AVOIDMCE ItEACTIONS OF SOME SAUMONI1) AD CENTRARCkI ID
FISHES TO LOV CONCENTRATIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
CECIL MARION
dITMORE
#1
A THESIS
submitted to
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
MASTER OF SC IENCE
June 1957
APk'ROVED:
Redacted for Privacy
Assistant Professor of Fish and Game Management
In Charge of Major
Redacted for Privacy
Head of Lepartxilent of Fiah and Game Management
Redacted for Privacy
Chairman of
h
raauate Committee
Redacted for Privacy
Dean of Graduate School
Date thesis is preonted
Typed by Lenora Bond
i,,
i97
AC Ki' OV LDGid;iJT
My appreciation is extended to Assistant Professor
Charles E. Warren for making it possible for me to conduct
this study.
The experimental equipment was modified for oxygen
avoidance studies bj Assistant Profes8or Charles E. Warren
and Dr. Peter Doudoroff of the U. S. Public Health Service.
Their encouragement, patience, suggestions, and construe-
tive critic lam during the experimental phase of the study
and during the preparation of the thesis was invaluable.
The inspiration and encouragement offered by
Professor H. H. Dimick is sincerely appreciated.
The Investigator is indebted to Dr. Max Katz of
the
U, S. Public nealth Service for lila assistance in recording
data and
study.
for helpful suggestions during the progress of the
Thanks are also given
to fellow
research assistants
John Fryer, John McCorrnack, Jack Foster, and Dean Shumway
for their assistance.
To Orville Greer, Superintendent of the Oregon Fish
Commission "MacKenzie River Salmon Hatchery" and to Paul
Vroman of the Oregon Game Commission "Alsea Trout
Hatchery",
gratitude is extended for providing chinook and
coho salmon used in the experiments.
Without the assistance and inspiration of my wife,
this study would have proven
more difficult.
In addition to all of these, acknowleagment is given
for the leading of my Lord and Savior, Jesue Christ.
/
/
LIST OF TABL.:
Page
Table
1
2
3
Mean Oxygen Avoidance Indices for 15-
minutePeriods......... .a.a.
17
Avoidance by Chinook Salmon during June and
July, 1956, of Water having Various
Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen . . . . .
19
Avoidance by Chinook Salmon during
September to November, 1956, of Water
having Various Concentrations of Dissolved
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Oxygen .
.
20
a
22
.
a
25
.
a
27
Avoidance by targemouth Black Bass thring
August ar. September, 1956, of Water having
Various Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen .
28
.
4
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Effect of Temperature on the Avoidance
by Chinook Salmon of Water havIng VLrious
Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen
.
5
.
.
a
.
a
8
a
.
and
a
Avoidance by Coho Saliion during July and
October, 1956, of Water having Various
Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen .
7
.
Avoidance by Chinook Salmon during June
July, 1956, of Water having Various
Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen
(Channels A arid D only)
6
.
a
Avoidance by Bluegill Sunfish during August
and September, 1956, of Water having Various
Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen .
.
.
.
.
30
Appendix
A
B
C
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations at 12 inches
and 3 inches Inside Channels and 3 inches
Outside Channels for Channels A and B
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations at 12 inches
and 3 inches Inside Channels and 3 inches
Outside Channels for Channels C and D
48
a
a
a
.
a
a
55
.
62
Number of Entries into Channels and Number
of Fish Counted at 60-second Intervals . .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
a
INTRODuCTIONa
.
a
e
a
a
a
a
a
a
1
a
3
NATERIALS
iiFTifJD ANJ)
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Species, Source, Size and Care of Fish
Apparatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Experimental ivethod8
Computation of Avoidance Indices
.
RbULTS
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ChiriookSalrnon...
Coho Sa1ion .
Largemouth Black Bass
.
Bluegill
DIbCJSSIL)U
.
a
.
.
a
a
.
a
a
.
.
a
a
5
.
5
.
.
a
a
a
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
12
.
.
.
.
,
.
15
..a
18
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
a
a
,a
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
a
a
.
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
.
a
a
a
a
a
.
Species Differences .
Pos1b1e Factors Influencing Avoidance
Mechanism of Avoidance .
RapidiyLethalLevels a. a.a.....
Ecolobical Sinificance
.
SJMiiARY
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
a
a
a
a
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
a
a
a
a
.
.
.
a
26
26
29
31
3].
33
33
36
38
40
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................
44
APPENDIX
47
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
a
.
a
LIST OF FIGURES
Pae
Figure
Apparatus used for avoidance studies
.
.
.
8
AVOIDAiCE ELAUT iU1S uF SU t} iA
IL AND C EiNTRkRC HID
FIShES TO LOV CONCEThATIONS OF DISSOLVLD OXYGEN
INTRODUCT I ON
This thesis presents
experimental data and. observa-
tions on the avoidance reactions of some juvenile,
fresh-water fishes to four concentrations of dissolved
oxygen.
The experiments wore performed at the Oregon State
College Fisheries Research
Laboratory at Corvallis, Oregon,
June to November of 1956. This study was
Oregon State College-Public
part of the
Health Service cooperative
research program upon the effects of water pollution on
aquatic biology.
The primary purpose of
this laboratory
investigation
was to determine whether fish could detect and avoid water
of low dissolved oxygen concentrations.
The
detection
and
avoidance by fish of lethal dissolved oxygen concentrations
could have survival value.
On the other hand, detection
and avoidance of concentrations of dissolved oxygen
normally suitable for a species of fish could mean the 1088
of habitat for a population of that species.
The
contamination of many of our inland waters with various
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic
wastes has often
rendered these waters unsuitable for desirable fish
species.
Depletion of dissolved oxygen in water, due to
bacterial decomposition of putresciblo organic material and
the respiration of various aquatic organisms, is often the
2
cause of sudden mortality of fishes.
Information on the
oxygen requirements of fresh-water fishes and their
reactions in dissolved oxygen Is consequently of
considereble Importance.
Positive results in avoidance tests, such as these
reported here, should not be Interpreted as Indicating that
fish will avoid low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in.
nature.
Laboratory studies are convenient arid
ay be
Informative, but laboratory conditions are not entirely
comparable to conditions in
natural waters.
In the labora-
tory, fishes are necessarily confined In a small 8pace, and
the oxygen gradients used are more pronounced than those
usually found in nature.
their migratory and.
to be preBent under
Normal responses of the fish to
other tendencies can hardly be expected
laboratory conditions.
This paper bives a review of the few pertinent papers
on the avoidance of fish of water havin different dissolved
oxygen concentrations, a description of the apparatus used,
and an account of experimental results.
It also presents
discussions of the differences in responses of different
species, the possible factors influencin avoidance, the
theories of the mechanism of avoidance, and the relation
between the minimum tolerable concentrations of dissolved
oxygen and the concentrations which were avoided by fish.
3
LITERATURE RVIEV
Vhi1e numerous authors have studied the reactions of
fish to various
environmental
conditions, there appear
to
have been comparatively few studies of the degree to which
fish can detect arid avoid waters having low concentrations
of dissolved oxygen. Shelford and Allee
(20, p. 207) were
the first to aply the use of a gradient tank to this
Their studies were conducted using a gradient
tank with water of different dissolved oxygen concentrations introduced at opposite ends and with a drain in the
problem.
middle.
All the oxygen
was renoved from
the incoming water
by boiling, and. then pure oxygen was added to provide the
desired concentration, The results of their experiments
ith 16 species of fresh-water fish at tifferent dissolved
oxygen concentrations merely indicated that fish show a
general tendency to avoid water having a low dissolved
oxygen concentration.
Several years later, in experimental
work with similar gradient tanks, Sholford and. Powers (21,
p. 334) observed that Pacific herring, Clupea pallassi,
selected the water having the higher dissolved oxygen
concentration.
J, R. E. Jones (14, p. 403) has used a cylindrical
glass tube with waters of different dissolved oxygen
concentrations entering at each
draining at the center.
end of the tube and
This differed from previous
4
appar.tus used in avoidance studies by vroduoin
a sharp
bounthrry between the waters hving different oxygen eon-
The desired dieo1ved oxygen concentrations
centrations.
were obtained by adding boi1ei
portions to normal tap water,
ater in the ;roper ireOnly a. Single fish
uood at a time in the experimental tube.
at
0. with the stiok1ebac
r
Jones' results
showed no hesitation of the
fish on entering water of low dissolved oxygen coneentrations, bat the fish wore stimu.Latod to swim more rapidly in
At
this water.
;
0. and with oxygen concentrations below
mg./i., the rosionse was very orowot, the fish finding
their way out of the water of low oxygen concentration.
lie
obtained si ilar results with the minnow, Phoxinus, and
with brown trout fry.
]. R.
.
JOneS (ii,
.
110; 12, u.
2;
nd 13, p.
6l)
used similar ap )orstus in stndyin, the avoidare by fish of
toxic so.ution, and other workers have used different
types of ap aratus fo r experiment a involving
v oidance re-
actions of fishes to factors other than dissolved oxygen,
Doudoroff (3, p. 495) devised a coxnpartmented gradient tank
ith numerous inlets and outlets for studying reactions to
temperature.
Ohidester (o, p.
7) had waters of different
salinity flowing down two troughs into a third one so thot
the fish swimming up the trough could choose between the
salinities,
Natural conditions probably have been
5
approximated most nearly by Collins (6, p. 379), who
constructed a divided trough in a stream to study factors
influencing the migration of anadromous alewives and glut
herring, hrett (2, p. 307) used a vertical gradient tank in
teats of the responses of fish to vertical temperature
gradients.
Jones et al.
(ID, p. 1403-1414) used an avoidance
tank
having four channels at one end for studying the avoidance
reactions of yearling chinook and coho salmon to pulp mill
effluents
The inlets and drains to the four channels of
the avoidance tank were regulated to give a rather sharp
dem&rcatlon between altered and unaltered water at the
channel entrance.
In this study, the chinook salmon
exhibited higher avoidance then did the coho salmon.
This
appeared to indicate that possible differences exist in the
sensitivity or behavior of
the two
species.
The 4-channeled
avoidance tank used by Jones et al. was modified for use in
the experiments reported here.
iETH0L) AND AIIATbRIALS
Species, Source, Size and Care of Fish
The experimental animals used for thIs investigatIon
were juvenile fish of four freshwater species, nae1y,
chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha (Walbaum), coho
salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), largemouth black
bass, Mioropterus salinoides (Lacepede), and the bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque.
The chinook salmon were
obtained periodically from the Oregon Fish Commission's
MacKenzie River Salmon Hatchery and the coho salmon were
obtained from the Ore&;on Game Commission's Alsea Trout
Hatchery.
The largemouth black bass and the bluegill were
collected from several sloughs and ponds in the vicinity of
Corvallis.
The fish were kept in 250-gallon, wooden, cylindrical
tanks having flowinb water.
Water was supplied to both the
holding tanks and the experimental tank for avoidance tests
from a large, elevated storage tank which was filled with
water pumped from Mary's river.
Since the source of water
was the same for the holding tanks as for the experimental
tank, the temperatures for the holding tanks and the
experimental tank did not differ appreciably.
The fish were fed every morning.
During June and July
the food for the salmon consisted of ground fish and beef
liver with mineral and vitamin supplements.
Later ifl the
year, dry commercial trout food in pellet form was used as
food for salmon and bluegill.
Since the bass would not
feed on the pellets, small minnows and annelid worms were
used.
The fish were kept in the holding tanks for periods
ranging from several days to two months before being used
7
in experiments.
Apparatus
The apparatus used in those avoidance studies, which
is shown in Figure 1, consisted of a tank 12 inches high,
24 inches wide and 112 inches long.
Four channels of equal
width and
6 inches long, separated by painted, plate glass
partitions
were located at one end of the tank.
channels were designated A,
left to right.
1-3,
These
C, and D, proceeding from
Each channel had an Independent, adjustable
water input at the closed end and an independent,
adjustable drain at the open end.
to cirain across
nearly
the entire width of the channel at a
inches above the tank bottom.
level 2
both sides of each drain
beneath
Each drain was slotted
prevented
Oblique baffles on
water from passinG
the drains and helped the fish to find their way
readily over the drain.
The tank was enclosed In a
separate compartment of the laboratory room to avoid
unnecessary disturbance of the fish.
One end of the
compartment was provided with a polarized glass observation
port from which the
ments of the fish.
investigator could observe the moveA
two-tube,
fixture was suspended from the
96-inch, fluorescent, light
ceiling of the
white-walled
compartment, providing relatively uniform light throughout
the tank.
½ RUBBER
FLUORESCENT
FIXTURE
TUBING
LIGHT
,,%' /2'/''_
/,_, ,/ / ,
/
,,
/ /,/,/,/ /,/
'
,
,1
II
I
I
II
,f
,'1'/,"
HINGED
DOOR
}
Jl'>;/' )!:
/
)/
//T7P'
POLARIZED
GLASS
OBSERVATION
PORT
jCATCH PAN
,FOR DRAINS
-T
L____
5c
/ /
'
,
:
ONE
PARTITIONS-
/4O.D.PLASTI
PIPE -
/
,,f/
\
/
CHANNELI
GLASS .-i.
RUBBER CORKS,
FLOOR OF TANK
I,
DIA. GLASS TUBING
RUBBER HOSE
____________I ' IIh
1T
1
FIBER
jj
ADJUSTABLE_CLM
(REMOVABLE)
'WH
3-REQQ.
OR S ES
AVOIDANCE
TROUGH
GLASS PART4TION
END VIEW OF
AIN AND
II
BOARD [L,2X4
coMPARTMENT
ENCLOSING
AVOIDANCE TROUGH
EXTERIOR TYPE PLYWOOD -_
DRAIN BAFFLE
-
ALUMINUM PARTITION
FOR GLASS PARTITIONS
EXTERIOR TYPE
PLYWOOD FLOOR
Figure 1.
SLOT FOR DRAI
SIDE VIEW OF DRAIN
ND CHANNEL
Apparatus used for avoidance studies.
The dissolved oxygen concentration of the water
supplied to two of the channels was controlled by bubblIng
nitrogen through the water as it flowed downward in two
:;lass columns filled with glass Rasohig rings.
The water
for the two other channels was aerated as it passed downward through additional columns.
The glass columns were
60 inches long and 2 inches in diameter and were connected
to the channel inlets with rubber tubing.
The flow from each inlet was measured for one minute
by attaching a rubber hose to the inlet and holding the
outlet of the hose outside the tank at the level of the
water In the tank.
The flow from each of the four channel
Inlets was adjusted to approxImately 1200 ml. per minute.
Two inlets at the opposite end of the tank were each
adjusted to have a water flow of approximately 600 ml. per
minute.
The outflow of each of the drains at the channel
entrances was adjusted to approximately 1500 ml. per
minute.
Since the rate of the flow Into a channel was less
than the rate of the flow leaving the drain, the difference
being water from the tank beyond the channel, a rather
sharp boundary between water in the channel and water
beyond the channel existed.
A painted screen was placed across the body of the
tank 26 Inches from the drains in order to confine the fish
and to encourage more entries by the fish into the channels.
10
Two lines or rmrkers were used for reference when recording
the number of fish going into the channels. The first line
was the drain at the entrance to the channel, the second
line being a marker on the bottohi of the tank 10 inches
from the opposite end of the
channel.
