International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 26 Number 2- August 2015
Dissemination Techniques in VANET: A Survey
Ankita Verma#1, Dr Satya Ranjan Patra*2, Prof. Pankaj Richariya#3
#1
Student of CSE dept., Bhopal Institute of Technology & Science
Professor, CSE dept., Bhopal Institute of Technology & Science
#3
H.O.D., CSE dept., Bhopal Institute of Technology & Science
Bhopal- M.P. - India
#2
Abstract— VANETs (vehicular ad hoc networks)
are emerging as a new network environment for
intelligent transportation systems. Many of the
applications built for VANETs will depend on the
data push communication model, where
information is disseminated to a group of vehicles.
Various Approaches of data dissemination in
vehicular network can be used to inform vehicles
about dynamic road traffic condition so that a safe
and efficient transportation system can be
achieved. In this paper, we have reviewed various
data dissemination techniques and did the
comparison of two important approaches of
dissemination.
I. INTRODUCTION
In today scenario vehicle are increasing day by day
on a road, because of that many unwanted events
are happen regularly on road, people may injured
or lose their lives due to accident on road. Rate of
deaths on a road due to accidents is increases day
by day, so we need some solution for that.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has
introduces VANET technology for this purpose, in
which information regarding road and traffic
conditions are available for drivers before he passes
through that road; that timely information escapes
driver from traffic jams or other kind of miss
happenings.
VANETs are ad hoc networks
established among vehicles which are equipped
with communication facilities. These vehicles are
like a network nodes so that each node can act as
the source of data, destination for data and a
network router. For communication in VANET, US
DOT (United States Department of Transportation)
has allocated a frequency band of 5.9 GHz in
which “Dedicated Short Range Communication”
(DSRC) is used. DSRC ranges up to 1000m, which
allows high speed communication between vehicles
[1]. These DSRC based applications for public
safety and traffic management consist of
intersection collision avoidance, warning messages,
and approaching emergency vehicle warning etc.
VANETs and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
(MANETs) have some similar characteristics such
as short range of transmission, omni-directional
broadcast low bandwidth and limited storage
capacity. They also obtained some different
characteristics which are as follows:
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a) INDEFINITE TOPOLOGY:
Because of high speed vehicles, topology is
very dynamic on road it is purely relayed on the
path which is selected by vehicle node.
b) INTERRUPTED LINKS: Because of
above characteristic; links are continuously
interrupted. In a dense place where vehicle
quantities are higher, ratio of link break is less
but where vehicles quantities are less link break
up is increases with higher rate. To reduce
above weakness of VANET we can install road
side units nearby road.
.
c)
NETWORK MODELLING: Information
about the current position, movement direction,
current velocity, city map and planned
movement trajectory of VANET nodes is
available, as more and more vehicles are
equipped with global positioning system
devices and navigation systems.
d)
ENVIRONMENT
FOR
COMMUNICATION: VANET networks are
usually of very large size but also may exist in a
form of many small, neighbouring networks
with a high probability of splitting and joining.
There is a big diversity of VANET services and
applications, and one to one communication is
less important than some intelligent broadcast
required by most safety related applications.
e) REAL TIME COMMUNICATION: If any
safety message is required send in a network
have to be send in real time because any kind of
delay in this massage will causes hazardous
conditions on a road.
f)
INSTALLED
GADGETS:
VANET
equipped vehicles have OBU (On Board Units)
which helps in providing a location of vehicle
and its movement on a road to its neighbour
vehicle because of an effective communication
link and routing purposes.
In VANETs, the restricted road topology
imposes a directional nature to the message
flow. Also due to higher node speeds and
unstable connectivity among the nodes, it
becomes essential that data be transmitted in the
most efficient ways and with minimal delay.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 26 Number 2- August 2015
Data dissemination among vehicles depends on
the type of assumed network architecture. In the
presence of road side units, two data
dissemination approaches are assumed: pushbased and pull-based. In the push-based
approach data can be sending or broadcast in a
network to any one, this approach is suitable for
popular data on the other hand pill based
approach based on request/reply methodology
which suitable for unpopular data. In the
absence of infrastructure two dissemination
approaches can be considered: flooding and
relaying. The flooding approach generally
generates high message traffic. Therefore, the
main challenge in this approach is to avoid the
broadcast storm problem [2]. With relaying
approach there are also two challenges that may
be encountered: a) Relay point selection; and b)
Reliable nodes for re-transmission selection. If
the vehicles are provided with updated
information regarding road traffic conditions in
timely manner, then driver have enough time to
take right actions to avoid being trapped in
heavy traffic jams.
