Catholicism Beyond Europe
Dr Julia McClure
The Geometry of World Religions
The beginning of Catholicism in Europe
Islam in Europe
Legends of Catholicism Outside Europe
1. Prester John
Legends of Catholicism Outside Europe
2. Candelaria de Tenerife
Spanish Empire at its height
Exporting European ideas?
Spaces of utopia?
Vasco de Quiroga and the Hospitals of
Santa Fe
Religion and Empire
Sacred empires
Rituals of empire: Arrival of the
‘Twelve Franciscan Apostles’ 1524
Mural from Parish church in Ozumba
https://eccechristianus.wordpress.com/2015/02/09/las-doce-antorchas-en-la-fundacion-de-mexico-llamado-en-el-siglo-xvi-como-nueva-espana/
Franciscan New World
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1485 / 1491 Columbus visits La Rábida
1493 Franciscans arrive in Hispaniola
1505 First Franciscan province in Americas est.
1510 Fray Gerónimo de Aguilar helps est. first permanent Spanish
settlement in mainland America, in Santa María la Antigua del Darién
1513 Juan de Quevedo becomes first bishop of mainland America
1524 Arrival of ‘Doce apóstoles’ in Mexico
1525 Huejoztingo, 1531 Huaquechula, 1532 Tlalmanalco, monasteries est.
1553 est. In Peru
1565 est. In Ecuador
1575 est. In Venezuela
1769-1833 Franciscan missions in Alta California
Spaces of mission: The Franciscan New
World
San Martin
Caballero
Huaquechula,
Mexico, 1532
Tlaxcala Cathedral, Mexico,
Franciscan convent
constructed 1530-1536
Texcoco Cathedral,
Mexico, on site of 16th
century Franciscan
monastery, rebuilt in 1664
Andrés de San Miguel (1577-1644)
Mexico City , 1638
Fray Junípero Serra (1713-1784)
California Missions (1769-1833)
Debates over baptismal practises
continued in the Americas
Inquisition
Diego de Landa
(auto de Fe, Mani, 1562)
Conversion as conflict?
Tlaxcala Codex,
Historia de Tlaxcala, Diego
Muñoz Camargo (c. 1585), Folio
241v
Cultural Destruction
Tlaxcala Codex,
Historia de Tlaxcala,
Diego Muñoz Camargo
(c. 1585), Folio 242r
(Simple) Overview of Pre-Columbian
Mesoamerica
A More Complex Picture Politically
An even more complex picture
religiously
Aztec Deities
Maya Deities
Zapotec Deities
Chichimeca Deities
Cultural Encounter &Ethnography
Bernardino da Sahágun: The Florentine
Codex
http://teca.bmlonline.it/ImageViewer/servlet/ImageViewer?idr=TECA0001502569#pag
e/1/mode/thumb
Hybridity
San Jacinto, San Angel, Mexico City
Adaptation, Acculturation or
Appropriation?
Convent of San Augustin in
Acolman, Mexico
Mesoamerican world-tree,
codex Vindobonensis c. 1500
Multidirectional cultural fusion?
Franciscan Triptych, Institution of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, 16th century
(NY MET)
Global Catholicism in Europe
New Mission History: Spaces of
Adaptation
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Erick Langer and Robert H. Jackson eds, The New Latin American Mission History
(Nebraska, 1995)
James Saeger, The Chaco Mission Frontier: The Guaycurúan Experience (Tucson,
2000)
Susan Deeds, ‘Review: Pushing the Borders of Latin American Mission History’,
Latin American Research Review 39, no. 2 (2004), pp. 211-220.
Jesuit Reductions
1540 Order Founded
c. 1570 Arrived in America
17th &18th century
established ‘Indian
Reductions’ in ‘Paraguay’
1767 expulsion of the
Jesuits from America
1773 suppression of Order
elsewhere
Paraguay: The Jesuit State
This is a map from 1732
depicting Paraguay and
Chiquitos with the missions San
Xavier (S. Xavier), Concepción
(Concepc.), San Rafael de
Velasco (S. Raphael), San Miguel
de Velasco (S. Miguel), San José
de Chiquitos (San Joseph) and
San Juan Bautista (S. Juan).
Jesuit Ethnography?
Religion: blurring the boundaries
Indigenous wooden casket with marquetry. 17th CE. Made by a local native artist
from Chaco (frontier region between Paraguay and Bolivia). It shows two Chaco
natives preventing a Spanish settler to enter the interior of the Jesuit mission
(Museo Charcas, Bolivia)
Indigenous Catholicism: Our Lady of
Guadalupe
Indigenous Catholicism: Mariology
Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila
‘Local’ Saints: Catarina de San Juan
Beyond the Americas…
Kinetic Catholicism
Friar Andres de Urdaneta
(Augustinian)
Giovanni Filippo di
Marini, Historia et
Relatione del
Tunchino e del
Giappone
The Jesuits in China
Assimilation
Resistance
Religion and Global Knowledge
Vincenzo Coronelli
(1650-1718)
Discovery and exploitation of mines of
New Mexico by Antonio de Espejo,
Spanish explorer, in 1582 (Espejo was
given permission to spread the
gospels in the new provinces by
Father Augustin Rys),
Kharbine-Tapabor / The Art Archive at Art
Resource, NY
Global Catholicism Today
Conclusion
• Disrupting the familiar geographies of
Catholicism
• ‘Christianization’?: Adaptation, Acculturation
or Appropriation?
• Hybridity?
• Exporting Catholicism?
• Global Catholicism