0.04
0.31
FIS
0.68
1.00
0.80
0.21
0.54
0.90
0.48
0.25
0.51
0.31
0.70
0.32
0.30
Ar
12.84
12.85
11.39
12.59
13.01
12.04
9.66
10.31
11.03
11.31
12.33
12.46
12.50
Ho
0.80
0.92
0.62
0.74
0.92
0.63
0.82
0.83
0.95
0.90
0.93
0.93
0.97
He
0.95
0.95
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.93
0.89
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.95
HW 0.00
0.19
0.02
0.16
1.00
0.02
0.41
0.50
1.00
0.33
1.00
0.24
1.00
FIS
0.15
0.03
0.32
0.22
0.03
0.33
0.08
0.09
-0.03
0.04
0.02
0.01
-0.02
Ar
7.14
6.44
7.67
7.06
5.50
6.24
6.98
7.73
8.09
5.97
5.61
5.79
5.91
Ho
0.89
0.69
0.94
0.79
0.64
0.75
0.82
0.70
0.95
0.77
0.78
0.73
0.63
He
0.83
0.77
0.86
0.83
0.75
0.81
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.79
0.78
0.73
0.73
HW 0.52
0.22
0.52
0.26
0.23
0.20
0.57
0.15
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.72
0.07
FIS
-0.07
0.10
-0.10
0.06
0.15
0.08
0.01
0.18
-0.10
0.03
0.01
-0.01
0.13
Ar
7.31
7.98
9.57
11.46
7.52
9.67
7.81
8.60
10.08
10.38
8.29
8.97
10.27
Ho
0.78
0.69
0.89
0.68
0.60
0.73
0.82
0.97
0.95
0.90
0.78
0.73
0.67
He
0.81
0.84
0.90
0.93
0.80
0.87
0.86
0.88
0.91
0.92
0.84
0.87
0.92
HW 0.61
0.18
0.37
0.26
0.08
0.23
1.00
0.29
0.34
0.50
1.00
0.18
1.00
FIS
0.04
0.18
0.00
0.26
0.25
0.16
0.04
-0.10
-0.05
0.02
0.07
0.15
0.27
Ar
9.10
11.55
10.42
11.12
9.54
11.32
8.92
9.50
9.83
12.37
11.72
12.49
12.20
Aze 10
Aze 11
Aze 12
Ho
0.61
0.85
0.94
0.72
0.69
0.71
0.88
0.60
0.86
0.97
0.89
0.97
0.93
He
0.86
0.93
0.91
0.92
0.90
0.91
0.85
0.89
0.91
0.95
0.94
0.95
0.94
HW
0.01
1.00
0.39
1.00
0.00
0.35
1.00
0.00
0.03
1.00
0.27
1.00
1.00
FIS
0.29
0.09
-0.04
0.22
0.23
0.21
-0.04
0.33
0.05
-0.02
0.05
-0.02
0.01
Ar
7.93
7.67
7.08
7.21
8.41
7.32
6.92
5.90
6.70
6.96
6.94
6.97
6.77
Ho
0.71
0.81
0.57
0.62
0.80
0.75
0.88
0.90
1.00
0.73
0.89
0.77
0.83
He
0.85
0.86
0.80
0.83
0.88
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.84
0.83
HW
0.52
0.55
0.33
0.00
1.00
0.54
1.00
0.06
0.13
0.15
1.00
1.00
0.29
FIS
0.17
0.06
0.28
0.26
0.09
0.11
-0.06
-0.11
-0.20
0.11
-0.08
0.09
-0.00
Ar
4.96
4.86
6.81
4.95
3.54
5.62
3.13
4.6
5.32
6.07
5.85
5.11
5.33
Ho
0.50
0.46
0.82
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.41
0.47
0.38
0.73
0.59
0.77
0.50
He
0.63
0.62
0.76
0.59
0.47
0.64
0.35
0.61
0.68
0.76
0.68
0.70
0.72
HW
0.20
0.42
0.66
0.08
0.38
0.06
1.00
0.06
0.08
0.26
0.44
0.71
0.02
FIS
0.20
0.26
-0.07
0.35
0.17
0.42
-0.17
0.23
0.44
0.03
0.12
-0.09
0.30
Ar
12.12
10.38
11.16
11.86
10.85
10.56
10.21
9.52
9.24
7.76
9.43
8.48
9.41
Ho
0.82
0.96
0.89
0.79
0.88
0.69
0.88
1.00
0.90
0.87
0.89
0.93
0.83
He
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.89
0.90
0.90
0.85
0.90
0.88
0.90
HW
0.29
1.00
0.51
0.22
0.38
0.31
0.18
0.55
1.00
1.00
0.55
0.31
1.00
Aze 13
Aze 14
MEAN
FIS
0.11
-0.05
0.03
0.15
0.05
Ar
4.31
4.68
6.33
5.64
4.38
Ho
0.55
0.62
0.57
0.52
He
0.57
0.60
0.67
HW
1.00
0.68
FIS
0.03
Ar
0.24
0.01
-0.11
-0.09
-0.02
0.01
-0.06
0.07
4.73
4.07
5.69
5.57
6.12
5.48
5.12
5.58
0.62
0.56
0.53
0.73
0.67
0.73
0.63
0.77
0.63
0.54
0.54
0.65
0.51
0.75
0.79
0.72
0.70
0.69
0.65
0.66
0.62
0.18
0.64
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.05
0.71
0.48
-0.02
0.15
0.03
-0.14
0.14
-0.04
0.02
0.15
-0.02
0.10
-0.11
0.03
2.79
2.31
2.36
2.62
2.43
2.45
2.20
2.20
1.99
1.95
2.59
1.93
2.00
Ho
0.25
0.35
0.27
0.24
0.31
0.19
0.18
0.03
0.00
0.23
0.30
0.27
0.30
He
0.43
0.49
0.52
0.47
0.27
0.27
0.16
0.26
0.31
0.26
0.40
0.23
0.38
HW
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
1.00