Experimental Methods
Water of reduced dissolved oxygen concentration was
introduced into
two alternate channels of the tank, these
being referred to as the experimental channels.
The other
two channels received aerated water and served as controls.
To eliminate one possible source of bias, the pair of
channels receiving the deoxygenatod water was changed every
experiment b: changing the connections between the inlets
and the glass columns.
Oxygen determinations were all done by the Alsterberg
(azide) modification of the Winkler method (1, p. 255), a
microburette being used for titration.
oxygen d.etormiriationw
60 ml.
sam11e
bottles.
Water samples for
siphoned slowly from the tank
into
Samples were taken 3 inches
outside each channel and at points 3 inches and 12 inches
inside each channel, halfway between the channel sides.
The samples were all tahen about an inch below the surface
of the water.
The oxygen determinations were made just
prior to and at the end of each 45-minute
experiment.
11
The number of fish used in each experiment varied from
10 to 35,
Large numbers of fish were needed when little
The number of fish for each experiment
movement occurred.
was chosen so as to have as many entries as could be
water
The temperature of the
nd reooraed.
accurately counted
was recorded at
the
time of placing of the
fish in
the tank.
Observations were
not made
until the fish began to
The time interval from the introduction
move about freely.
of fish to the beginning of observation averaged about 10
minutes, but varied from 3 to 30 minutes.
the species, being
1onest
It varied with
for chinook salmon and shortest
for coho salmon; and it varied also with the temperature
and the time of clay.
The observations were ordinarily
recorded separately during three successive 15-minute
periods.
xperiment8 8 through 68 were done by two persons, the
investigator calling out the observations and the other
person recording.
Following the
68th experiment, both the
observing and the recording vero done
by the investigator.
The number of fish crossing the urain, the number
crossing the second line, and
the
number present in a
channel at 60-second intervals were recorded.
Only the
first crossing of the second line by any individual fish
entering a channel was recorded.
12
some control oxperiiiients were performed in which
unaltered water was introduced into all channels.
These
experiments were conducted for the purpose of observing how
the fish behaved without differences in dissolved oxygen
concentration in the channels. Inasmuch as the time available for completion of the experiments under COndItiOn8 of
temperature suitable for the different species was limited,
complete series of control experiments were performed only
with largemouth black bass and wIth chinook salmon tested
In the fall (September to November). Only three control
tests could be performed with coho salmon, and. three were
performed with bluegill. The control tests with coho
salmon were performed much later than the reaction
experiments with this species and may not be reliable.
Computation of Avoidance Indices
The measure of the degree of avoidance by fish of
experimental channels employed in this study is referred to
as the "avoidance index" or the "index of avoidance".
value, when
This
or on
numbers of fish crossing the second line, wa calculated by
the formula:
based on numbers of entries into channels
Avoidance Index
100 x
CM - A)/M
where L represents the sum of the entries into all the
channels divided by two, and A represents the sum of the
13
entries into the experiruontal channels. It should he noted
that the formula relates the number of entries at the first
line or the second line of the experimental channels to the
corresponding entries at the first line or second line of
the control channels. When the "avoidance inUex" was zero,
equal numbers of entries into the experimental and the
control channels were indicated.
indextt
A positive "avoidance
1ndiates that the number of entries into the
experimental channels was lower than the number of entries
Into the control channels. The reater the value of this
index, the greater was the difference between control and
negative index shows that
experimental channel entries.
the number of entries into the experimental channels
exceeded the number of entries into the control channels.
When based on t;ime spent b the fIsh in the channels,
the "Index of avoidance" was cof;!puted by the same formula,
but in this case i represents the sum of the numbers of
fish counted in all channels at 60-second intervals divided
b 2, and A is the sum of the number of fish counted at
60-second Intervals In the experimental channels only.
Jones et al. (B, p. 1405), in their study of the
avoidance reactIon of salmon to pulp mill effluents, used
100 x (E - A)/E, where
E represented the number of fish In the control channels,
and A represented the nurber of fish counted in the
the formula:
Per cent Avoidance
14
experimental cbsnn1s. This formula is based on the
assumption that a fisn which is repelled by the tater in
any channel turns baoa and. does not immediately enter
another channel where the repellent stimulus is lacking.
This assumption probab1. is not entireLy valid. Fish
apeared to be repelled by the water of low dissolved
oxygen content in such a manner tt some went back towards
the open part of the tank and. others ere diverted into
another channel. The formula u.sed. in the present study
yields an index value which is lower than the avoidance
percentage comuted by the formula of Jones et cii. hen the
same data are used. This is so, since in the present study
the mean of observed entries into the experimental and the
control channels is taken to be the expected number of
entries into experimental channels. yIhile under some
circumstances it may be more nearly correct to consider the
number of observed entries into the control channels as
being the expected number of entries into the experimental
channels in the absence of a repellent stimulus, the formula of Jones et a.].. has a considerable negative bias,
which renders it unsuitable for the present study. For
instance, with the formula of Jones et al. if 38 fish entered into the control channels and l30 fish entered into
the experimental channels the £oowing result is obtained:
100 x (8 - 180)/38
-373.7ç.
Iith the numbers of entries
15
the
ame, the "Avoi.iance Index" of this oxperinient would
be:
100 x (109 - 180)/109
-65.1.
It is apparent that
one very extreme negative value could cancel out several
positive values.
Indeed in a few of the experiments
recorded here the application of the formula of Jones at
al. would yield extreme negative values such as -300 or
study b Jones at al. the
salmon never ciexdontrated much "negative avoidance". Ina8-500%.
Fortunately, in
the
much as the "ixciices of avoidance" are intended chiefly for
comparative purposes, the formula used in the present study
appears to be more satisfactory for general application
than that used b
Jones at al.
RESU IJTS
All four species of fish used in these experiments
avoided water having some reduced level of dissolved OXOfl.
The species differed in the amount and manner oi their
avoidance as shown below.
The effects of season and water
temperature can be shown only for the chinook salmon.
In
all species, avoidance of a low dissolved oxygen concentration is less evident when the number of fish crossing
the first line is considered than by the number of fish
crossing the second line or the total
the channels at 60-second intervals.
numbers of fish in
16
The chinook salmon in the earlier experiments showed
some indication of a change in avoidance to the low
concentrations ot dissolved oxygen, particularly between
With
the first 15-minute and the second 15-minute period.
the later chinook experiments
little more
change In avoidance was indicated.
"indices of avoidance" for
than a hint of a
The means of the
15-minute periods are given
in
Table 1±or all species tested.
Tables are given in the text for each
species
and
include the date of the experiment, mean oxygen concentration, water temperature in degrees Centigrade, and
millimeters. Calculated
based on entries at the first line,
of fish in
the size
"avoidance indices"
at
the second line,
and the number of fish counted in the channels at 60-second
intervals are given for each experiment.
different "indices of
The means of the
avoidance" obtained in all
tests at
each dissolved oxygen concentration with each species
are
also given. Actual numbers of entries at the first line
and second line and the numbers of fish present in the
channels at
60-second
intervals are given for all species
in Appendix Table C.
The dissolved oxygen concentrations of samples collected inside the channel at points 3 inches and 12 inches
from the drain and
at a
point 3 inches outside each drain
are given In Apendlx Table A and Appendix Table B.
The
TABLE 1
lEAN OXYGEN AVOLANGE 1 ND IC S FCR 15-MINUTE PhRIQDS
Exps.
Dis. 02
1st 15
1st line
2nd 15 3rd 15
1st 15
2nd line
2nd 15 3rd 15
1st 15
Time
2nd 15
3rd 15
mm.
mlxi.
mm.
mlxi.
mlxi.
rain.
mm.
mm.
mlxi.
44.6
35.7
30.0
- 6.5
27.1
20.5
76e5
50.9
75.5
75.0
21.3
- 1.0
67.1
29.8
7.8
1.4
16.6
82.5
45.4
42.8
- 3.1
32.4
18.1
4.8
-10.5
3.2
58.0
47.6
49.1
-10.4
75.4
45.2
2.1
- 5.7
8.4
95.6
77.5
- 4.4
76.1
40.0
4.3
-11.4
12.6
-l0.0
74.1
48.5
10.4
-12.8
3.2
90.4
80.0
8.4
- 2.5
57.8
42.2
1.8
1.9
56.0
57.3
22.8
- 1.3
24.1
17.8
2.3
2.1
5.2
96.2
89.0
60.0
- 3.6
72.4
37.5
17.7
-18.9
9.4
10.7
17.5
4.d
5.5
27.1
27.1
24.4
10.7
34.7
23.2
5.6
6.4
25.2
30.7
13.2
18.2
53.3
44.6
30.8
17.1
60.1
33.6
18.2
19.8
56.1
29.6
11.1
23.8
35.9
62.2
21.0
49.8
65.8
47.8
1.5
10.3
- 5.6
3.0
4.5
2.6
6.6
2.2
12-130
131-140 control - 4.1
16.7
6.4
2.9
- 3.2
2.0
27.7
11.1
5.6
- 6.2
10.2
394
.9
2.9
39.6
14.2
10.9
1.6
10.2
60.6
12.1
11.6
- 1.6
- 1.9
75.3
10.2
6.1
- 2.7
53.0
9.5
14.9
71.2
15.8
14.8
- 4.4
16.1
Bluegill
141-148
149-154
155-160
161-165
29.0
3.4
- 7.0
13.9
21.3
- 4.2
71.9
- 4.6
- 5.5
50.8
26.1
-13.6
11.0
49.7
- 3.0
- 6.5
- 6.4
72.3
23.2
8.9
- 3.7
74.2
mel.
mg/i
Chinook
1.5
1-8
3.0
9-16
4.5
17-20
21-27
6.0
28-35
1.5
36-43
3.0
4.5
44-51
6.0
52-60
61-68 control
-
.4
.8
,9.6
57
.05
15.9
C oho
69-72
73-77
78-81
82-86
1.5
.0
4.5
6.0
bass
90-97
98-109
110-122
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
26.4
- 6.
4.0
7.6
-
.O
-13.8
-
.9
.2
3.6
11.3
11.8
12.1
27.9
2.4
o2.5
47.8
21.2
.5
-16.6 -
- 5.3
-12.3_
mean dissolved oxyen concentrations recorded in the text
tables are the arithmetic means of the four initial and
four final dissolved oxy.., en determinations for the samples
collected inside the two experimental channels.
Chinook Salmon
The chinook salfion used in the June and July experi-
ments avoided water with concentrations of 1.5, 3.0, and
4.5 mg./i. dissolved oxygen, as shown in Table 2.
The
chinook salmon of the September, October, and November
experiments (Table 3) did not avoid water having 4.5 mg./i.
of dissolved oxyon, and neither series avoided water
having a dissolved oxygen concentration of 6.0 mg./l.
"indices of the
The
of chinook salmon increased as
the dissolved oxyen concentrations decreased.
The two
:roups of chinook salmon tested showed
consistent seasonal differences.
The mean "index of avoid-
ance" based on entries at the first line with 1.5 mg./l.
dissolved oxygen was 61.0 in the experiments performed in
June and July (Table 2) and 27.8 in the experiments
performed during September, October, and November (Table 3).
Similar differences in the "iriex of avoidance" were
demonstrated at the second line and with the "avoidance
index" based on time in most
experiments. This same
relationship was apparent at 3.0 mg./l. and at 4.5 mg./l.
19
TABLE 2
AVIDACE BY CijI1OK SALiON DU RiNG JUNE AND JULY, 1956, OF
VATER hAVING VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF DISSOLV&i OXYGEN
Exp.
No.
Temp.
0C.
Size
16.5
7/23
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.4
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.5
63-78
63-78
63-78
63-78
73-92
73-92
73-92
75-95
6/19
6/19
6/21
6/21
7/18
7/19
7/24
7/24
6.1
2.9
3.0
2.9
.0
6.0
3.0
2.9
16.5
16.5
18.5
19
25.5
23.5
24.5
75-95
63-78
50-83
73-92
78-96
78-96
7/16
7/17
7/25
7/25
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
22.5
21.5
22.5
24.5
72
72-84
61-87
70-90
6,/20
6.0
6.3
5.7
6.3
6.1
6.1
6.0
16
70-80
70-80
Date
Mean
D.O.
rng.
1
2
3
4
5
6
'7
8
Mean
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Mean
17
18
19
20
Mean
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Mean
6/22
6/22
6/25
6/27
7/19
7/20
'7/23
6/20
6/28
6/29
'7/14
7/16
7/26
/1.
17
16.5
18.5
25.5
23.5
22.5
25.5
22
16.5
19
18
18.5
19.5
21.5
mm,
75-95
'75-95
63
63
72
72
72
Avoidance Indices
Line 1 Line 2 Time
75.1
54.3
41.3
66.8
66.4
53.0
68.1
63.2
61.0
9.3
52.7
30.2
63.8
46.7
68.1
26.4
76.2
46.7
91.6
85.0
65.9
94.9
94.3
96.1
93.2
100.0
90.1
77.1
87.8
79.8
91.3
7.9
86.4
96.8
98.8
89.5
15.1
80.4
31.5
85.3
74.8
93.8
62.6
97.5
67.6
45.0
72.5
56.3
69.7
83.5
25.6
26.2
26.5
36.5
38.9
44.9
33.3
38.4
10.8
53.1
32.6
22.6
32.7
35.2
22.1
-65.1
8.9
32.2
27.6
10.3
-50.5
- 5.2
-12.2
32
-13.7
2o.9
- 1.9
'79.1
7.8
95.4
71.9
-63.?
-14.8
-16.2 -12.9
3o.2 43.2
-16.2 -38.4
31.2 28.8
- 4.7
- 1.9
20
TABLE 3
AVOIDANCE BI CHThu)K SALVk)N LURING SEPTEMBR, OCT03ER A1D
NOVEMBER, 1956, OF WATER EAVING VARIOUS CJNCETRATI0NS
OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Mean
D.O.
mg./i.
Exp.
Date
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
9/29
9/29
10/1
10/2
11/11
li/li
11/16
11/16
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.6
10/3
10/4
10/5
10/6
11/5
11/7
11/7
11/8
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.8
10/6
10/9
10/9
10/11
10/29
11/2
11/3
11/3
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.5
Temp.
1?
17.5
18
15.5
10
10
8.5
8.5
Size
Avoidance Indices
Line 1 Line 2 Time
93
93
78-97
78-91
95-105
85-100
90-105
90-105
Mean
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
16.5
13.5
15.5
15.5
10.5
11.5
11.5
1].
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
1'?