Further we have organized this paper as
shown; Section 2 describes how data
dissemination takes place in VANET. Section
3 describes our literature survey. Section 4
describes the comparison of different
dissemination techniques and section 5
concludes this paper.
II. DATA DISSEMINATION IN VANETS
The word dissemination means that
“spreading”, so data dissemination means
spreading data in all over the network. The
concept of data dissemination is wide and
useful in VANETs. In this regard vehicle node
disseminates information over distributed
wireless networks, which is a superset of
VANETs. The approach of data dissemination
in a network may be classified on the basis of:
VEHICLE
TO
DISSEMINATION:
INFRASTRUCTURE
a. Push based: In this approach, road side
unit’s sends or broadcast data into the entire
network. If any vehicle wants to send any data
it will send it to RSU and then it will deliver in
the network. For example, vehicle wants to
spread information like E-advertisement,
security protocols, etc.
b .Pull based: In this approach, requested data
will be deliver to the intended requester. It
means that if any node in a network requests
for any kind of information from network it
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will be deliver to it. For example, Vehicle
wants to get weather information.
VEHICLE TO VEHICLE DISSEMINATION:
a. Flooding: It means to broadcast data in a
network. In this approach every node broadcast
data in a network to participate in the dissemination
process. This approach is good for delay sensitive
application and also very much suitable for sparse
networks during low traffic conditions.
b. Relaying: In this approach sender node can select
the relay node this relays node will forward this
data to another relay node and so on. Advantage of
this approach is that it reduces congestion and it is
scalable to dense networks. This approach is
generally preferred for congested networks. When
the road side unit is not present, vehicle has to relay
its data through multiple hops over long distance to
deliver it or to access the data from RSU.
Although, this kind of data transmission (relay
method for long distance) through multiple hop is
much more difficult because of high mobility in
VANET. It is difficult to find out the end to end
connection for a sparsely connected network.
Vehicles on urban areas are more likely to form
highly dense networks during high rush, while
VANETs are expected to experience frequent
network fragmentation in sparsely populated rural
freeways or during late night hours. Network
fragmentation is a fundamental routing issue that
needs to be addressed in VANET [3]. In order to
forward messages efficiently in dense network
situations, the network protocols must manage
contention for the bandwidth. In existing literature,
data dissemination models are described in two
types in VANETs [4], [5];
III. LITRATURE SURVEY
Tamer Nadeem in 2012 presents a formal model
of data dissemination in VANETs and study how
VANET
characteristics,
specifically
the
bidirectional mobility on well defined paths, affects
the performance of data dissemination. According
to author, data push model in the context of Traffic
View, a system that has implemented to
disseminate information about the vehicles on the
road. Traffic data could be disseminated using the
cars moving on the same direction, cars moving in
the opposite direction, or cars moving in both
directions [6].
Koosha Paridel, Yolande Berbers in 2012,
surveys the routing techniques in Delay Tolerant
Networks, and also the usage of DTN
communication in VANETs. Then, they propose a
combined architecture of Vehicle-to-Vehicle
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 26 Number 2- August 2015
communication, DTN communication, and
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communication as a
large-scale data dissemination system for vehicular
networks. Author argue that the combined
architecture enables data dissemination in a larger
geographical area compared to a V2V
communication model, and efficiently deals with
disconnectivity and network partitions that mostly
occurs in sparse networks [7].
Tulika in 2011, proposes publish/subscribe
framework for information dissemination in
VANET. In her approach, she assumed a hybrid
VANET consisting of stationary info-stations and
moving vehicles where each vehicle can take the
role of publisher, subscriber or broker. Every major
crossing of city is equipped with stationary infostations that act as ultimate place holders for
publications and subscriptions. These info-stations
are assumed to be connected to internet and form
Distributed Hash Table based broker overlay
among them. They act as rendezvous point for
publications and subscriptions and send matching
publications to interested subscribers [8].
Ilias Leontiadis in 2007, proposes a design for P/S
Middleware for vehicular networks that considers
location and time in its primitives. Author would
like to enable the application developers to easily
publish notification in specific location by treating
location as context. He will use subscriptions and
the navigation system to automatically express
interests on the affected vehicles and to filter
incoming notifications. Middleware incorporates
the appropriate communication mechanisms that
implement the tasks instructed by the middleware
primitives [9].
Shea, C in 2009, presents a novel, mobility-based
clustering scheme for Vehicle Ad hoc Networks,
which utilizes the Affinity Propagation algorithm
in a distributed manner. The proposed algorithm
considers typical vehicular mobility during cluster
formation, which produces clusters with high
stability. Simulation results confirm the superior
performance of the proposed algorithm, when
compared to other accepted mobility-based
clustering techniques. Clustering performance is
measured in terms of average cluster head duration,
average cluster member duration, average rate of
cluster head change, and average number of
clusters [10].
