International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume3 Issue 5 Number4–Oct 2012
Impact of Solar power in Future
1
2
G.TAMIZHARASI, S.KATHIRESAN
1
Assistant Professor,Professor,Departmentment of Electronics and Instrumentation ,Bharath University, Chennai.
Professor,Departmentment of Mechanical Engineering,Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engg and Tech, Chennai
2
K.S.Sreenivasan, Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology,
Abstract: Renewable energy is energy which comes from
natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally
replenished). About 16% of global final energy
consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming
from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for
heating, and 3.4% from hydro electricity . Despite
having public support and advantages over other
energy sources, renewable technologies have been
repeatedly characterized as unable to meet our energy
needs. People have been presented only a choice
between conventional fossil fuels and nuclear power.
This, however, is a false choice. Renewable energy can
reliably generate as much energy as conventional fuels,
and can do so without producing carbon emissions or
radioactive waste. we can see how efficiently we can use
solar energy and its relaibilty in future.
Key words: STPP,HTF, PV, APPSO,
on the cell migrated through the solar cell which
made it unusable only after a few hours of operating
at full capacity.
The plastic solar cell which has been developed by
the team of scientists led by David Rider from NINT
has a stronger coating than compared to the older
version of the solar cell. urther more this plastic solar
cell would go up till 500 working hours and could be
usable for months. However the only reason why it
stopped working was due the damage caused to it
while transporting it between laboratories. With the
rise in the use of solar power and its exploration,
people need a cheaper solution to minimize their
costs and this would be a great boost to many
designers who would be planning of putting a solar
plant. The only reason why its cheap is because its
made up of flexible materials including plastic.
I-INTRODUCTION
Since solar power is available all over the world
the generation technologies developed anywhere can
be implemented in any part of the world with
ease.The solar power is increasingly becoming
economically feasible as the new mode of power
generation. Investment has started making its way to
the solar power generation projects and the
technology is continuously evolving, becoming more
and more efficient. It looks as if it shall become the
major source of power generation in a short time. The
Solar Efficiency (a measure) is increasing. Solar
efficiency is a measure of the power that is
produced, compared to the sun’s energy that hits the
panel, now the new panels including the Sun Power’s
have solar efficiency as far as 22% while previously
an average between 15% —20% was considered
quite efficient, while the 15% was good enough..
II New Plastic Coat for Solar Cells
The research conducted at University of Alberta
and the National Institute for Nanotechnology have
come up with a prototype of a very cheap plastic
solar cell which would go onto last for eight months
despite operating at full capacity. The technology
which was used to make the plastic solar cell had a
chemical leeching problem with the body of its
prototype. The problem was that the chemical coating
ISSN: 2231-5381
III Hybrid Organic Solar Cells:
The new plastic cells have an operating life of 8
months having a low cost and are environmentally
efficient, unsealed plastic dollar cells – a green
energy source. Developing an economically viable
plastic solar panels and also to produce them on a
large scale has been the goal of scientists as the cost
of ultra high-purity silicon used are quite
unaffordable.
IV Thermal solar power plant:
Solar Thermal Power Plant (STPP)
behaves like a
conventional thermal power plant, but uses solar
energy
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 42
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume3 Issue 5 Number4–Oct 2012
instead of a fossil fuel as a heat source for
producing steam.
Even though it is free, solar energy has two
noteworthy
disadvantages: energy density and availability .
There are
several different ways in which a STPP can be
designed,
constructed and operated. It is usually the system
components
that dictate such designs There can be variations, but
the typical STPP (with a linear geometry) contains
the following components: collector array & solar
tracking system (if needed), absorber, some sort of
HTF (heat transfer fluid), heat transfer mechanisms
such as: heat exchangers, condensers, etc,
electromechanical heat engines or generators for
converting the HTF energy to electrical energy and if
desired, some type of energy storage system and/or
hybridization of the STPP for attending solar
transients This type is more efficient compared to
other types.
VI Solar Powered Fountains
The solar technology and concept was applied to
fountains.
You have had seen beautiful fountains that can be
seen in parks and gardens. Fountains are also
available on stores for sale. You can see little and
pretty solar powered fountains available in different
shops around the city. These fountains are just like
ordinary fountains and adds the same to the beauty of
your garden. Additional feature in these fountains is
that they use solar energy for their working.
V Affordable Solar Power with Purple
PokeberriesResearchers are experimenting to attain source of
clean and green power through pokeberries because
pokeberries can be helpful in making of affordable
solar power. Scientists had extracted the red dye
from pokeberries to paint their efficient and low-cost
fiber-based solar cells. The dye had given the
desirable results. The dye acted as an absorber and
helped the cells minute fibers to capture more
sunlight for converting it into power.
ISSN: 2231-5381
A common problem associated with conventional
garden fountains is that cost of installing
underground cable for these fountains is very high. If
the cable is not under ground, it is quite risky and
doesn’t look decent. While you doesn’t need to enter
into all this stuff it you are using solar fountain.
