International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013
Digital Eye for Coach Guidance and
Automation Using RFID Technology
Yerradoddi Tharun kumar Reddy#, Suresh Angadi*,
#Final Year B.Tech, Department. of ECE, KL University,
Vaddeswaram, AP, India
*Assistant Professor, Department. of ECE, KL University,
Vaddeswaram, AP, India
Abstract— This paper deals with automation display of train
coaches arriving to a station which reduces man power and
improvises efficiency of output. This is a real time paper which is
based on rf id technology and the cost to implement this is
economical.
Keywords— rf id technology, automation display, lcd and seven
segment display interfacing , rf id tags and reader.
1. I. INTRODUCTION
In the world of digitization there is a need for automation
of every process in order to make the system simpler. In
Indian Railways when a train leaves the station, the station
manager makes a call to his counterpart of the next station and
informs about the order of the coaches. So this is a long
procedure ,because it is done manually. Sometimes the
Railway coaches arrive at different locations from where they
are to be actually located. To avoid these type of problems and
to make this process simpler we can utilize the RFID
technology and implement the automation.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is
the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radiofrequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag
attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic
identification and tracking. Each RFID tag can be assigned
with different frequencies. So this property helps in detection
and differentiation of the received signal from the coach
number plate. Suppose if the S1 coach is assigned with the
received signal from the coach number plate. Suppose if the
S1 coach is assigned with 1MHz frequency, the other can be
assigned with 1.2MHz and so on. Thus when the coaches
cross the detector the position of the coach can be noted and
transferred to the station. Then the coach numbers are
displayed without any problem
II. AT89C51 MICRO CONTROLLER
AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to
Atmel's 8051 family. ATMEL 89C51 has 4KB of Flash
programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and
128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a
maximum of 1000 times.In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four
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ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these ports are 8-bit
bi-directional ports, i.e., they can be used as both input and
output ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of
the ports have internal pull-ups.
When 1s are written to these port pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.
These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also
be accessed individually.Port P0 and P2 are also used to
provide low byte and high byte addresses, respectively, when
connected to an external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins
for special functions like serial communication, hardware
interrupts, timer inputs and read/write operation from external
memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for serial
communication. It can be programmed to operate at different
baud rates. Including two timers & hardware interrupts, it has
a total of six interrupts. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen
is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is
very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These
modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical;
easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special
&
even custom
characters (unlike
in
seven
segments), animations and
so
on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per
line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions
given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD
to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data
is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD.
1.
Command/Instruction Register - stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction
given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing, clearing
the screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013
2.
Data Register - stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be
displayed on the LCD.
range of advantages of the RFID technology are rapid
charging and discharging, High reliability, High speed
inventorying, automated materials handling and many more
domestic and industrial applications. An RFID system may
2. III. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
consist of several components: Tag, Tag readers, Edge
1. A. Working of the circuit
servers, middleware and application software. The purpose of
The main principle involved in the project is the Radio
Frequency Identification. For the purpose of using the RFID
technology the main components used are RFID tags and an
RFID reader. The RFID tags contain the data embedded in
them using a small processor. The RFID cards contain a coil
wounded along with the processor. Now when the RFID
reader is switched ON, it generates a particular wave which
has some predefined frequency. When the tag is brought to the
detectable range of the reader then the coil and the processor
modulate the data with the received signal and reflects back to
the RFID reader. The RFID reader detects the signal and
sends the signal to the microcontroller through MAX232 IC.
Different devices have different operating voltage. In a similar
way the RFID reader and the Microcontroller too have
different voltages. In order to match their voltages MAX232
IC is used. The microcontroller after receiving the data it
sends the data to the display unit. The data that is received
first will be processed first and the coach number which is
first in will be displayed on the first display board. Thus the
order of the coaches are displayed exactly without any
mistake.
an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a
2. B. RFID
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic
identification method, relying on storing and remotely
retrieving
data
using
devices
called
RFID
tags
mobile device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader
and processed according to the needs of a particular
application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide
identification or location information, or specifics about the
product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. A
basic RFID system consists of three components:
An antenna or coil
A transceiver (with decoder)
A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with
unique information.
The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag
and read and write data to it. Antennas are the conduits
between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the
system's data acquisition and communication. Antennas are
available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built
into a door frame to receive tag data from persons or things
passing through the door, or mounted on an interstate toll
booth to monitor traffic passing by on a freeway. The
electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be
constantly present when multiple tags are expected
continually.
Often the antenna is packaged with
the transceiver and decoder to become a reader, which can be
configured either as a handheld or a fixed-mount device. The
reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch
to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the
radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the
electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal.
The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated
circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host
computersprocessinng.
or
transponders. It first appeared during the year 1980.It quickly
3.
gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects.