14.5
15
13
10
10
9
10
56
57
58
59
60
Mean
10/12
10/15
10/16
10/16
10/23
10/23
10/24
10/26
10/29
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.2
6.0
5.8
6.1
6.1
6.3
14
14
13.5
13.5
11
11
10
9
10
49.2
32.9
85.5
69.5
72.1
27.8
10.3
22
30.4
18.5
17.1
22.2
9.9
13.5
63.4
91-97
91-97
91-99
91-99
85-95
80-100
95-105
85-90
-15.8
-17.1
-15.6
- 3.1
24.5
62.1
Mean
52
53
54
55
843
91-97
91-97
91-97
91-97
85-90
90-105
90-105
90-105
Mean
91-99
91-99
91-99
85-100
80-90
80-100
90-110
90-110
90-110
-14
1.8
10.2
217.8
-
.03
'74.5
64
67.1
60.3
oO.1
26
53.8
59.2
27.2
5'7.6
29
36.3
40.7
40.2
43.3
53.4
2'7.7
44
15.8
39.8
- 2
9.4
9.6
3.4
11.2
7.4
-40.1
- 5
- 6.2
44.9
2.8
12.3
-27.5
61.8
89.3
73.4
1714
62.4
42
80
93.4
81.6
26
37.6
19
30.7
31.8
12.6
31.9
33
27.8
- 6.9
- 1.2
3
8.2
50.2
2
.8
10.5
11.1
5.4
20.9
5.8
-46.4
-
.8
- 8.7
4.3
.8
10
-32.1
- 5.1
-16.8
14.6
10.8
18.9
6.3
-57.4
2.3
- 2
.8
.8
-
7
-50.2
- 8.3
21
TABLE 3 (continued.)
Exp.
M an
Date
DO
Teo.
Size
00.
imi.
Avoidance Indices
Line 1 £ine 2 Time
;T
1.8
8.8
61
62
63
64
6b
66
11/2
11/17
11/17
11/17
11/17
11/19
I.O
10
10
10
7.b
7.5
67
11/19
11/20
9.8
9.i
7.5
6.b
68
Mean
10
9
9
12.2
19.2
5.2
1.8
90-100
85-105
O-1O5
95-110
95-110
db-100
- 3.1
14.8
85-100
90-10
3
15
34.3
2b.i
2.
- 2.9
- i.4
37.9
-14
12.3
.4
24.5
25.8
-1t3.2
.8
3.2
27.d
-21.2
5.2
dissolved oxygen.
Water temperature, abe, and size of fish may be factors
contributing to the seasonal differences in avoidance.
There was some evidence sugesting temperature to be an
important factor influencing the avoidance by chinook
salmon of some dissolved oxygen concentrations, but there
was little evidence available on the effect of size and
age of the fish.
Temperature
would be expected to
tor influencing avoidance since it is
in
e an important fac-
known that an increase
metabolic rate results from an increase in
The temperature effect was particularly
temperature.
noticeable
in tests
at 1.5 mg./l. and at 3.0 mg./1. of dissolved oxygen CTable
4).
At other concentrations, differences due to tempera-
ture were not demonstrated.
Though differences may have
22
TAE rE 4
f1j
T:
:
ViIAUC:F
c ;mTuoK SALMON
OF VATER HAVING VARIOUS 00NCEThATIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
No. of
xps.
Appiox.
D. 0.
1-4
5-8
4
4
9-12
13-16
4
1.5
1.5
6.0
3.0
Exp.
o.
28-31
4
4
4
3
37
3.
40-43
4
1.5
1.5
3.0
3.1
3.0
32-35
36,38,39
Avoidance Ldices
Temp.
°C.
Line 1
16.5-19
22.5-26
17
22
-19
-26
15.5-18
8.5-10
15.5-16.5
13.o
-11.5
II
Line 2
Time
5.4
34.4
o2.7
39.0
54.4
95.9
53.1
02.2
4.0
95.0
60.8
83.0
28.3
27.3
29.4
10.3
16.9
84.8
59.3
58.8
26.0
29.0
'74.0
60.3
57.1
30.1
36.2
been present at other concentrations, lack of temperature
differences between experiments or low amounts of avoidance
made a demonstration of the presence of temperature effects
i:apossible.
Data presented in Table 4 suest that at low
concentrations of dissolved oxreri the "index of avoid-
ance" increases with increasin' water temperatures.
This
may account for some of the apparently seasonal differences
In avoidance, and it may also account for some of the
variability in the avoidance determinations at particular
concentrations durin; the same season.
During the same
season the "index cf avoluanee" based on time for experiment No. 37, at a temperature of 13.50 C. was 30.1 while
the mean "Index of avoidance" for experiments No. 36,
38, and 39 at a temperature of 15.6° to 16.5° C. was 57.1,
23
as recorded. in able 4. Exoeriments No. 40 to 43 have
"indices of avoidance" similar in magnitude to experiment
No. 3? at about the same temDerature. Comparing the means
of the avoidanoe indioes in Table 4, it is seen that
little difference is evident at a particular dissolved
oxygen concentration where the range of water teiperaturo
is approximately the came. 3everal deaths of fish in
low dissolved oxygen channels may have been due to increased metEbolio demand at teIDeratures from 23 to
In addition to the influence on the avoidance of
concentrations of low dissolved oxygen, high temperatures
of the water appeared to reduce the activity of the chinook
salmon in the tanks.
260 0.
Schooling behavior of the chinook salmon was observed
to a greater extent than usual in experiments No. 1 to 4,
9 to 12, and also experiments 21 and 23. The term schooling is used here to designate a tendency of the fish to
swim in groups, the individuals of which are strongly influenced by each otherts movements. lhen a single fish
moving into a channel at the same time that other fish
were moving out of the channel turned and left the channel
with the other fish, this fish is considered to have behaved in a schooling manner. This was observed in the experiments listed above.
The combined effect of schooling
and an apparent
24
preference for channels A and D by chinook sa1on seemed
to affect the reactions in several ways.
One observed
effect was the turning of an entire group of fish away from
a channel whiCh the group was about to eater,
parently
due to the hesitation or the turning at the entrance of the
channel of the leading fish in the school.
Another effect
was the aeparatica of several of the £1SI from the rest of
the group movin
the channels.
into a channel by the partitions between
This splitting of groups of fish apparently
resulted in an inordinately large number of entries into
the low oxygen channel adjacent to the control channel
located next to the edge of the tank.
Consequently, the
number of entries into this low-oxygen channel often
exceeded the number of entries into the control channel
which was removed from the edge of the tank.
This effect
is evident on examination of the data of experiments No. 1
to 4, 9 to 12, 21 and 22 in Appendix Table C.
Due to the separation of the school of fish at the
entrances to the channels in the experiments listed above,
the use of only tue data for channels A and D appeared to
give a better eotinito of the avois.ance than the
the data from all four channels
ise of
Table $ shows that higher
indices result from using data only from channels A arid. D
than from using data from all four channels (Table 2),
particularly in experiments where schooling was evident.
25
TABLE 5
AVOIDANCE4 BY CHINOOK SALMON DURING JUNE AND JULY, 1956, OF
VATER HAVING VARIOUS CONCLNTRATIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
(CHANNELS A AND B ONLY)
Exp.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Date
Mean
D.0.
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.2
Size
00.
mm.
16.5
17
16.5
18.5
25.5
23.5
22.5
25.5
63-78
63-78
63-78
63-78
73-92
73-92
73-92
75-95
83.7
72.7
59.2
87.5
87.7
70.1
91
56.5
76
96.2
98.5
75.4
98.7
93.2
96.3
100
100
94.8
79.8
94.1
94.3
93.8
93.1
13.8
63.1
26.8
53.8
78.6
73.1
74.2
81.3
92.8
55.9
15.7
85.6
32.8
98.4
73.4
95.2
53.8
98.7
69.2
55.2
49.6
59.4
21.8
46.5
6/22
6/22
6/25
6/2?
7/19
7/20
7/23
7/23
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.5
6/19
6/19
6/21
6/21
7/18
7/19
7/24
7/24
3.1
2.9
6.0
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
16.5
16.b
18.5
24.5
75-95
75-95
75-95
63-78
50-83
73-92
78-96
78-96
7/16
7/17
7/25
7/25
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
22.5
21.5
22.5
24.5
72
72-84
61-87
70-90
28.9
43.1
43.3
41.9
39.3
37.5
52.9
54.9
38.2
45.4
6/20
6/20
6/28
6/29
7/14
7/16
7/26
6.2
6.2
16
70-80
70-80
63
63
72
72
72
15.8
-70.6
-18.8
- 7.1
37.6
-19.2
37.1
- 3.6
23.8
-77.1
-23.7
- 7.4
41.3
-21.4
Mean
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Mean
17
18
19
20
19
25.5
23.5
22
Mean
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Mean
Avoidance Indices
Line 1 Line 2 Time
Temp.
5.6
6.3
6.2
6.0
6.0
16.5
19
18
18.5
19.5
21.5
87.1
50.9
89
23.6
45.2
- 2.8
94
98.3
97.3
93.1
94
70.2
95.8
77.6
50
-76.?
4.5
-18.9
52.?
60.9
40.6
1.2
26
Coho Salmon
All except the control experiments with coho salmon
were conducted during the first two weeks of July. The
coho salmon avoided concentrations of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and
6.0 mg./l. dissolved oxygen in some experiments.
These
experimental results are presented in Table 6. At 1.5
mg./l. the magnitude of the "index of avoidance" for the
coho salmon was smaller than that for the chinook salmon
and about the same as that for the largemouth black bass.
The "avoidance index" was highly variable between experiments. The coho salmon exhibited more activity and greater
speed in swimming than did the other species. It was
observed that the coho salmon exhibited an erratic behavior
when stimulated by a low dissolved oxygen concentration.
An examination of Appendix Table C reveals the coho salmon
usually made more entries into channels In a single
experiment than did the other species.
Largemouth Black Bass
Generally, the largemouth black bass avoided
channels
having a concentration of 1.5 mg./1. of dissolved oxygen, as
shown in Table 7.
There appeared to be a slight avoidance
of wster of 3.0 and 4.5 mg./l. dissolved oxygen, also.
Among the bass tested
in the younger
there was more activity and schooling
and snaller individuals than
in the older
27
TABLE 6
AVOIDANCE BY COHO SALFON DURING JULY AND OCTOBER, 1956, OF
WATER HAVING VARIOUS CONOENTR1TIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Exp.
No.
Date
Mean
Temp.
L).O.
°C.
Size
mm,
Avoidanee Indicea
Line 1 Line 2 Time
in ./i.
69
70
71
72
Mean
74
75
76
77
7/7
7/9
7/9
7/10
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
18
18.5
21
18.5
7/6
7/6
7/10
7/11
7/11
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.3
3.0
17
18.5
20.5
18
7/5
7/5
7/12
7/12
4.5
'70
70
70
74
79
80
81
4.6
4.6
4.6
84
85
86
7/2
7/3
7/3
7/13
7/13
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.2
5.9
87
89
Mean
6.9
6.8
6.8
53.2
56.6
35.4
35.8
55.2
10.5
50.9
44.3
18.5
18.5
18.5
20.5
66-77
66-77
10.3
- 3.5
18.4
22.7
12
19.3
- 1.3
26.1
37.5
20.4
28.2
-13.2
35.3
18
17
18.5
18
20.5
63
63
37.1
- 9.5
2.2
4.6
6.2
35.4
20.7
7.7
8.8
17.3
18
23.6
- 4.7
35
27.5
16.1
-34.3
18.2
24.7
-64.9
3.1
2.7
18.5
76
76
63
76
73-80
8.1
10/17
10/17
10/17
56
59
43.4
10.6
37.3
3.7
39.6
32.6
Mean
88
34
79.5
77.4
66.1
28.4
7.4
25.2
1.6
28.8
22.4
Mean
82
83
29.1
68.8
68-74
70
73-76
64
63-67
Mean
78
- 4.1
39.8
22.4
42.5
25.1
13.5
13.5
13.5
85-105
80-100
80-90
12.6
9.2
-29.2
9.7
35
21.3
A6
42.3
4'i.6
28
TABLE 7
AVOIDANCE BY LARGEMOUTH BLACK BASS DURING AUGUST
AND SEPTEMBER, 1956, OF WATER HAVING VARIOUS
CONCENTRATIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Exp.
No.
Date
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Mean
Temp.
D.O.
. /i.
00.
urn.
8/3
8/4
8/6
8/6
8/20
8/21
9/7
9/8
1.6
1.6
19.5
18.5
18.5
50-60
48-66
50-60
50-60
8/3
8/7
8/8
8/8
8/16
8/16
8/22
8/23
8/29
8/29
9/21
9/24
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
1.5
15
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
22
22
22
20
Size
80
60-75
78-91
17.5
91
19
50-60
50-60
70
70
80
80
66-74
85
Mean
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Mean
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Mean
8/8
8/9
8/9
8/9
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/31
9/19
9/19
9/20
9/20
9/20
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.0
6.0
3.1
18.5
19
21.5
20.5
21.5
21.5
21
18.5
20
17.5
3.1
20
4.5
4.7
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.3
4.6
4.?
4.8
4.7
22.5
20
20.5
22.5
18
19.5
20.5
18
18
20
17.5
18
19
91
91
85-91
74-91
30-40
80
80
80
91
85
72-Ba
91
85-91
85-91
85-91
85-91
65-70
Avoidance Indices
Line 1 Line 2 Time
12.8
14.7
49.4
11.9
12.8
33.1
- 6.4
60.2
23.6
43.6
65.2
72.1
32.7
25.8
60.3
61.9
28.5
48.8
82.5
76.8
58.4
77.2
61.2
68.2
74.8
57.1
69.5
14.7
28.1
- 2.0
45.1
- 8.1
- 3
-20.2
- 2.3
0.5
4.4
5.4
18.9
6.8
16.9
42.9
- 9.7
22.0
- 3.0
14.2
-33.3
8.7
6.4
16.8
13.9
16.7
9.4
24.1
26.9
12.7
38.4
2.6
23.7
- 7.1
13
7.?
-36.9
1.3
26.9
11.1
5.4
13.5
12.4
21.3
37.0
- 3.1
- 7.2
40.8
- 6.5
9.4
15.3
-24.6
0.6
13.9
9.7
69.9
16.4
18.0
7.0
.4
6.2
8.4
- 3.0
- 2.2
36.7
6.0
6.4
11.5
-26.8
10.1
5.7
5.0
.4
8.9
18.3
15.5
16.4
19.1
-30.2
1.8
1.3
10.2
29
TABLE r
xp.
No.
Date
iean
D.O.
Temp.
0G.
(continued)
Size
mm.
Avoidance Indices
Line 1 tine 2 Time
rng./1.
126
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Mean
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Mean
9/13
9/14
9/15
9/15
9/15
9/17
9/17
9/17
8/15
8/15
8/29
8/31
8/31
9/12
9/12
9/13
9/13
9/13
5.9
6.1
6.0
6.4
6.0
6.1
6.1
6.0
7.9
8.3
8.5
7.5
7.8
7.4
7.8
7.9
7.7
8.1
and larger fish.
20
17.5
17
18
20
17.5
19.5
20
78-91
78-91
85-104
91
91
E2-91
91
91
19.5
60-80
20
80
88
45-91
78-91
91
91
74-91
78-91
7C-91
20.5
20
21.5
17
17.5
16.5
1'l.S
13.5
10.4
-20.9
30.9
14.8
9.2
-19.1
-20.7
-11.5
- 0.89
8.2
.6
- 7.7
3.4
- 4.0
- 2.9
26.6
1.4
- 2.7
8.8
3.2
14.7
-23.1
16.].
14.4
1.3
- 8.7
-25.6
- 9.8
- 2.6
26.6
- 3.?
10.9
11.6
23.2
-25.5
- 9.2
-16.5
2.2
- 4.7
11.7
- 3.0
7.6
- 3.9
3.7
52.2
1.7
-12.3
1.2
-19.2
31.].