Shou-Chih Lo in 2013 presents a new clustering
algorithm that considers both node position and
node mobility in vehicular ad hoc environments.
The proposed algorithm intends to create stable
clusters by reducing re-clustering overhead,
prolonging cluster lifetime, and shortening the
average distance between cluster heads and their
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cluster members. Most important, this algorithm
supports single and multiple cluster heads [11].
IV. COMPARING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE
OF DISSEMINATION
As per the above literature survey we find that
there are mainly two types of data dissemination
model; first is vehicle to infrastructure and second
is vehicle to vehicle communication model. There
are two different techniques for data dissemination,
first is Clustering Based & second is
Publish/Subscribe method. Comparison of above
techniques is as follows:
a) CLUSTRING APPROCH:
In Clustering approach, formation of stable clusters
with also checks of the mobility pattern of the
vehicles which is a key factor for clustering in
VANET. Many clustering schemes have been
proposed by the researchers which can be classified
into either mobility based clustering or nonmobility based clustering algorithms. In mobility
based clustering, mobility characteristic of vehicles
as one of the parameters for selecting clusters and
cluster heads in the network. The other
characteristics of a vehicle are position, direction,
speed, etc. The mobility based clustering
techniques can be further classified into two types
depending on the direction taken by the vehicles on
road. They are direction based clustering schemes
and non-direction based clustering schemes. And in
non-mobility based clustering algorithms the nonmobility based schemes are the vehicular ad hoc
network schemes which use clustering technique
but don’t use mobility as one of the metrics [10].
i .CLUSTRING IN VEHICLE TO VEHICLE:
In Vehicle to Vehicle clustering, group of close
vehicle select a cluster head which works a head of
that cluster and all the traffic in that cluster is
passed by it. Because of this approach link failure
problem shall be solve at some extant.
1-1 Clustering V -V
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 26 Number 2- August 2015
ii. CLUSTRING V TO I:
In Vehicle to Infrastructure clustering, Head cluster
is communicate with the road side unit for all the
sub partner on its cluster because of this approach
load on RSU is decreases.
Error! Use the Home tab to apply 0 to the text that you
want to appear here.-3 V to V Publish / subscribe
1-2 Clustering V - I
b) PUBLISH & SUBSCRIBE APPROACH:
Publish/subscribe method [8] has been emerged as
the most suitable communication technique for
building applications where underlying interaction
mechanisms are required to be asynchronous which
is highly dynamic and flexible in nature. The main
strength of this technique depends upon its space
and time decoupling and flow of data between
event consumers whom we called subscribers and
event producers, called publishers. Another
component, called broker, it acts as a mediator
between publishers and subscribers, it assists in
creating a decoupled environment where
subscribers and publishers are unaware about each
other and can dynamically leave or join the system.
Vehicular ad-hoc network is a delay tolerant
network and anonymity, asynchrony and autonomy
are its inherent characteristics. Decoupling in time
means the event subscriber and event publisher
need not be up at the same time. Decoupling in
flow means sending and receiving does not block
participants. Decoupling in space means the
subscriber can move from one location to another
without informing the publisher.
I.PUBLISH/ SUBSCRIBE VEHICLE TO VEHICLE
In Vehicle to Vehicle communication under
publish/subscribe method, information sender
vehicle have to publish its data in a network and
receiver vehicle have to subscribe that information
from the network. Vehicle passes its data packet to
another vehicle and so on. Because of its
broadcasting nature information can be easily
delivered to its destination.
ii.PUBLISH/
SUBSCRIBE
VEHICLE
TO
INFRASTRUCTURE
In Vehicle to infrastructure communication under
publish/subscribe method, sender can send its data
to the road side unit, and then RSU spread this
information to entire network.
Error! Use the Home tab to apply 0 to the text that you
want to appear here.4 V to I Publish / Subscribe
TABLE 1.1
Clustering
Publish / Subscribe
Dense
Unpopulated
Dense
Unpopul
ated
Pull Approach
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Poor
Push Approach
Good
Excellent
Good
Low
Flooding
Good
Excellent
Good
High
Relaying
Average
Average
Average
Poor
V. CONCLUSION:
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks is an effective tool for
improving road safety through propagation of
warning messages among the vehicles in the
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 26 Number 2- August 2015
network about potential obstacles on the road
ahead. For to do so it is very important that data
dissemination shall be good in network. In this
paper, we have survey different approaches for data
dissemination in VANET. We have also compare
two main techniques used in VANET for data
dissemination; clustering approach and publish/
subscribe approach and our tabular comparison
have leads us to conclude that for the present
scenario clustering technique is more effective than
the publish/ subscribe method.
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