4.
FID tags can be active, semi-passive, and passive. The wide
5. C.RF IDTAGS:
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013
The RFID tags are configured to respond and receive signals
Because passive tags are cheaper to manufacture and have no
from an RFID transceiver. This allows tags to be read from a
battery; the majority of RFID tags in existence are of the
distance, unlike other forms of authentication technology. The
passive variety. These tags cost an average of Euro 0.20 at
RFID tags are again classified into three types. They are
high volumes. Current demand for RFID integrated circuit
active and passive tags
chips is expected to grow rapidly based on these prices. There
are four main frequency bands for RFID tags commonly in
Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute
use. They are categorized by their radio frequency: low
electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio
frequency tags (125 or 134.2 kHz), high frequency tags (13.56
frequency signal provides just enough power for the CMOS
MHz), UHF tags (868 to 956 MHz) or 463 MHz, and
integrated circuit (IC) in the tag to power up and transmit a
microwave tags (2.45 GHz or 5.8 GHz). UHF tags can be used
response. Most passive tags signal by backscattering the
globally when specially tailored according to regional
carrier signal from the reader. This means that the aerial
regulations as there are no globally unified regulations for
(antenna) has to be designed to both collect power from the
radio frequencies in this ISM band range. There is a wide
incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter
variation of transponder devices and contactless chip cards
signal. The response of a passive RFID tag is not just an ID
which deliver similar functions.
number (GUID): tag chip can contain nonvolatile EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) for
storing data. Lack of an onboard power supply means that the
6. D. Current usage of different RFID tags
device can be quite small: commercially available products
Low-frequency RFID tags are commonly used for animal
identification. Pets can be implanted with small chips so that
they may be returned to their owners if lost.
exist that can be embedded under the skin. The smallest such
devices commercially available measured 0.4 mm × 0.4 mm,
and is thinner than a sheet of paper; such devices are
practically invisible. Passive tags have practical read distances
ranging from about 2 mm (ISO 14443) up to about few meters
(ISO 18000-6) depending on the chosen radio frequency. Due
to their simplicity in design they are also suitable for
manufacture with a printing process for the antennae. Passive
RFID tags do not require batteries, and can be much smaller
and have an unlimited life span.
Active RFID tags or beacons, on the other hand, have their
own internal power source which is used to power any ICs
and generate the outgoing signal. They may have longer range
and larger memories than passive tags, as well as the ability to
store additional information sent by the transceiver. To
economize power consumption, many beacon concepts
operate at fixed intervals. At present, the smallest active tags
are about the size of a coin. Many active tags have practical
High-frequency RFID tags are used in library book or
bookstore tracking, pallet tracking, building access control,
airline baggage tracking, and apparel item tracking. Highfrequency tags are widely used in identification badges,
replacing earlier magnetic stripe cards. These badges need
only be held within a certain distance of the reader to
authenticate the holder.
UHF RFID tags are commonly used commercially in pallet
and container tracking, and truck and trailer tracking in
shipping yards.
Microwave RFID tags are used in long range access control
for vehicles.
RFID tags are used for electronic toll collection at
tollboothsThe tags are read remotely as vehicles pass through
the booths, and tag information is used to debit the toll from a
prepaid account. The system helps to speed traffic through toll
plazas.
Sensors such as seismic sensors may be read using RFID
transceivers, greatly simplifying remote data collection.
Location sensing of RFID with millimeter accuracy is
possible by adding a low cost photo sensor. The real time
location sensing (RTLS) supports many complex geometric
queries.
ranges of tens of meters, and a battery life of up to 10 years.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013
IV. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
7. A. PCB layout
PCBs are plated with solder, tin, or gold over nickel as a
resist for etching away the unneeded underlying
copper.After PCBs are etched and then rinsed with water,
the soldermask is applied, and then any exposed copper is
coated with solder, nickel/gold, or some other anticorrosion coating.Matte solder is usually fused to provide
a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper.
Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface
oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components
will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated
bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readily
solderable. Traditionally, any exposed copper was coated
with solder by hot air solder levelling (HASL). The HASL
finish prevents oxidation from the underlying copper,
thereby guaranteeing a solderable surface. This solder was
a tin-lead alloy, however new solder compounds are now
used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the
EU and US, which restricts the use of lead. One of these
lead-free compounds is SN100CL, made up of 99.3% tin,
0.7% copper, 0.05% nickel, and a nominal of 60ppm
germanium.
V. CONCLUSION
Here we used rf id technology mainly and Every coach of
train is given with particular rf id tag i.e each coach has its
unique set of frequency for coach detection and information
from rf id reader is send to max 232 ic whre decoding of
frequency is done and final output is displayed through lcds.
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