27.1
4.4
6.4
9.1
7.4
.2
-
1.1
- 5.4
1.8
5.2
Schooling was only observed in experi-
merits No. 110 and 13]. with this species.
Bluegill
Table
SiOwC that bluegill avoIded experimental
channels at concentrations of' 1.5 mg./1. and 3.0 mg./1.
dissolved oxygen on the basis of the time criterion and.
avoided only 1.5 mg./1. dissolved oxygen on the basis of
entries at the first and second lines.
It appears that In
30
TABLE 8
AV0IDACE BY BLUEGILL SUiFISH DURING AUGUST AND SEPTEER,
1956, OF VATER hAY ING VARI0U CONCENTRATI8
OF DISSOLY&) OXYGEN
Exp.
Late
No.
Mean
Tebip.
D.(),
°C.
Size
nm.
Avoidance Indices
Line 1 Line 2 TIme
rng./1.
141
8/10
142
143
144
145
a/u.
s/li
3/11
8/17
3/17
8/20
8/21
146
147
148
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
20.5
1.5
23.5
20
20
21.5
22
24
60-80
60-30
60-80
oO-80
75-90
75-90
70-90
75-90
Mean
149
10
151
152
153
154
Mean
8/12
8/13
s/is
3/14
3/16
8/2
3.4
3.0
3.0
3.0
6.0
10.5
19.5
20.5
20.5
19.5
.0
20.5
155
156
157
158
159
160
Mean
8/2
8/2
9/19
9/20
9/26
9/27
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.6
4.5
19.5
17.5
19
19
19
161
7/2o
8/i
9/18
9/18
9/18
5.9
21.5
19
17
162
163
164
165
Mean
166
167
168
Mean
8/15
8/15
8/15
6.0
6.1
6.1
7.9
8.3
8.3
17
18
22
19
20
21
40-50
70-(35)
75-(36)
72-(35)
7b-90
75-90
14.9
21.6
- 1.8
40.8
37.4
-10.1
40.5
3.9
18.4
37.2
4.1
3.9
81.1
75.4
25
76.3
42.6
51.8
24.3
18.4
2.0
-23.0
-
.3
.5
--
-28.6
42.9
12
- 6.8
18.4
6.3
82.2
66.6
74.9
78.D
54
45.2
33.3
49
60.5
72.2
5.2
49
22.9
- 1.7
25.3
28.9
62-82
63-89
64-70
63-70
65-70
65-70
3.4
6.b
-11.9
25.5
-13.4
-26.8
- 2.8
60-80
60-80
60-66
60-70
60-70
15.3
- 6.1
2.9
- 5.9
15.5
4.3
-40
2.4
- 4.9
25.1
.7
- 5.4
13.1
- 5.8
11.4
5.2
38.1
- 9.8
- 7.7
10.2
20.2
-64.9
60-30
60-80
75-80
-33.3
20
- 7.7
19.9
- 9.2
25.2
- 5.9
16.8
-
25.8
12.6
- 2.5
23.6
-32.1
-43.6
- 2.7
- 7.8
- 7.4
-32.3
9.4
11
.6
-15.1
31
bluegill, the "index of avoidance" based on the time
criterion 18 greater than
that based on entries.
This
is true of other species also, but differences were more
pronounced in the bluegill.
Individual bluegill in some
experiments defended their po8ltions in the tank,
thereby
influencing the numbers of entries by other bluegill into
channels.
DISCUSSION
Species Differences
All species of fishes used in these experiments
avoided at least the lowest tested concentration of
dissolved oxygen.
The species varied
in the amount of
avoidance and also in their manner of reaction.
Avoidance
of water with low dissolved oxygen concentrations was
evidenced not only by the fewer entries into the channels
with low dissolved oxygen than into control channels, but
also by the shorter length of time spent by fishes In the
experimental channels.
In experiments performed at about the same date,
chinook
salmon exhibited considerably more avoidance than
did the echo salmon at all concentrations of aissolved
oxygen except 6.0 mg./l., at which concentration only the
coho salmon showed avoidance.
Certain behavioral
32
observations suggest possible re&sons for
The juvenile
these differences.
coho salmon appeared to be more sensitive
or
irritable in water containing 6.0 mg./l. of dissolved
oxygen than did juvenile chinook salmon.
High indices of
avoidance in the chinook salmon may in part have been due
to a tendency for individuals of this species to
their direction imediately upon sensin
concentrations.
reverse
disagreeable
Frequently the chinook 8almon did not
enter the low-oxygen channels after a few initial entries.
However, the coho salmon often became erratic upon entering
low concentrations and appeared to be too disturbed to act
in such a seemingly rational manner.
often
seen
The coho
salmon
were
to make a "start" upon entering a low dissolved
oxygen channel, then dart this way and that until they
found their way out of the channel.
swimuing speed
Also the greater
of the coho salmon often would not enable
them to turn from the channel entrance very quickly upon
being disturbed by the low-oxygen water. Possibly as yet
undemoristrated
differences in the
species to low
concentrations of dissolved oxygen could
tolerance of the two
explain some of the differences in their
responses.
The coho salmon were the most active fish, followed by
the chinook salmon at temperatures below 210 C., then by
bass, and
then bluegill.
The magnitude of the "avoidance
index" was about the same with the largomouth black bass as
33
with the echo salmon.
The bluegill, and to some extent the
largemouth bass, differed froui the salmon by continuing to
even though
enter water of low dissolved oxygen frequently,
substantial avoidance was indicated by the time spent in
the channels.
Possible Factors Influencing
Avoidance
Season, water temperature, schooling behavior, size,
age, swimrnin; speed, time of day, learning and experimental
error
may contribute to variations in results.
Due to the
time arid nurnoor of experiments, seasonal differences were
only apparent in the chinook salmon.
that a
rise
in the water
temperature
It has been shown
resulted in an
increase of the avoidance by chinook salmon of water of low
dissolved oxygen, and that a lowering of the water temperature resulted in a decrease in the avoidance.
This
temperature-avoidance relationship was apparent not only
in comparing experiments of the same season but also in
comparing experiments of
different seasons.
Difference in
schooling, swimming speed and activity which could have
influenced
avoidance have
been considered above.
Mechanism of Avoidance
Jones (14, p. 414), in his studies of the stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus, the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus, and
34
the brown trout, Slmo trutta, concludes that the basis for
the selection of the high-oxygen zone is sirply "the
removal of the
stimulus to swimming." Stimulation of
activity at low oxygen
concentrations was also noted by
Hoar, Black, and Black ( 9
,
p. 97-99) and Vella (24,
p. 323).
Stimulation of activity, as suggested by Jones, appears
to be a logical
explanatIon for avoidance in the bluegill
and in the lar2emouth black bass,
avoidance at the first
but the exceedingly high
line, in particular, and also at the
second line, in the chinook salmon introduces doubt as to
whether stimulation was the only mechanism.
Actually, in
the present study, fish were more difficult to
count
during
control experiments at low oxygen concentrations because of
more or more varied movement at the higher concentrations.
It is particularly noticeable that the chinook salmon
of the June and July experiments appeared to avoid low
dissolved oxygen concentrations at the first line to a
greater degree than did the later group of chinook salmon
or the other species.
An almost
complete avoidance of the
low dissolved oxygen channels,
foilowin; several trial
entries, could be explained in
several ways, namely:
1) the fish could learn that particular channels were
undesirable, 2) the fish could learn that an increasingly
uncomfortable situation followed continuing movement into
35
a channel which was slightly uncomfortble at the entrance,
and 3) the fish could actually sense a low dissolved oxygen
concentration close to the channel entrance.
The magnitude of
avoidance at the first line may be
influenced by interaction among the fish.
hesitate at the entrance of the
A fish niiht
channel or Inside the
channel and other fish comIng towards the channel might
notice the hesitation or turning of the
first fish and turn
because of it. This reaction aparently could have contributed to the production of a positive index of avoidance at
the
first line
in some of the experiments
with all species
used.
Evidence at' a considerable speed of
recognition of
water of low dissolved oxygen has been presented.
connection it Is interesting to note
that
In this
Powers and Clark
(18, p. 104-107) speak of receptors located in the regions
of the gills and innervated by the ninth cranial nerves as
more Important
fishes than
system.
In
in controlling the normal breathing of
the cephalic or central portion of the nervous
a later
publication, Powers and Clark (19,
p. 110) reported that fishes with lateral line
sectioned just distal to the gills do
nerves
not respond
to the
carbon dioxide tension of the water, even though branches
of the ninth arid tenth cranial nerves leading to the gills
are intact.
Prior to this
time it was considered that
only
ö6
the CO2 tension of the blood activated the changes in gill
movements of fish.
Further investiation should put more
light on the presence or absence of external receptors of
stimuli controlling respiration in fishes.
Rapidly Lethal Levels
Evidence that fish do detect and avoid some low
dissolved oxygen concentrations has already been presented
in this paper.
The lower
limits of
tolerance for certain
of these species of fishes can be found in the literature.
There appears to be a great possibility that fishes may be
able to detect and avoid concentrations of dissolved oxygen
above their minimum tolerance where some barrier does not
block the escape of fish from water of those concentrations.
These .tudies have shown that fishes more strongly
avoid low oxygen
conceLtr8tions
at hi
than at lower water temperatures.
the minimum oxygen
oxygen
water temperatures
Likewise,
a survey of
tolerance limit (or minimum lethal
level) in fisheries
publications shows higher
minimum levels at high water temperatures and lower minimum
levels at lower water
ternoeratures.
juvenile chinook
salmon avoided concentrations of dissolved oxygen as high
The present study has shown that
as 4.5 mg./l. at temperatures ranging iron l6
to 260 C.
and avoided aissolved oxygen concentrations of 1.5 ar.
37
3.0 mg./1. at temperatures
onerally lower (6.50 - 190 0.).
Chapman (4, p. 197) found that a dissolved oxygen concentration below 2.5 rag./l. proved lethal to the fingerling
chinook salmon In a very short time.
Townsend and Earnest
(23, p. 346) in their table of the published minimum oxygen
tolerances of salmonid fish list 2.3 to 2.7 mg./l. as the
minimum levels for aault chinoeks at 210 to 230 C,
The coho salmon avoided the reduced oxygen channels
at all concentrations.
Davison (7, p. 15) found that at
temperatures of 12° or 160 0,, coho salu4on were able to
survive at concentrations of dissolved oxygen above 1.4
mg./1., while at 240 C., concentrations of more than 2.2
mg./l. were required. Similar lower
oxygen tolerance
limits for echo salmon are given for comparable temperatures by Townsend, Erichson, and Earnest (22, p. 1-47).
Very few reliable tolerance studies have been
conducted with centrarchids, Preliminary tolerance tests
with 76 niu. largernouth black bass by Katz (unpublished
data) appeared to indicate that their minimum tolerance
limit was below 1.0 mg./1. at 20° C.
The mean lethal
oxygen limit of a related species, smailmouth black bass,
Uicropterus dolomieu , was reported by Burdick et al.
(3, p. 84-87) as 0.63 and 0.73 mg./1. dissolved oxygen at
52° F. (11.10 C.) and 1.16 and 1.05 mg./1. at 80° F.
(26.67° C.) in two groups of experiments.
If the
38
largemouth black iJass WOi.lc avolu in natural water 1.5
rrig./l. dissolved oxyen concentration as it dIO. in the
avoidance tank, fish of this species night sometimes be
able to move away frtxn areas of lethal concentrations of
dissolved oxyen.
Ecological Significance
It Is unlikely that laborat-ory conditions can be xnsde
to approxiniate natural conditicns.
A
ooderi tank, painted
whIte, with vertical sides, shallow water, fluorescent
lIghtIng and somevthat controlled variables presents a much
different environment than does a streambed.
The sharp
transition from water of high dissolved oxygen to water of
low dissolved oxygen encountered in the experimental tank
would hardly over be encountered In nature. Probably these
conditions are
most nearly apiroachod at the confluence of
a well aerated, unpolluted stream with a polluted stream
with little or no dissolved oxygen.
Normally in rAature
there would be a dradual transi-
tion from high corcentrations of dissolved oxygen to lower
concentrations, the transition area being possibly many
feet or oven miles in a stream instead of a few inches as
in the avoidance tank.
Small differences in dissolved
oxygen concentration may not produce as large an avoidance
react ton as is produced by the sharp boundary of the
39
In nature a dissolved oxygen gradient may
avoidance tank.
be vertical, as in the thermally stratified lake in which
Moore tested the tolerance of fish over 24 hour periods
(16, p. 319).
It may appeer reasonable, perhaps, that the fish tested
in these experiments would detect and avoid in the avoidance tank any dissolved oxygen concentration which they
would detect and avoid in the native habitat.
It cannot be
assumed, however, that the fish would avoid ifl nature every
dissolved oxygen concentration avoided in the experimental
tank.
Young salLilon ordinarily occur in highly aerated fresh-
water streams.
The sa1non fingerlings in these experiments
appeared to choose water with a high level of dissolved
oxygen similar to that found in their habitats in nature.
The bass and the bluegill generally inhabit ponds, lakes,
and sluggish streams.
The latter two species appeared to
be relatively insensitive to low concentrations of
dissolved oxygen which occur in their native habitat more
frequently than in the habitats of salmon.
Under natural conditions recuced dissolved oxygen
concentrations are always associated with elevated carbon
dioxide tensions.
Inasmuch as
helford and Powers (21,
p. 334) and Powers (17, p. 20) have reported that some
fishes, notabli salmon and herring, are very sensitive and
40
react strongly to differences of carbon dioxide tension,
it might be supposed that water with reduced diesolved
oxygen concentration may be avoided in nature in part
because of its high 002 tension. in the experiments
reported here the 002 tensions were not increased, but on
the contrary were probably reduced somewhat, in reducing
the dissolved oxygen concentration by mns of nitrogen.
The reactions considered here are believed to be reactions
to dissolved oxygen only. ork needs to be done to determine if increased carbon dioxide rather than reduced
oxygen may not be the controlling factor in avoidance of
these related conditions in natural waters.
StJLMRY
1.
Studies of the avoidance reactions of some fresh-water
fishes were conducted at the isheriee Research Laboratory, Oregon 8tate College, £ron June through November,
1956.
2.
The apparatus used was a tank 112 inches long end 24
inches wide with four, oual, parallel, 36-ineh long
channels, two of which v,ere supplied with water at
some controlled ,Low dissoived oxygen concentration and
two of which were supplied with well sorated water.
The dissolved oxygen concentration was reduced by
41
bubbling nitrogen through the flowing water.
ll four species of fish used in the experiments,
3.
namely, chinook salmon, colic salmon, largomou.th biao
bass, and the bluegill avoided some low concentrations
of dissolved oxygen.
4. Groups of experiments for each species were conducted
with water having dissolved oxygen concentrations of
5.
1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 mg./l.
Fish, during the 45-minute test periods, were recorded as tbr crossed the drain at the entrance to the
channel and as they crossed a marker near the back of
the channel. The number of fish present in the channel
at 60-secand intervals was also recorded.
separate "index of avoidance was calculated using
each of the three counts.
6.
it
7.
The "index of avoidance" w2.s computed from the formula:
100 x
"Index of voidanoet'
CM -
whore M represents the sum of the entries in all the
channels divided by 2, and represents the awn of the
entries in the experimental channels. hen the index
it
was based upon time, M represents the awn of the number
of fish counted in all channels at 60-second intervals
divided by 2 and represents the total number of fish
in the experimental channels at 60-seood intervals.