Unless temperature of your garden doesn’t fall below
freezing point, these fountains can be kept
operational. Thus there is very little influence of
whether on this technology. So in winter season keep
you fountains indoor to avoid loss. It works on
simple principle of collecting energy through cells
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 43
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume3 Issue 5 Number4–Oct 2012
and then deploying it to power the pump of fountain.
It is just like regular fountains with greater portability
and ease. It uses renewable energy to keep it
operational.
VII SOLAR panels & solar collectors installation
angle.
The direct sun power incident on a solar panel
depends not only on the power contained in the
sunlight, but also on the angle between the solar
panel and the sun. When the absorbing surface and
the sunlight are perpendicular to each other, the
power density on the surface is equal to that of the
sunlight (in other words, the power density will
always be at its maximum when the solar panel is
perpendicular to the sun). as the angle between the
sun and a fixed surface is continually changing, the
power density on a fixed solar panel is less than that
of the incident sunlight.
The amount of solar radiation incident on a tilted
module surface is the component of the incident solar
radiation which is perpendicular to the module
surface. The following figure shows how to calculate
the radiation incident on a titled surface (Smodule)
given either the solar radiation measured on
horizontal surface (Shoriz) or the solar radiation
measured perpendicular to the sun (Sincident).
Tilting the module to the incoming light reduces
the module output. Drag with your mouse the sun or
the panel on the following animation to learn on tilt
effect. The animation shows the calculation of the
various insolations. In each case the length of the
vector gives the relative intensity of the
radiation. The tilt angle has a major impact on the
solar radiation incident on a surface. For a fixed tilt
angle, the maximum power over the course of a year
is obtained when the tilt angle is equal to the latitude
of the location. However, steeper tilt angles are
ISSN: 2231-5381
optimized for large winter loads, while lower title
angles use a greater fraction of light in the summer.
The simulation below calculates the maximum
number of solar insolation as a function of latitude
and module angle. s
The effect of latitude and module tilt on the
solar radiation received through out the year in
Wh/m2/day without cloud. On the x-axis, day is the
number of days since January 1. The Module Power
is the solar radiation striking a tilted module. The
module tilt angle is measured from the horizontal.
The Incident Power is the solar radiation
perpendicular to the sun's rays and is what would be
received by a module that perfectly tracks the sun.
Power on Horizontal is the solar radiation striking the
ground and is what would be received for a module
lying flat on the ground. These values should be
regarded as maximum possible values at the
particular location as they do not include the effects
of cloud cover. The module is assumed to be facing
south in the northern hemisphere and north in the
southern hemisphere. For some angles, the light is
incident from the rear of the module and in these
cases the module power drops to 0.
As can be seen from the above animation, for
a module tilt of 0°, the Module Power and Power on
Horizontal are equal since the module is lying flat on
the ground. At a module tilt of 80°, the module is
almost vertical. The Module Power is less than the
Incident Power except when the module is
perpendicular to the sun's rays and the values are
equal. The module is orientated to the equator so it
faces north in the Southern Hemisphere and south in
the Northern Hemisphere. As module moves from the
Northern to Southern Hemisphere (latitude = 0°), the
module is turned to face in the opposite direction and
so the Module Power curve flips. When the light is
incident from the rear of the module the Module
Power drops to zero . Try setting the latitude to your
location and then varying the module tilt to see the
effect on the amount of power received throughout
the year.
VIII Flat-plate solar collectors
Solar flat-plate collectors are suitable for warmer
climates. Flat-plate collectors are affordable and
easy to install. For a household size of 4 to 5 people,
two flat-plate collectors should be enough to provide
80% of all hot water needs. The first step begins by
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 44
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume3 Issue 5 Number4–Oct 2012
determining the volume of hot water needed and
whether there is area available for the installation.
Solar collectors can be installed on the roof or on the
ground.
Paint-On Solar Cells Developed: A team of
researchers at the University of Notre Dame has
made a major advance toward this vision by creating
an inexpensive "solar paint" that uses semiconducting
nanoparticles to produce energy.By incorporating
power-producing nanoparticles, called quantum dots,
into a spreadable compound, they have made a onecoat solar paint that can be applied to any conductive
surface without special equipment. ACS Nano,
centered on nano-sized particles of titanium dioxide,
which were coated with either cadmium sulfide or
cadmium selenide.
The particles were then suspended in a wateralcohol mixture to create a paste.When the paste was
brushed onto a transparent conducting material and
exposed to light, it created electricity. "The best lightto-energy conversion efficiency we've reached so far
is 1 percent, which is well behind the usual 10 to 15
percent efficiency of commercial silicon solar
cells.But this paint can be made cheaply and in large
quantities. If we can improve the efficiency
somewhat, we may be able to make a real difference
in meeting energy needs in the future
IX Solar Sharing
While renters continue to flood the market and
home ownership continues to decline, more
consumers find themselves ineligible for a solar
array. Unless the homeowner agrees or takes
initiative to have a system installed, renters have little
to no choice in the matter. Until now, solar shares
have allowed renters and home owners alike a
―slice,‖ or share of a larger system. It makes solar
energy accessible to those who cannot physically
house the system at their residence due to lack of
ownership or site issues.