0.31
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.31
1.00
0.33
FIS
0.42
0.29
0.47
0.49
-0.14
0.31
-0.07
0.87
1.00
0.08
0.26
-0.15
0.20
Ar
6.33
6.26
6.70
6.79
5.92
6.43
5.53
5.81
6.02
6.40
6.27
6.30
6.45
Ho
0.59
0.62
0.60
0.55
0.67
0.52
0.60
0.61
0.60
0.67
0.65
0.68
0.63
He
0.71
0.69
0.71
0.69
0.66
0.69
0.62
0.66
0.67
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.69
FIS
0.18
0.11
0.15
0.19
-0.02
0.25
0.03
0.08
0.10
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.08
N
18.7
24.8
19.9
18.8
25.2
15.5
16.9
29.8
20.8
29.6
26.8
29.7
29.7
(b) Pairwise estimates of genetic distances (below diagonal FST, above diagonal Dest) between 13 populations of Aplochiton zebra in Chile,
calculated using TFPGA and SMOGD based on 11 microsatellite loci. FST values in bold are significant at P < 0.00064 (after Bonferroni
correction). Significant pairwise genetic differentiation (at P < 0.00064) is indicated by an asterisk.
U28
U29
U17
U20
U33
U34
RL
REN
RPU
RPI
RQU
RFU
RIC
U28
*****
0.0052
0.1176
0.1525
0.1267
0.0793
0.1766
0.1267
0.1361
0.1576
0.1466
0.1846
0.1276
U29
0.0032
*****
0.1164
0.1196
0.059
0.0247
0.1265
0.1504
0.1711
0.1347
0.1345
0.1942
0.0944
U17
0.0345*
0.0301*
*****
0.0162
0.001
0.0096
0.0956
0.1764
0.1838
0.1602
0.1475
0.1873
0.1347
U20
0.0487*
0.0423*
0.0091
*****
0.003
0
0.1181
0.2161
0.2635
0.2118
0.2111
0.2614
0.2135
U33
0.0478*
0.0351*
0.016
0.0065*
*****
0.0078
0.1202
0.1796
0.2355
0.1985
0.1696
0.2282
0.1656
U34
0.0246*
0.0139*
0.0116
0.0045
0.0095
*****
0.0379
0.1587
0.1903
0.1768
0.1777
0.2083
0.1631
RL
0.0445*
0.0286*
0.0363*
0.0371*
0.034*
0.0137*
*****
0.2072
0.2487
0.2006
0.1529
0.2186
0.1869
REN
0.028*
0.0305*
0.0473*
0.0559*
0.0533*
0.0361*
0.0515*
*****
0
0.2451
0.2324
0.2455
0.2244
RPU
0.0289*
0.0317*
0.0495*
0.0659*
0.0655*
0.0425*
0.0571*
0
*****
0.2457
0.2612
0.2472
0.2541
RPI
0.0301*
0.0281*
0.035*
0.0517*
0.0524*
0.0385*
0.0515*
0.0531*
0.0504*
*****
0
0
0.003
RQU
0.0311*
0.0294*
0.0382*
0.0467*
0.0505*
0.0376*
0.0427*
0.0557*
0.0567*
0
*****
0
0.008
RFU
0.0391*
0.04*
0.0426*
0.0585*
0.0617*
0.0455*
0.0574*
0.0628*
0.0594*
0
0
*****
0.0118
RIC
0.0273*
0.0256*
0.0335*
0.0489*
0.0506*
0.0339*
0.0452*
0.0526*
0.0529*
0.0018
0.0032
0.0054
*****
Appendix S2. Barriers to gene flow among Aplochiton zebra populations in Chile identified
by BARRIER v2.2. The Monmonier’s algorithm was used to identify boundaries associated
with high genetic heterogeneity, with samples represented according to their geographical
coordinates and connected by Delaunay triangulation. Edges were identified by genetic
differentiation matrices (FST and Dest). Analyses were conducted for each of the
microsatellites separately as well as for the whole set and only those barriers supported by
more than 10 microsatellites (from 13) were considered. Coloured lines (pink and red)
represent the barriers, green lines represent the Delaunay triangulation between the
samples/populations (red dots) and grey lines represent the Voronoï tessellation used to
estimate the position of the barriers.
(a)
(b)
Appendix S3. (a) Graphic representation of the three alternative scenarios considered for ABC
analysis population colonisation of galaxiid fish (Aplchiton zebra) in Chile and the Falklands.
Population codes are as follows: 1= Chiloé, 2= Valdivia, 3=L. Ranco and 4= Falklands (b) logistic
regression showing the posterior probability of each one of the three scenarios.
a)
b)