8. In all species the "index of avoidiice was less at the
42
firit line than
voidanoe'
The 'index of
t the a000rid iinO
aio leas than the
t the firat line
index of avoithuee
detorined bi the amount Of tiiie
fiah rornainod in the channel$,
9.
Chinook. 2alLiOfl in the June and July exrcrimenta
nd 4.b rn./1.
ivoided concentretiona of 1.t5, 3.0,
diao1ved oxygen uid did not avoiä Q.)
10.
Chinook ealmon in
C./l.
etebor, October, and November
eporirnenti avoided coneentratton
of i.L x 0
rng./i. diiao1ved oxygen, avoided 4.b onui slight1',
:.nd aid. riot avoid d.0 mg./1,
II.
The chinook teted during the June arid Juii eries
of experitonts gave higher t1indieea o± avoidanco'
than aid the late
eriea of chinook salaion or other
a ' eel e s.
12.
;ater te;perature arpeared to be an iaortant factor
oontributin
to diUerencea in the magnitude of the
ndicee of avoidance" between aeaaori
1$.
The magnitude of
voidaneo varied directly
ter tcmerature in chinook
14.
Coho
ith the
a1rron.
aimon avo..ded vatcr ol' concentrations of l.i3,
.0, 4.b, and
lb.
and within a
.o m./l. diesolvod oxy;en.
Coho aa1on bearne err tie imon enterin; the 1ocat
dio1vod oçgcn channola.
43
16.
Laraernouth b1ck baes
voided 1.b m./1. dissolved.
oxygen and appeared to avoid slightly eoucentrtions
of
17.
.O
nd 4.b uig./l.
Both on the basis of entries and on the basis of
time bluegill
voided concentrations of 1.5 mg./l.,
and on the basis of time only, they avoided 3.0
mg./l. dissolved oxygen.
13.
some indiction of learning
s noted when the
'9.ndices of cvoidance" were oomared for sucocsive
15-minute periods with the chinook salmon of Juzie
and July exporinents; little if any learning ws
demonstrated in other experiments,
r-;i
;L
.
wrion public holth
odi for th
induj3tricl
,
3rett, J.
.
' 1on,
netbocition. :t nthrd
tor, Hogo, nd
x;in&tion of
ow
i(tJi ccl.
eifio
er:critro toierncc of zoung
norhirwhu3.
Jouruzi I oi the
;enuB
fi'te ro:orch uord of Cnd
..
4,
ork,
'
: 25-; 7.
LethJ. OXOfl ooncentrtion8
i. et i.
.
milriouth b&i. now ora fish
br trout
me journ1 1:35-7. J.nuar 19,4.
nd
3urUiok,
decreaec ox;i,fiect
of
jlbcrt Mo Leod,
imrman,
on
ocke;e ,nu ohnook o1mon.
1
en
aoiety
rnotionB of the iericn ficherio
t:
5,
Obido3ter,
.
.
Jtudie
on fish migration.
Ii. ihe
influence of aa1initj on the diooraJ. of fiheu.
oicn natu.rdl8t
ó.
otor inf1uing
ralu B.
oi1ins,
ol nirit in ax 4ro.ou3 £iabou.
U..
orvioe.
p,
12herj
onw offoct of 1oi eonobert
centratiuis of d i >olved o::;7gen u'on juv4iniie
1ron.
.tor' o the;if3.
11ver
Cov1li3,
Davison,
roon ot&'te eol1e, lcJL4,
:J,
aiiiugton,
overwient orb tins oUoe, ibi.
(u,. fish tnd wildiifo
oalletin no. 7, vol.
7.
the orinttion
ioudorofb,
eter.
t..erture
M numb. lenvos.
ec3tloflk3 01 mririe flEhOs to
r:4ionti.
Biologbc;1 buLLetin
7cl-&. l)3.
J.
7. , Black, nd . 0. B1ck.
icne
. ,
:.
13peet of the
oIoi.ogy of Itoh.
oronto,
University of oronto :rec, li. lii.
(Univor$it of ¶oronto boioioai 3erios no.
ublication of the Ont'bo iithorieu
borori, rio. 71,,
eioh
9.
4b
Jones, Benjain ., et al. voidance reactions of
salrLlonid fishes to øuip mill effluents, ;ewage
nd industrial vaetes 2;140-14l. November
lib6.
11. Jones, J. H. irichsen. The reactions of Pyosteus
Dungitius L. to toxic solutions. Journal of
10.
experimental hioogy 24:110-122. 1947.
12.
13.
further study of the reactions
of fish to toxic solutions. Journal of
experimental biology 25:22-4. 1943.
The reactions of the minnow,
Phoxinus phoxinus L., to solutinne of phenol,
orthodresol and paraorcsol. Journal of
exDerimental. biology 28:261-270.
14.
15.
16.
The reactions of fish to 10
Journal of exoerimental
bio1oy 29:403-41. 3e.ptember 1952.
iatz, fan. Unab1isbed dstc on oxyen tolersnee of
oxygen concentrations.
largemoath black bass. Corvallis, Oregon state
ublic health service fisheries
col.Lége-U.$.
research laboratory. 1956.
Field atadies of the oxygen
requirements of certain froh-water fishes.
;oore, 7a1ter G.
Ecology 29:19-29.
17.
1951.
1942.
.xperiments and observations in the
dwin B.
behavior of marine fishes toward the hydrogen-
powers,
ion ooicentration of sea-water in relation to
ub1icstheir migratory movements and. habitat,
tion of the Fuget sound biological station
(b7) :1-22. 1921.
18.
19.
thin B. and iobert T. Clark Jr. Control of
norma.l breathing of fihe by receptors located
in regions of the gills and innervated by the
iXth and th eranici nerves. meriean joial
of physiology l:lC4-10?. December 1942.
Powers,
Further evidence on chemical
factorsfeeting the migratory movements of
fishes, eseoia11y salmon. Ecology 24:19-113.
20.
Shelford, Victor E. and
C. Allee. Reactions of
fishes to gradients of dissolved atmospheric
.
gases. Journal of experimental zoology 14:
207-263.
1913.
B. and Edwin I. Powers. An
experiienta1 study of the movemnents of herring
and other marine fishes. Biological bulletin
28:315-334.
1915.
21.
Shelf ora, \'lctor
22.
Townsend, Lawrence 1)., Arne Erichsen, and Don Earnest.
Progress report on field investigations and
research. Washington state pollution committee,
Olympia, Vashinton. p. 1-47. 1938.
23.
Townsend, Lawrence D. and Don Earnest. The effects of
low dissolved oxygen and other extreme conditions
on salmonoid fish.
Proceedings of the sixth
Pacific science congress 3:345-351.
24.
1940.
wel1s, Morris M.
The resistance of fishes to
different concentrations and combinations of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. Biological bulletin
25:323-347.
1913.
/
47
APPENDIX
TABLE A
DISSOLVED OXYGEN COCENTRT1ON AT 12 lNCiii,S A1Li 3 INChES INSIDE CkiAiNEI
OUTSIDE CHANNELS (for channels A and B)
Channel A
Experiment
Number
12 in.
AI4D 3 INC1S
Channel B
S in.
6 in.O.
12 in.
9.8-9.6
1.4-1.4
9.8-9.1
1.8-0.9
8.2-8.3
1.5-1.5
8.6-8.8
1.6-1.4
10.0-9.7
2.8-2.8
10.2-10.0
9.2-9.2
6.8-5.8
9.2-9.2
6.4-5.6
6.3-6.9
4.3-6.0
2.1-2.0
9.1-9.2
1.6-2.0
8.7-9.0
2.1-1.8
8.4-8.6
1.5-1.5
8.6-8.6
3.1-3.1
10.2-10.0
3.2-3.1
3 in.
S in.O.
1.6-1.9
9.6-9.4
1.6-1.9
8.7-8.7
2.1-2.9
8.4-8.6
1.7-1.6
8.4-8.6
6.0-3.4
10.1-10.0
3.0-3.0
5.3-5.1
5.9-8.3
5.5-7.9
6.4-6.6
7.0-6.3
6.5-6.0
5.8-5.8
5.5-5.4
6.4-5.8
8.2-8.0
5.2-5.5
Chinook Salmon
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
'10
A.
17.
ad
A.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
9.4-9.6
2.0-1.6
9.6-9.6
1.1-0.8
8.6-8.
1.5-1.5
8.6-8,6
1.5-1.4
9.8-9.8
2.9-3.1
10.1-9.7
00
.. U
Ca
) . '.1
7., 00
0r7
r)cU
.
0
')
a.)
7'1j.
8.3-8.3
.0-3.1
8.5-8.4
4.6-4.4
9.1-9.2
6.9-8.7
4.5-4.5
6.3-6.2
9.9-9.5
9.1-8.8
6.4-6.2
9.4-9.3
8.4-8.1
3.0-3.1
8.7-8.3
4.5-4.3
9.1-9.1
8.9-8.7
4.6-4.4
6.2-6.1
9.8-9.8
9.3-9.1
6.6-6.4
9.2-9.1
a.)
Ca
.
'7.6-7.7
7.0-5.6
8.1-8.4
'1.8-4.8
9.9-8.5
7
J
.z
ad
7 A
t .
ad
£
iz;
a.,
V7
A. I
7.9-7.1
4.0-6.3
7.6-7.1
7.8-7.2
8.5-7.8
8.0-7.5
6.1-6.6
6.4-7.5
9.2-8.4
10.0-8.6
7.4-7.6
8.5-7.5
0 0 0
..
.
a.,
C)"
A. a)
a..
.,
'-. . a,
2.8-2.9
8.9-8.9
2.8-2.8
8.7-9.2
4.6-4.6
4.4-4.6
8.5-8.4
10.1-10.4
6.2-6.3
5.8-5.4
9.8-9.5
6.0-6.1
0U
0s
J
'Z
aJ
ad *
ad
C)
a_
A
3.0-2.9
8.6-9.0
3.0-6.0
8.9-9.2
4.6-4.5
4.3-4.6
8.5-8.5
10.4-10.1
6.4-6.5
5.8-5.8
9.8-10.0
6.0-6.2
4D7
i
tZ
a,
C
5.0-6.2
7.5-6.7
7.2-6.2
7.8-7.5
7.0-6.4
7.5-6.6
6.0-6.6
8.3-7.7
8.6-8.o
6.8-6.4
8.2-8.2
7.6-7.1
TABLE A (continued)
Experiment
Number
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
34
35
36
37
39
40
4].
42
43
44
45
46
4?
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
12 In.
6.0-6.0
6.0-6.0
1.6-1.8
9.5-9.4
1.5-1.6
9.6-10.0
11.4-10.8
1.6-1.7
11.4-12.2
1.6-1.7
3.0-3.1
10.4-10.8
3.0-2.9
10.2-10.2
11.8-12.2
3.0-3.2
11.1-11.6
2.9-3.1
4.6-4.6
4.6-4.4
4.ô4.6
11.2-10.8
11.4-11.4
4.2-4.7
12.2-11.6
4.5-4.5
6.0-6.0
10.4-10.8
5.9-5.8
Channel A
3 in.
6.1-6.0
5.9-6.0
1.8-1.8
9.7-8.7
1.6-1.5
10.0-10.5
11.7-10.0
1.7-1.5
11.4-11.0
1.6-1.7
3.0-3.0
10.6-10.6
3.0-6.0
10.3-10.0
11.8-11.8
2.9-2.8
11.1-11.1
2.9-3.1
4.5-4.6
4.6-4.5
4.6-4.6
11.0-10.7
11.4-11.0
4.7-4.7
12.2-11.8
4.5-4.5
t,.9-6.l
10.6-10.2
5.9-6.0
Channel B
3 in,0.
12 in.
3m.
3 In.0.
6.6-6.8
6.2-7.4
6.0-6.3
7.5-7.1
6.5-7.1
7.8-9.2
8.0-7.7
7.8-6.8
r,8..79
7.2-6.8
5.6-5.6
9.1-7.6
8.1-8.1
8.1-8.0
9.3-9.2
8.4-8.0
8.4-8.6
8.0-8.0
8.1-8.4
9.0-c.6
6.7-8.6
7.5-7.4
9.3-9.5
9.1-9.1
8.8-8.5
10.2-10.1
2.0-1.7
9.8-9.7
1.6-1.4
1.2-1.4
10.8-11.2
1.5-1.6
11.7-11.1
9.3-8.9
2.9-3.2
10.1-10.4
3.0-6.1
9.1-9.1
8.8-8.5
7.4-7.7
7.4-7.3
9.2-6.0
7.6-7.1
6.0-5.9
8.2-7.1
7.6-7.6
8.5-7.8
7.1-7.1
7.7-7.1
9.4-.0
12.0-1.0
10.0-9.6
9.4-8.9
7.5-7.?
8.0-8.0
7.4-6.9
4.5-4.4
11.9-11.?
10.6-10.9
.0-2.9
11.0-11.2
2.9-6.2
11.4-11.3
9.8-10.2
10.4-10.6
10.6-10.5
4.5-4.6
4.4-4.5
i.0.i-10.2
1.6-1.6
9.6-9.8
1.4-1.5
1.2-1.4
10.8-11.2
1.4-1.5
11.3-11.1
9.4-9.2
3.0-6.2
10.4-10.6
6.0-6.0
2.8-2.9
10.9-11.2
2.9-2.8
li.2-11.3
10.1-10.2
l0.7-iU.6
10.7-10.4
4.4-4.6
4.4-4.4
12.0-12.0
4.4-4.5
11.7-11.?
10.9-11.0
b.9-b.E3
b.0-.9
10.b-10.7
10.4-lo.8
r,.2_7.4
5.5-7.6
8.3-.3
8.0-7.3
9.5-9.6
8.4-8.4
8.5-8.4
rl.5.7,5
8.2-8.7
9.2-8.2
6.3-9.4
7.5-7.3
9.7-9.6
9.4-9.4
9.7-8.8
1.9-7.9
8.0-7.8
7.6-7.1
TABLE A (continued)
Channel A
Experiment
Number
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
12
n.
10.7-10.8
6.0-6.1
9.-9.9
5.9-6.0
12.0-11.5
6.3-6.6
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
Channel B
3 in.
3 in.0.
12 in.
3 in.
3 in.0.
10.4-10.5
6.0-6.1
9.3-9.3
6.0-6.0
12.0-11.5
6.0-6.2
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
7.1-7.9
7.5-7.2
7.3-7.1
8.3-7.8
9.0-9.2
8.4-8.2
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
6.0-6.3
9.1-9.1
5.9-5.7
11.5-11.5
6.1-6.1
11.8-11.8
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.?
9.7-9.8
6.0-6.3
9.3-9.1
6.1-5,?
11.3-11.0
6.2-6.1
11.4-11.9
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10,2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
7.0-7.6
7.7-7.7
7.2-6.8
8.3-8.0
9.0-9.2
9.0-8.8
9.3-9,8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
6.7-7.1
7.9-7.5
5.2-6.3
9.0-7.8
9.2-7.o
5.6-7.3
8.2-8.0
7.3-7.6
5.3-5.9
6.0-'.6
8.8-8.3
8.0-7.4
7.8-6.9
10.2-9.7
).7-i.9
9.0-9.1
1.5-1.6
3.1-3.3
8.7-8.9
ô.1-2.9
.4-10.1
8.4-9.2
9.0-9.1
4.6-4.8
4.6-4.6
9.4-8.9
10.0-9.6
98-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
Silvar Sa1ion
69
70
71
72
73
1.5-1.6
9.2-8.8
1.6-1.5
9.4-9.3
9.o-9.?