The magnitude of the share varies, depending on
local laws, legislature and in some cases, space.
Some of the smaller-scale projects are referred to as
ISSN: 2231-5381
―solar-gardens‖ or a community based system. This
would allow local residents to pool their resources
together, giving them greater purchasing power while
reducing the upfront costs. The solar shares range in
array size; some providing just enough electricity for
a handful of households, others are large enough for a
business for even an electric company.
X Photovoltaic Power Generation
A photovoltaic power generation system
comprises solar
cells, mechanical and electrical wires, connectors,
and
control equipment that regulates and/or modifies
electrical output. For connection to network, there are
grid connected and stand-alone systems. A gridconnected system connects to a huge independent
grid (usually the national electricity grid) and feeds
power into the grid.
A stand-alone system is unconnected to grid and it
is used monthly average global solar radiation and
duration of sunshine in a study of sun radiation
distribution and sunshine duration in Saudi
Arabia(for ex), also in analysis of the economics of a
5MW PV grid-connected power plant for electricity
generation. A standalone PV power system, testing
its feasibility in remote and rural areas of
Bangladesh, comparing renewable generators with
non-renewable generators by using net present value
cost analysis, considering life cycle cost of
generators, giving their opinion that life-cycle cost of
PV generation is less in rural areas , cheaper than cost
of energy generated by diesel or petrol optimized PV
battery system for Dhaka in Bangladesh, considering
power output of PV system against various tilt and
azimuth angles for maximum perfect present an
operation strategy for residential centralized PV
system in remote areas, suggesting an autonomous
centralized PV system comprising one battery bank
and plural subsystems connected to each other,
advantageous in its large power charging rate, high
efficiency, and low cost over conventional individual
PV systems and hybrid systems estimated
performance of, and measured by experiment, a
15KWp PV plant and solar air collectors coupled
with a sun-breaker structure installed on the roof of a
science high school the assessed the impact of smallscale PV systems installed between 2006 and 2011 in
homes, schools, and public buildings via PERMER
(Renewable Energy Project for the Rural Electricity
Market), which was jointly-funded by a range of
public and private sources simulated and
implemented Maximum Power Point Tracking
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 45
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume3 Issue 5 Number4–Oct 2012
(MPPT) in a partially shaded solar PV array to
increase PV generation; they used a variant of
Particle Swarm Optimization known as Adaptive
Perceptive Particle Swarm Optimization (APPSO),
and only one pair of sensors to control multiple PV
arrays, reducing costs and increasing accuracy to
97.7% from an earlier 96.41% achieved via Particle
Swarm Optimization. an economic analysis of power
generation by Floating
Solar Chimney Power Plant, from cash flows
during the
whole service period of a 100MW plant; the
minimum
price for obtaining minimum attractive rate of return
was
calculated according to financial incentives that
includedlow-interest-rate loans and no income tax .
XI New solar cell could boost efficiency by 25
percent
Scientists at the University of Cambridge have
developed a hybrid solar cell which is capable of
converting 44 percent of sunlight into electrical
power, 29 percent more than traditional cells'
capability of 34 percent.
advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of
the incentives for early deployment should be
considered learning investments; they must be wisely
spent and need to be widely shared So accordingly if
the technologies on solar power developed well it can
become the major generating power.
REFERENCES
1. Photovoltaic Power Generation: A
Review,by S.Mahdi Moosavian 2011 IEEE
First Conference on Clean Energy and
Technology CET
2. solar photo voltaic for power generation in
india: projected level of dissemination using
technology diffusion models.
3. Performance Evaluation and Simulation of a
Solar Thermal Power Plant
4. Research on multi-agent decision-making
model of wind-solar complementary power
generation system.
5. TATA BP solar power,
www.Tatabpsolarpower .com
6. Solar power technologies, www.alternativeenergy-news.info/technology/solar-power/
These (hybrid cells) are the first of their kind so it is
very difficult to estimate when they will go into
commercialization.
Since materials can be dissolved and processed by
roll-to-roll printing, they expect the actual cost of a
solar panel be much lower than (with) conventional
silicon solar cells."
"On an industrial scale, the cost of making the basic
silicon solar cell would dominate over the cost of an
organic layer printed on top of it. However, this
discovery is in an early stage so it is difficult to
predict the final cost and device structure. But it will
a greater effect according to them if developed
successfully
XII Conclusion
In 2011, the International Energy agency said that
"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and
clean solar energy technologies will have huge
longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’
energy security through reliance on an indigenous,
inexhaustible and mostly import-independent
resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution,
lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and
keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These
ISSN: 2231-5381
http://www.ijettjournal.org
Page 46
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume3 Issue 5 Number4–Oct 2012
47
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume3 Issue 5 Number4–Oct 2012
48