1.5-1.?
8.c-9.0
1.6-1.5
9.4-9.2
0.6-9.7
3.v3.0
75
9.4-9.1
76
77
78
79
80
81
3.1-3.0
4.5-4.4
9.1-9.1
9.2-9.4
4.6-4.5
9.5-9.2
3.1-3.6
3.1-3.0
4.2-4.5
9.2-9.1
9.4-9.3
4.6-4.6
1.-1.8
8.1-9.4
1.4-1.8
3.1-6.3
9.1-8.9
3.0-6.0
9.7-10.1
8.4-9.5
9.0-9.2
4.5-4.b
4.6-4.6
9.3-9.0
7.6-7.9
7.4-5.5
5.9-5.?
6.6-6.4
5.5-6.5
r/7rIo
8.4-/.8
7.2-7.9
7.7-7.2
3.b-7.9
8.2-7.4
6.8-7.0
7.7-7.5
0
TABLE A (continued)
Channel A
Experiment
Number
62
84
85
86
87
88
89
3 In.
3 in.0.
12 in.
9.7-8.9
9.8-9.6
6.2-5.9
9.1-9.2
6.0-5.3
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
9.0-i .5
8.8-8.5
0.6-8.4
7.5-7.9
7.6-7.7
7.3-7.5
9.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
5.6-5.6
4.4-5.7
8.4-7.9
3.4-6.1
8.0-7.6
8.4-7.2
Largemoutli Base
90
1.8-1.6
91
9.1-9.2
92
93
94
95
96
1.5-1.o
8.8-9.0
.0-8.1
1.4-1.2
l.b-1.5
crI
c
98
9.7-9.2
3.1-2.9
8.8-8.8
2.'-2.8
8.9-8.9
3.0-3.2
9.0-8.7
3.0-2.9
9.3-8.9
3.0-3.0
3.1-3.3
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
Channel B
12 In.
z
c
J S J
9.6-9.8
6.0-6.0
9.6-9.3
6.0-5.9
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.6
6.8-6.8
1.8-1.6
9.b-9.3
1.5-1.6
8.8-8.5
8.9-8.6
1.4-1.3
1.6-1.5
17
17 S ¶.J
9.8-8.5
3.1-6.0
8.9-8.9
2.8-2.8
9.2-8.7
8.8-8.9
3.0-3.1
9.5-9.0
3.0-3.0
6.1-ô.3
33_5,7
5.4-5.6
ci
)S 17 4 5
3 In.
3 In.0,
5.9-5.8
6.2-6.0
9.2-9.3
6.4-6.3
9.5-9.4
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
7.7-8.2
6.9-7.6
8.2-7.9
6.4-7.3
7.6-7.8
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
9.5-9.3
1.7-1.5
9.0-9.1
1.5-1.5
1.4-1.3
9.0-8.6
7.7-7.6
9.4-9.4
1.7-1.4
9.2-9.2
1.5-1.5
1.4-1.4
9.0-8.4
5.2-7.0
6.7-7.0
8.3-6.1
6.7-6.5
4.6-6.6
7.3-6.3
4.8-6.8
i. (L, I A
r
Ju I
9.2-9.2
6.2-6.3
9.4-9.2
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
r
17
9.3-8.0
3.8-5.6
8.3-8.1
6.4-6.0
8.7-7.2
6.0-6.5
8.4-7.8
6.7-6.0
8.-8.0
5.8-5.5
5.4-6.8
3.0-3.0
8.9-9.1
3.1-3.0
8.5-8.6
3.0-3.0
8.9-9.0
2.8-3.1
8.8-8.8
3.0-3.1
9.4-9.4
10.0-10.0
8.0-'7.6
L . ti
2.7-2.8
9.2-9.3
3.0-2.9
8.7-8.6
3.0-3.0
9.1-8.6
2.9-3.1
8.8-9.1
3.0-3.1
9.3-9.3
10.0-10.0
A
Z.
4.1-7.0
6.9-5.7
6.0-6.6
6.2-7.0
8.0-7.1
6.2-7.6
7.5-7.6
7.6-7.6
6.4-6.6
5.7-6.6
6.8-7.9
Cr1
TABLE A (continued)
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
12 in.
3 in.
3 in.0.
12 in.
3 in.
3 in.0.
9.6-9.5
8.4-8.6
4.5-4.7
8.9-8.8
4.6-4.5
9.3-8.9
3.0-3.0
4.6-4.5
9.2-9.2
10.0-9.8
4.6-4.5
10.0-10.2
4.8-5.2
9.6-9.8
9.4-9.4
8.8-8.7
4.8-4.6
8.9-8.8
4.7-4.5
9.5-9.0
3.0-3.0
4.6-4.6
9..-9.4
10.0-9.8
8.4-3.6
7.9-7.4
5.6-6.7
8.7-7.8
5.8-6.5
8.6-8.0
5.8-5.5
5.6-6.7
9.0-8.0
10.1-9.8
4.6-5.2
9.6-9.6
9.5-9.4
6.0-6.1
10.0-9.9
8.8-8.6
7.2-8.4
3.1-3.0
4.4-4.5
8.8-9.1
4.5-4.4
8.8-8.9
3.0-3.1
9.4-9.4
9.1-9.2
4.6-4.6
4.6-4.6
9.8-9.7
4.5-4.5
10.0-10.0
4.6-5.1
5.9-6.2
9.8-9.8
6.1-6.0
3.2-3.2
4.5-4.4
9.0-9.1
4.7-4.5
3.6-8,7
3.0-3.1
9.3-9.3
9.1-9.1
4.6-4.7
4.4-4.5
9.8-9.4
4.6-4.5
10.0-9.6
4.6-5.0
5.9-5.8
9.9-10.0
6.0-6.0
8.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
6.7-7.3
8.3-7.7
b.9-6,7
6.4-6.6
5.7-6.6
7.7-6.8
6.7-6.7
8.0-8.5
8.4-8.8
6.2-7.0
7.9-8.6
6.9-9.6
7.6-7.6
8.4-8.0
.2-8.9
6.1-6.2
10.0-10.0
£
a.
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
13?
Channel B
Channel A
Experiment
Number
I
J J.
1
SJ . a.
9.6-9.4
6.2-6.0
9.6-9.4
6.2-6.1
7.9-8.0
8.4-8.6
8.5-8.5
7.3-7.6
77..79
7.2-7.2
7.6-7.9
4547
'J
L
.J
J
I
L.
9.8-9.3
6.2-6.2
9.2-9.2
6.1-6.1
7.9-8.0
8.4-8.6
8.5-8.5
r,.3_17,6
I7,7...79
7.2-8.t,
r/5_rf 6
9.6-.6
7.8-8.1
6.8-7.5
8.4-8.2
7
I
1 - rI
a.
(
S i
9.2-8.4
7.6-7.6
8.2-8.5
3.4-8.3
7.9-8.0
8.4-8.3
8.5-8.5
7.3-7.6
77,..79
'7.2-7.2
r/272
7.6-7.9
7.6-7.9
t
J
(T
7 S J
6.2-5.9
10.4-10.2
6.1-6.0
9.2-9.6
7.9-8.0
8.4-8.3
8.5-8.5
7.3-7.6
r,7_79
7.3-7.3
7.6-7.9
r
rj
I - (.1
£
¼)
6.9-.6
r
'D
¼)
r
/
1
r,,9_8.O
6.8-7.8
7.8-7.9
8.5-8.1
8.9-8.4
7.9-8.0
8.4-d.o
8.5-8.5
7.3-7.6
7.7-7.9
7,3_773
7.6-7.9
8.5-8.5
7.3-7.6
7.7-7.9
7.3-7.3
7.6-7.9
6.2-5.8
10.0-10.2
6.2-6.0
9.6-9.4
t
TAbLE A (continued)
'-==----------
12 in.
138
7.3-7.3
3 In.
rj
3 in.0.
17
I S J
I
7.7-7.7
7.8-7.8
140
B1ue4l1 E.unfih
141
1.5-1.9
1
L 5
142
143
144
145
8.-9.0
9.1-8.9
1.5-1.5
8.8-9.0
9.2-9.9
1.5-1.
1
1'6
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
loO
161
162
.Lbó
---
Channel A
Experinent
Number
19
---------
1.4-1.
c
.
1
-1
C)
C
. o
9.1-8.9
9.1-9.0
1.b-1.
ai 5 aU )
1.4-1.
a
3.0-3.0
Li S 9
3.2-2.8
3.0-p 9
9.1-8.9
9.1-3.0
3.0-2.8
J.
U
4.5-4.6
9.6-9.5
9.6-9.8
9.8-10.0
4.4-4.6
5.8-5.8
9.5-9.4
9.8-9.8
9.6-9.6
9.8-10.0
5.8-6.0
9.5-9.0
lu.0-9.8
rj
-z
I
r
- I
Li
12 in.
ry
i .
A
__________
Channel L
3 in.
A
r
i . - r;
- , .
.
3 in.0.
r
A
f .
ri
- ,
7.7-7.7
.8-7.8
7.7-7.7
7.8-7.3
7.7-7.7
7.3-7.8
7.7-7.7
7.8-7.8
C
Js 0L10
Qr;
L'
I
aJ.
U .JU.
5.5-6.6
o.8-7.b
aL5 I
1.5-1.5
C
a
. i. -
.
a
7.8-7.6
8.8-8.0
o.0-4.4
R
J. 0 C S
0
3.3-5.7
U A
R
US
r
CO
7.6-6.1
4.6-5.3
4.5-6.3
A
A
. 'i
I
C
.
a
6.1-6.4
9,4_r/,9
0
- c .
I
J
A
A
1
S 2
)
a
.
(1
1.5-1.4
1.6-1.4
9.0-9.1
1
1
J S U
i.0-O.6
9.0-8.4
a 0 a
). a
a, a a
_
.J
'
8.8-8.8
9.0-8.9
p a
.a oa
v.4-9.2
4.6-4.
8.6-8.7
4.-4.6
9.6--9.6
4.6-5.1
4.6-4.6
10.5-10.0
8,9-9.0
t.8-5.o
5.9-6.1
8.7-8.4
3.6-8.2
6.2-6.9
9.3-7.7
7.6-8.3
a
L . L
1.4-1.5
1
1.6-1.4
1.6-1.4
8.9-8.4
I
01
C
SLsi)
.
i
9
0
.
6.1-3.1
9.-8.&3
9.0-8.9
a
a. rt -b 8
9.4-9.ô
4.5-4.8
4.5-4.7
4.6-5.0
4.6-4.6
10.5-10.4
9.0-9.0
b.8b.9
6.0-6.2
C
.
0 b.
-
6.1-6.5
6.2-7.4
3.1-7.0
U S
U C
7.3-6.6
ai.
c
r;
:.a
'
. 17_.4Z
5.4-6.1
r/36]
7.1-6.9
.0
i
8.8-7.3
5.8-9.5
8.5-7.4
C.9-9.6
8.4-8.3
7.8-8.6
8.2-7.7
6.0-7.9
7.8-7.8
TABLE A (continued)
12 ifl.
164
165
166
167
.J
.J L
Channel h
Channel A
Experiinent
6.1-6.1
9.6-9.2
3.0-7.9
8.2-d.4
QjU %JZ - CL
g)
3 ln.
3 in.O.
12 in.
6.0-6.0
9.5-.3
7.6-/.3
8.9-3.2
----
---
9.8-9.6
6.0-6.1
---
----
---
- -
- -
-
in.
9.8-9.8
6.2-6.0
3 in.0.
7.8-8.4
8.8-8.4
--- -
c-I
TABLE B
DISSOLVED OXYGEi CONCEiTRATIuNS AT 12 INCHES AND 3 INCHES INSIDE CHANNELS AND 3 INCHES
OUTSIDE CHANNELS (f or channels C arid D)
Channel C
Experiment
Number
12 in.
ins
3 in.O.
12 in.
7.0-7.9
9.3-7.8
7.2-6.6
6.2-7.6
6.7-6.4
5.4-6.0
5.5-5.5
6.5-6.1
8.0-7.9
8.6-6.8
8.1-7.8
1.5-1.5
9.3-9.4
Channel D
3 in.
3 th.O.
Chinook Salmon
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
9.8-9.7
1.9-1.7
9.9-9.0
1.2-1.5
8.2-8.1
1.5-1.5
9.1-9.1
1.6-1.5
10.5-9.0
2.8-3.2
10.2-10.2
2.9-2.9
3.0-3.0
8.3-8.7
3.1-3.1
8.7-8.7
4.7-4.0
9.0-9.1
9.0-9.0
4.5-4.6
5.5-5.9
9.9-10.0
9.3-9.1
6.4-6.3
9.2-9.4
9.6-9.7
1.6-1.4
9.9-9.6
2.1-1.7
8.2-8.1
1.5-1.5
9.1-8.8
1.7-1.5
10.0-10.0
3.2-6.1
10.2-9.8
2.9-2.9
3.6-3.0
8.7-8.9
3.0-3.1
8.7-8.7
4.9-4.2
8.9-9.1
9.0-9.0
4.4-4.7
5.5-6.0
10.1-10.1
9.4-9.4
6.4-6.4
9.3-9.3
64-5.9
7.4-6.4
7.2-6.6
5.9-6.2
7.5-6.7
7.7-7.4
i.O-7.5
7.9-7.6
6.2-4.8
8.1-8.2
8.6-8.4
6.8-7.7
8.4-8.6
'7.7-7.3
.9-1.0
8.7-9.0
1.7-1.7
8.6-8.6
1.6-1.5
8.6-8.6
3.0-3.2
9.8-9.8
2.9-3.0
9.3-9.4
8.0-8.4
5.0-3.0
8.9-8.9
3.0-2.8
8.9-9.0
4,54.45
4.3-4.7
8.9-8.5
10.0-9.9
6.3-6.2
5.8-5.4
9.6-10.0
6.2-6.3
1.8-1.6
9.4-9.8
.9-1.5
8.7-8.7
1.9-1.9
8.6-8.6
1.7-1.6
8.5-8.4
3.0-3.3
9.6-9.8
3.0-2.9
9.6-9.2
8.5-8.4
2.9-3.1
8.5-9.0
3.0-2.8
8.8-8.7
4.7-4.5
4.3-4.6
8.5-8.2
10.0-9.8
6.4-6.1
5.8-5.4
9.4-9.7
6.1-6.2
4.2-4.2
8,2-8.0
6.2-6.7
8.4-7.9
5.8-5.6
4.0-4.0
6.6-6.1
7.9-7.9
8.6-8.1
5.4-5.6
6.5-6.4
7.4-6.1
4.2-6.1
5.8-6.3
7.2-6.7
7.9-7.6
7.1-6.8
5.7-6.4
6.9-8.1
8.7-8.2
8.7-8.5
6.4-6.5
9.4-8.6
7.1-7.3
TABLE B (continued)
Experiment
Number
12 in.
42
43
6.1-6.1
6.2-6.0
1.6-1.8
9.9-10.1
1.5-1.5
9.6-10.1
11.5-10.3
1.4-1.6
11.4-11.4
1.6-1.4
3.0-2.9
10.8-10.6
3.2-3.0
10.2-10.1
11.7-12.1
2.8-2.5
11.1-11.6
2.9-2.7
44
4.-4.5
45
46
4.6-4.6
4.5-4.
11.2-11.2
11.4-11.6
4.6-4.5
12.2-12.0
4.4-4.5
6.0-6.2
10.7-10.6
5.9-5.8
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
47
48
49
50
5].
52
53
54
Channel C
3 in.
6.2-6.2
6.0-6.0
1.6-1.8
9.9-10.2
1.5-1.5
9.8-9.9
11.6-10.4
1.4-1.5
11.2-11.3
1.8-1.7
3.0-2.8
10.8-10.4
3.2-.0
10.0-9.9
11.7-11.9
2.9-2.4
11.0-11.4
2.9-2.?
4.6-4.4
4.6-4.6
4.5-4.4
11.0-11.2
11.5-11.4
4.8-4.5
11.6-11.7
4.5-4.4
5.8-6.1
10.6-10.6
5.9-5.8
Channel D
3 in.0.
12 in.
3 in.
3 in.0.
7.6-6.9
7.4-7.3
6.3-6.5
7.6-7.4
7.0-7.3
7.8-7.8
7.7-8.4
8.4-7.2
7.3-7.3
7.3-6.8
7.8-7.6
6.2-7.6
8.6-7.0
8.0-7.2
9.9-9.6
8.2-8.2
8.3-8.6
8.0-7.8
8.3-8.7
8.9-7.8
8.6-8.4
7.9-7.6
9.2-9.
9.7-9.2
9.7-9.4
9.7-9.2
7.9-7.6
8.0-7.9
7.4-6.9
8.8-9.1
8.8-8.6
10.5-10.2
1.8-1.6
10.1-9.6
1.6-1.5
1.7-1.5
10.2-11.0
1.7-1.7
11.0-11.2
9.7-9.2
3.6-3.2
10.2-10.2
.1-3.0
3.0-3.0
11.5-11.1
3.0-3.0
11.2-11.4
10.2-9.8
10.7-10.8
10.6-10.4
4.4-4.5
4.8-4.5
12.0-11.8
4.5-4.5
11.9-12.0
10.9-10.9
6.1-6.1
10.6-10.8
9.1-8.6
8.8-8.6
10.5-10.0
1.8-1.6
9.8-9.7
1.6-1.5
1.6-1.5
10.7-11.2
1.7-1.6
11.1-11.2
9.6-9.6
3.0-3.3
10.4-10.2
3.1-3.0
3.0-3.0
11.1-10.7
3.1-3.0
11.4-11.3
10.2-9.9
10.7-10.7
10.6-10.3
4.4-4.5
4.7-4.4
12.0-12.0
4.4-4.5
11.8-11.6
10.9-10.8
6.1-6.2
10.4-10.3
7.4-7.4
8.2-7.4
7.0-6.6
7.6-6,8
7.8-7.4
7.8-7.2
7.6-7.8
8.6-8.0
6.9-6.6
7.6-7.6
7.5-7.2
5.6-6.6
8.5-8.2
7.9-8.2
9.6-9.6
8.2-8.5
8.3-8.6
8.3-8.0
8.6-8.9
5.1-5.9
9.0-8.9
7.2-7.5
9.2-9.3
9.6-9.3
9.8-8.7
9.6-9.4
7.8-7.8
6.7-7.3
7.6-7.5
TABLE B (continued)
Channel C
12 in.
3 in.
3 in.O.
12 in.
Channel D
3 in.
10.5-10.8
6.u-6.0
9.0-8.9
6.1-6.1
12.0-11.9
6.1-6.2
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
10.5-10.5
6.0-6.0
8.8-8.5
6.1-6.1
12.0-11.8
6.1-6.3
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
8.2-8.0
7.8-7.4
7.1-7.3
8.4-8.4
8.8-9.1
9.1-8.9
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
6.1-6.6
10.2-9.8
6.0-5.6
10.9-11.1
6.2-6.2
11.6-11.6
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-i.7
9.7-9.8
5.9-6.6
10.2-9.7
6.0-5.6
10.9-11.0
6.0-6.0
11.4-11.6
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
10.2-9.8
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
8.5-8.6
9.0-8.8
9.0-8.8
9.8-9.8
8.6-9.0
9.0-9.0
9.8-10.2
10.2-10.2
1.7-1.9
9.3-9.4
1.6-1.7
9.5-9.2
S.2-i.4
7.1-7.1
6.1-6.8
7.6-6.9
6.3-7.1
8.9-7.4
9.8-9.4
1.6-1.7
9.3-8.9
1.5-1.5
2.9-3.1
9.6-9.2
1.7-1.6
9.1-9.0
1.5-1.b
6.2-3.2
8.9-8.1
6.1-6.5
7.8-7.3
ô.6-5.9
5.5-6.8
Experiment
Number
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
3 in.0.
7.0-7.8
7.-7.5
'7.0-6.9
9.8-9.7
9.7-9.8
Silver Salmon
69
70
71
72
73
P7A
I
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
1.6-1.7
9.3-9.5
1.7-1.6
9.4-9.0
9.4-9.7
C)
Z
C)
C)
'Z
1
. J
a. oJ . t.
9.4-9.3
3.2-3.8
6.1-3.0
4.4-4.6
9.1-9.1
9.4-9.4
4.6-4.6
9.3-9.5
. ..
3.2-.8
3.0-2.9
4.4-4.6
9.5-9.0
9.4-9.4
4.7-4.6
Cl
i. a..
)
)
,i . 'i
8.4-8.2
7.2-8.4
6.0-6.7
7.2-7.8
8.8-8.0
7.7-7.0
7.6-7.3
C)
A
. '
Ti
. i
2.8-2.7
9.7-10.3
8.3-9.2
9.1-9.1
4.5-4.5
4.4-4.6
9.3-9.0
C)
C)
' . i
C)
7 . ta
3.0-2.8
9.8-10.2
9.1-9.4
9.1-9.2
4.6-4.6
4.7-4.7
9.3-9.0
0
Z 0
u . ti
7.5-8.1
7.4-8.2
8.4-7.8
8.3-8.0
5.1-7.6
6.4-6.6
7.7-7.4
TABLE B (continued)
12 in.
Channel C
3 in.
3 in.0.
12 in.
Channel D
3 in.
3 in.O.
9.7-9.2
9.-9.b
8.0-8.4
5.5-5.3
5.8-5.6
6.1-8.4
Experiment
Number
82
03
84
85
86
87
88
89
U
C
b.2-6.0
9.4-9,4
.0-b.9
7.0-6.8
.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
La remouth Bass
90
1.5-1.4
9.6-9.2
91
1.5-1.5
92
93
9.2-9.0
94
9.0-8.4
95
1.6-1.4
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
1
.J_.
9.9-9.8
9.1-9.4
U U 7
v.2-9.2
2.9-3.0
9,2-9 0
3.0-3.1
9.1-9.1
2.7-3.0
9 o-8 9
2.9-3.1
2.8-3.0
.
- U7
0
.)
0?.
.
U
L
I
I
G.i-6.l
3.4-9.4
6.0-3.0
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
3.1-8.2
7.8-7.4
7.6-7.6
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
9.2-9.3
5.9-6.4
9.4-9.1
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
9.4-9.1
6.0-6.4
9.4-9.4
7.0-6.8
6.8-6.8
6.8-6.8
8.7-8.2
6.3-1.8
8.0-7.8
7.0-b.8
6.8-b.8
6.8-6.8
1.5-1.4
9.4-9.3
1.5-1.5
5.7-6.1
8.4-8.0
5.0-6.0
7.8-6.3
7.8-6.7
6.4-6.6
5.4-7.3
7.9-7.2
8.1-7.6
b.0-6.2
9.0-9.0
1.5-1.6
8.8-8.8
1.5-1.5
1.6-1.4
8.7-8.6
8.0-8.0
1.b-1.5
3.0-3.0
8.7-8.8
9.1-9.2
1.6-1.5
8.8-9.1
1.5-1.6
1.8-1.5
8.7-8.7
7.8-8.0
1.5-1.5
3.0-6.1
5.4-7.4
6.0-5.?
6.5-7.5
5.1-5.3
4.9-5.7
8.0-7.2
6.6-7.4
7.8-7.4
4.6-5.?
8.2-8.2
i.l-9.1
8.9-8.8
1.4-1.4
1.6-1.4
10.1-9.8
8.9-8.0
2.9-3.0
U
-U
7
4
f
2.8-3.0
9.1-8.9
6.0-6.1
9.1-9.0
2.8-2.8
9.5-8.8
3.0-6.0
2.8-2.9
L
1
- I
z.7-5.4
8.0-7.2
7.3-7.2
7.1-7.0
7.5-7.9
6.5-7.2
5.8-6.5
7.8-7.1
7
'.
9.0-3.6
3.1-3.0
8.9-9.0
3.0-3.1
9.0-8.9
3.0-3.0
9.3-9.3
10.2-10.0
9.C)-9.1
tJ S J.
'
J,
,.
8.8-8.7
8.3-7.1
6.l-.0
4.-5.S
8.9-8.9
3.0-6.1
8.9-9.0
3.0-6.0
9.6-9.4
10.0-10.0
6.4-7.8
5.1-6.4
8.6-7.9
7.5-6.7
6.4-7.3
9.2-8.4
TPJ3T4E B (continued)
Experiment
Number
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
12 in.
9.7-9.5
8.7-8.8
4.7-4.7
8.7-8.8
4.7-4.6
9.5-d.9
2.0-6.1
4.-4.6
9.0-9.1
10.0-10.0
4.7-4.5
10.2-10.2
4.3-4.6
9.6-10.2
9.3-9.4
6.0-6.2
10.0-10.0
6.2-6.0
9.8-9.6
6.1-6.1
9.3-9.6
5.0-6.0
r/930
Channel C
3 in.
9.5-9.4
8.7-8.8
4.7-4.6
8.8-8.8
4.7-4.6
9.5-.3
3.0-3.0
4.5-4.6
9.0-9.0
10.0-10.0
4.6-4.5
10.2-10.0
4.6-4.4
9.6-10.2
9.5-9.4
8.2-6.0
10.2-10.0
6.2-6.0
9.7-9.6
6.2-6.1
9.6-9.6
6.0-6.0
7.9-8.0
8.4-8.3
8.5-8.8
7.3-7.6
134
8.4-8.3
8.5-8.5
7.6-7.6
135
7r7_79
7779
136
7.5-7.5
7.5-7.5
132
133
3in.0.
12 in.
8.4-8.5
7.4-7.2
3.1-3.0
4.4-4.5
8.8-9.0
4.6-4.8
8.4-8.7
Channel D
3 in.
b.8-6.0
9.8-10.0
5.9-6.0
3.3-3.0
4.6-4.7
9.1-9,1
4.7-4.6
6.6-8.7
.0-3.0
9.3-9.4
9.0-9.0
4.7-4.7
4.0-4.0
10.0-9.4
4.5-4.7
9.b-9.6
4.6-4.8
6.0-6.0
9.8-10.0
6.0-8.0
8.6-8.6
8.7-8.6
7.9-8.0
8.4-8.3
8.5-8.5
7.3-7.t
6.1-6.0
10.4-10.2
6.1-6.0
9.2-9.?
7.9-8.0
8.4-8.6
8.5-8.5
7.3-7.6
6.1-5.8
10.0-10.0
6.4-8.1
9.6-9.5
7.9-8.0
8.4-6.
8.5-6.o
7.3-7.6
7.5-7.5
7.6-7.5
6.09.1
8.2_r/.9
7.0-7.2
6.5-7.2
5.8-8.6
7.6-7.6
7.6-7.6
9.0-8.6
9.6-8.8
8.4-8.4
8.5-8.9
9.6-10.0
7.7-7.6
7.6-8.4
8.0-7.8
6.9-7.8
8.0-8.0
7.9-8.()
7779
.0-$.O
9.3-9.6
9.0-8.7
4.6-4.8
4.6-4.o
8.5-9.
4.5-4.6
10.0-10.0
4.-4.5
979
7779
77_79
7.5-7.5
3 in.0.
6.2-7.9
5.8-6.9
6.6-8.0
6.0-6.0
8.1-7.6
6.4-7.3
5.7-7.3
5.4-7.2
8.9-8.8
8.0-8.1
9.2-9,6
9.2-9.6
6_rI 6
7.8-8.2
6.7-7.2
8.8-8.1
6.7-7.5
8.0-8.6
8.5-7.5
8.7-8.6
7.9-8.0
3.4-6.3
?.-7.6
r/7V/
7.5-7.5
TABLE B (continued)
Experiirimt
Nuber
12 in.
137
'7.6-7.9
138
139
140
7.4-7.4
7.7-7.7
7.9-7.9
Bluegill Sunfish
141
1.5-1.5
142
8.8-9.0
143
1.5-1.5
144
8.7-8.9
9.2-9.2
145
1.5-1.4
146
9.0-8.9
147
148
1.5-1.4
2.9-3.0
149
3.0-3.1
150
9.1-9.0
151
Channel C
3 in.
7.6-7.9
7.4-7.4
r7777
7.9-7.9
1.5-1.5
1.0-9.0
1.5-1.5
9.0-8.9
9.2-9.0
1.5-1.5
8.8-.7
1.4-1.4
2.°-6.0
3.0-3.1
9.1-9.0
I
..J . £ t) . J
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
3.1-3.0
3.0-2.7
4.6-4.6
.3-9.5
10.0-9.8
9.6-10.2
10.0-10.2
4.4-4.6
6.0-5.8
9.4-9.1
t)
I
4.
0
*1
3.1-3.0
2.9-2.8
4.6-4.6
9.4-9.5
10.0-9.8
9.6-10.2
9.7-9.7
4.4-4.6
6.0-6.0
9.4-9.5
Channel D
3 in.0.
7.6-7.9
74-'7.4
7.7-7.7
7.9-7.9
6.1-7.3
6.0-7.2
5.8-6.6
5.2-6.5
6.0-7.8
6.0-6.6
7.6-7.4
6.4-6.6
7.6-6.2
6.4-6.4
7.2-6.2
'i
1
I.
U L)
5.5-6.2
6.7-7.5
6.5-7.1
8.4-7.4
8.6-8.4
9.6-10.0
8.6-8.4
8.2-8.6
7.4-7.4
6.2-7.8
12 in.
77
7,5...75
7.7-'7.7
8.0-3.0
8.8-9.9
1.7-1.6
9.2-9.
1.6-1.6
1.4-1.6
9.0-8.6
1.5-1.5
8.7-3.6
9.8-0.5
8.8-0.1
3.1-3.0
r
L a I
C)
'.
9.1-8.
9.0-9.0
9.5-9.3
4.6-4.4
4.6-4.?
4.6-4.5
4.6-4.5
10.4-10.2
9.1-9.1
6.0-6.0
3 in.
3 in.0.
7/9
7..75
7.6-7.9
7.7-7.7
8.0-8.0
7.7-7.7
8.0-8.0
8.8-8.9
7.7-7.7
3.8-5.6
1.-1.6
9.1-3.9
1.8-1.6
1.6-1.6
8.8-3.9
1.6-1.5
8.7-8.7
9.5-9,5
9.0-9.2
3.0-2.9
C
r
J. I
L S
5.d7.l
4.0-4.6
6.5-7.2
7.0-6.1
4.9-6.6
8.0-7.2
8.8-7,5
8.2-6.8
4.5-5.7
C
9.1-b.
8.8-8.9
9.4-9.3
4.6-4.6
4.6-4.6
4.6-4.5
4.7-4.6
10.4-10.3
9.0-9.0
6.1-5.9
I
!.J 5
6.5-7.9
8.4-8.3
8.4-8.0
5.7-5.8
7.3-7.4
9.2-9.6
8.7-8.3
9.0-8.8
8.2-7.8
6.5-8.2
TABLE B (continued)
Chnne1 0
Expe r .ment
Numbcr
163
164
165
166
167
168
12 ifl.
1O.O-i.8
6.2-6.3
9.6-9.3
-------
O}anc 1 D
3 ira.
3 in..
12 In.
10.2-9.8
8.7-8.0
6.06.1
9.6-.6
7.68.3
7.6-8.5
6.0-6.1
9.3-9.5
6.0-6.1
-------
------
-------
3 in.
3 In.0.
6.0-0.0
9.cs9.8
6.2-6.0
7.3-7.4
8.8-7.4
8.6-8.0
TABLE C
NUMBJR OF ENTRIES INTO CHANNELS AiD NUMBER OF Fi&. COUNTED AT 60-SECOND INTEhYALS
Exp.
No.
Date
Entries First Marker
Cant. ±xp. Cant. Exp.
Chinook Salmon
1
326
6/22
2
291
6/22
3
285
6/25
4
360
6/2?
5
152
7/19
6
530
7/20
7
64
7/23
8
18
7/23
9
256
6/19
292
10
6/19
215
11
6/21
376
12
6/21
132
13
7/18
396
14
7/19
76
7/24
15
214
16
7/24
308
17
7/16
234
18
7/17
91
19
7/25
122
20
7/25
246
21
6/20
51
22
6/20
134
23
6/28
131
24
6/29
346
25
7/14
20
45
60
51
28
95
8
2
98
36
34
62
13
56
20
23
66
19
16
35
17
36
82
4
13
94
37
80
22
22
21
39
16
90
80
32
62
31
87
54
36
81
64
119
49
69
85
69
57
26
29
46
73
24
10
93
3
5
Entries Second Marker
Cant. Exp. Cant. Exp.
30?
266
250
297
141
530
53
15
194
66
124
210
257
160
26
330
124
325
48
23
47
8
170
93
36
50
179
296
196
161
157
50
148
262
22?
55
79
174
34
103
107
296
8
20
18
6
0
2
2
0
67
11
21
20
2
3
2
1
33
50
11
12
67
35
66
55
38
13
Time
Cont. Exp. Cont. Exp.
8
178
198
136
220
520
260
114
174
123
368
90
128
427
225
24
8
15
97
1
65
46
119
70
16
37
107
263
167
124
123
140
149
104
397
151
108
6
6
2
8
7
29
35
80
4
10
88
10
153
29
36
20
81
10
22
16
7
16
19
42
32
70
22
48
2
5
0
0
19
1
70
45
168
3
7
12
3
1
14
2
0
26
20
17
4
13
24
0
1
7
30
246
6
45
36
23
17
19
0
20
3
6
6
4
7
5
1
44
42
69
99
43
34
21
1
96
41
16
28
14
24
153
52
8
1
1
37
44
14
19
44
7
17
3
43
35
101
97
36
19
19
34
19
144
64
12
52
a
66 to
TABLE C (continued)
Exp.
No.
Date
26
27
7/16
7/26
9/29
9/29
10/1
10/2
11/11
11/11
11/16
11/16
10/3
10/4
10/5
10/6
11/5
11/7
11/7
11/8
10/6
10/9
10/9
10/11
10/24
11/2
11/3
11/3
10/12
10/15
10/16
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
3?
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Entries First Marker
nt
124
168
472
438
306
xp.Cont.}xo,
45
56
169
127
130
49
58
170
87
157
411
86
72
305
258
98
95
93
105
124
64
131
79
109
116
61
136
74
56
83
227
318
367
293
382
353
260
260
271
277
224
230
342
316
300
173
274
201
358
363
122
97
146
59
72
85
92
68
66
'79
68
119
96
8?
126
99
79
61
62
43
57
65
52
159
135
'78
69
47
56
134
104
82
183
'77
208
111
Entries aecox. Marker
Cont. Exp. Cont. Exp.
108
114
167
43
34
7
39
31
109
61
8
4
126
39
26
32
35
39
67
78
35
58
91
41
117
72
33
113
14
34
37
33
17
201
351
346
210
348
252
215
183
248
311
255
313
291
201
204
234
208
187
157
234
282
241
144
235
160
234
268
173
265
303
56
31
94
101
399
87
47
185
170
93
207
65
110
149
191
198
169
164
158
124
226
360
353
329
229
133
205
3
21
24
51
14
28
35
30
38
34
74
64
42
35
25
56
44
41
65
84
64
41
35
48
33
43
91
55
51
7
29
66
123
93
79
106
108
78
143
322
256
248
154
107
164
161
142
159
218
327
Time
Cont. Exp. Corit. Exp.
36
45
149
173
188
126
218
190
143
128
151
195
134
148
123
46
21
138
100
158
135
17
95
91
82
116
156
94
165
147
1'73
164
46
148
63
9
50
48
39
42
4
63
6
22
25
34
29
4
21
26
29
35
68
12
13
36
36
35
26
55
12
21
18
27
13
12
12
19
20
41
18
20
15
22
30
8
59
50
40
45
35
37
22
34
29
33
37
21
16
13
35
30
34
50
39
20
28
36
68
25
35
82
45
69
70
127
90
79
92
41
102
109
127
93
129
204
C.'
TABLE C (continued)
Exp.
No.
Date
55
10/16
10/23
10/23
10/24
10/26
10/29
11/2
11/17
11/17
11/17
11/17
11/19
11/19
11/20
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Entries First iarker
Cent. X. Cont. Exp.
271
142
214
200
275
178
243
170
161
188
174
276
165
132
169
196
57
125
128
57
180
129
134
50
55
36
60
32
43
14
13
37
47
89
109
166
123
60
116
253
124
208
137
168
205
150
320
352
432
294
187
378
219
389
316
193
370
77
53
83
55
89
62
53
79
50
55
49
38
44
53
84
64
259
276
72
179
153
142
134
159
80
68
68
68
69
44
197
365
87
70
379
487
368
233
447
310
483
352
243
440
83
91
84
Entries Second 1arker
Cont. Exp. Gont.Exp.
62
159
156
234
143
194
169
154
66
106
27
46
17
29
42
43
46
26
35
24
28
19
39
31
35
33
19
32
185
150
133
143
160
230
121
78
99
113
80
97
47
93
Time
(iont.xp
129
123
25
26
24
28
91
111
154
62
132
125
101
80
90
126
113
52
40
32
19
15
13
59
21
8
8
33
4
15
7
63
22
47
22
16
44
32
27
29
49
Silver Salmon
69
70
71
72
73
74
'75
76
7?
78
79
80
7/7
7/9
'7/9
7/10
7/6
7/6
7/10
7/11
7/11
7/5
7/5
7/12
96
80
81
125
92
140
139
43
81
85
80
91
79
99
140
113
117
114
49
71
226
318
192
240
270
271
34
32
39
50
73
68
71
72
38
54
97
26
34
58
99
73
26
16
26
29
36
76
37
58
112
5
94
96
99
150
177
137
86
156
167
209
142
166
129
111
20?
215
Corit. Exp.
14
20
8
40
33
44
32
50
39
50
34
27
121
131
81
125
84
184
92
78
63
135
92
138
57
108
65
13
18
21
27
37
19
38
11
50
30
3?
47
13
10
168
143
29
44
38
38
25
76
74
13
13
18
50
103
38
6
TABLE C (continued)
Exp.
No,
Date
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
7/12
7/2
7/3
7/5
7/13
7/13
10/17
90
8/3
'tri_F1rst_Marker
Entries Second Marker
420
292
270
255
324
333
254
233
Cent. 1xp. Cont, Lxp.
266
256
266
10/17
160
10/17
Largemouth Bass
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
9
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
10?
8/4
8/6
8/6
3/20
8/21
9/7
9/8
8/3
8/7
8/8
8/8
8/16
8/16
8/22
8/23
8/29
8/29
27
41
242
108
143
168
10
123
34
15'l
116
45
118
10
68
141
58
98
117
58
55
50
95
112
42
83
170
50
65
53
76
110
39
'79
64
40
15
17
3?
36
55
66
6i
17
20
47
30
43
74
62
64
43
13
66
43
45
62
61
56
31
19
64
35
48
255
99
222
245
270
220
187
204
299
19
22
48
67
94
33
13
88
37
72
77 127
44
71
74 162
68 144
13 109
53 137
64
50
42 108
Cont. Exp.Cont. Exp.
37
58
26
224
269
211
181
206
31
46
3?
30
50
56
19
2
2
123
20
96
58
10
13
86
20
3
90
7
89
14
52
58
16
73
89
2'?
118
37
82
3
18
10
5
38
12
23
20
10
28
17
14
Time
Cont. xp. Corit. 1xp.
147
82
59 166
41 196
54 225
84 171
21 117
46 132
18 232
102
202
12"
17
127
124
91
127
6
81
60
9
101
67
107
89
117
76
5
8
20
7
72
42
9
18
21
15
6
9
27
24
49
23
24
8
51
17
19
19
10
35
49
20
40
36
4
26
29
22
1
92
11
97
'74
52
93
41
60
162
56
378
76
61
177
97
71
110
70
91
66
61
29
14
16
15
26
39
15
2
8
10?
35
29
111
50
31
25
27
44
65
178
37
18
15
14
33
41
48
40
18
87
40
72
74
41
35
127
194
76
97
134
103
70
52
22
105
123
86
50
16
42
44
81
130
95
83
145
13
6
27
14
23
19
7
49
58
62
130
39
103
75
79
10?
97
141
TABLE C (continued)
Exp.
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
11?
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
12?
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
1ate
9/21
9/24
8/8
8/9
8/9
8/9
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/31
9/19
9/19
9/20
9/20
9/20
9/13
9/14
9/15
9/15
9/15
9/17
9/17
9/1?
8/15
8/15
8/29
8/31
8/31
Entries First Marker
Cont. xp. Cont. Exp.
220
194
148
165
78
84
58
98
224
125
266
196
139
21?
37?
124
166
355
243
222
158
148
192
264
127
100
120
103
63
48
61
54
48
61
43
45
56
55
31
59
44
53
113
60
58
58
47
22
48
29
40
31
28
86
60
61
54
39
58
85
51
71
50
42
48
60
41
41
43
55
88
83
42
64
36
20
47
2
28
39
42
80
32
54
182
111
124
182
Cont. Tixp. Cont.
144
118
82
103
66
51
70
64
108
70
100
239
129
49
37
82
15?
69
271
169
163
108
260
163
160
220
254
236
23?
226
139
124
82
109
Time
Entries Second Marker
145
126
77
133
307
96
104
182
161
144
124
72
133
111
79
74
92
77
44
36
24
26
22
23
4?
23
13
22
21
17
14
31
37
16
51
28
42
102
3?
40
47
36
19
46
24
31
4
9
47
40
43
25
29
22
31
42
35
36
35
34
78
56
24
56
26
17
33
18
19
11
21
41
21
34
xp.
92
76
54
104
26
13
41
60
48
82
133
68
157
123
155
76
165
125
104
138
141
128
154
130
70
85
57
77
Cnt.
112
101
14?
125
78
100
66
61
143
202
108
60
59
91
143
131
114
99
101
126
80
55
84
208
79
98
140
80
xp. Corit. ixp.
70
33
100
36
63
77
65
178
120
137
40
63
35
63
50
81
70
33
52
22
82
14
43
12
24
133
145
165
46
109
223
116
161
96
123
84
83
59
137
103
56
97
93
115
48
141
43
95
72
68
24
46
83
161
86
51
121
56
64
87
20
4?
29
22
40
105
70
65
113
98
9?
91
132
87
105
12
133
105
66
64
163
94
91
8?
TABLE C (continued)
Exp.
Date
No.
136
137
138
139
140
9/12
9/12
9/13
9/13
9/13
Entries First Marker
Cont.}xp. Gont. 1xp.
113
51
33
210
61
80
92
133
140
151
82
76
52
56
79
Bluegill Sunfish
147
141
8/10
142
153
8/11
70
143
8/11
144
150
8/11
219
145
8/17
74
146
8/17
283
147
8/20
148
168
8/21
31
149
8/2
77
150
8/13
96
151
8/13
72
152
8/13
'74
153
8/16
154
lüS
8/23
64
155
8/2
64
156
8/2
196
157
9/19
377
158
9/20
238
159
9/26
157
160
9/27
137
'75
161
7/26
56
65
69
44
64
69
95
76
72
38
70
17
17
50
50
61
58
60
52
45
74
113
79
40
114
114
100
125
117
Entries Second Marker
Cont. Exp. (oat. Exp.
102
34
24
83
43
73
165
82
99
124
127
101
75
127
31
99
78
29
86
62
56
59
81
31
125
102
38
70
38
54
68
59
87
'77
84
83
25
142
63
65
228
128
44
51
49
67
260
163
288
341
83
88
42
63
'78
56
86
-16
34
21
64
67
42
69
118
59
3
87
9
20
0
30
23
44
50
19
12
29
3?
8
12
10
27
2
3
-2
3
12
19
13
26
16
36
13
10
22
193
307
204
143
64
6
2
63
102
55
2'?
31
--
36
0
8
29
56
9
65
76
52
61
93
67
85
52
47
58
43
13
47
22
90
2
5
54
18
34
42
23
187
114
92
114
128
23
--
9
6
7
78
Time
Cont. ±xp. Oont. Exp.
107 102
130 136
89
48
136
103
127 132
123
97
77
136 134
104
147 135
110
79
9
29
16
225
155
231
283
113
143
85
49
31
84
10
69
26
7
115
145
13
40
15
77
73
58
22
17
2
4
27
23
34
67
30
33
43
35
16
58
50
27
58
67
65
54
46
50
45
64
18
45
17
93
57
51
15
20
27
10
20
28
26
19
6
105
26
25
81
52
33
44
120
70
189
150
72
TAI3L
Exp.
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
Date
8/i
9/18
9/18
9/iS
8/15
8/15
8/is
Entries First Marker
Cant. ixp. Coot. xp.
82
300
274
2176
224
73
116
60
47
73
89
100
54
77
72
35
60
71
92
82
40
114
269
303
165
143
120
47
C (continued)
Entris Second Marker
Cort. ixp. Cont. rxp.
24
291
238
216
83
23
23
17
45
12
33
57
44
63
51
4
5
67
264
254
97
28
16
1
2
11
7
26
Time
ont. kTxp. Cent.
Lxii.
85
80
102
110
111
95
114
100
177
66
40
37
52
43
54
103
58
31
32
174
51
53
77
66
78
81
59
46