International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)
Sustainability Method of Solid Waste Management:
Anaerobic Digestion for FWL
Ms. K.V.Navale1, Dr.M.Husain2, F.I.Chavan3
1
PG student of civil engineering department in SSBTE college of engineering Bambhori, India.
HOD of civil engineering departmentin SSBTE college of engineering Bambhori, India
3
Lecturer of civil engineering departmentin SSBTE college of engineering Bambhori, India
2
Abstract
The present scenario foresees the peak demand for
energy in our country. The harvesting the energy from
the waste is one of the best methods to overcome this
demand. Biogas can be obtained from the waste by
anaerobic digestion process. The anaerobic digestion
process is the biological oxidation of organic matter
by action of microorganism in the absence of
atmospheric
oxygen.
Organic
matter
after
degradation in turn generates the stable product with
biogas.
Conventionally cow dung is used for production of
biogas. We are using organic waste in addition to cow
dung to generate biogas efficiently. As organic
material having the high calorific value and nutritive
value to microbes, it increases efficiency of methane
production. The approach and technical procedure
need to be explored to reduce the bio-gas cost and to
increase its potential. The Pilot model work has been
done in anaerobic digestion tank. The potential of
biogas generation is expected to be increased and cost
is also expected to be reduced based on the
replacement of LPG
Keywords—Anaerobic Digestion, Food Waste
leachate, Biogas, COD
Introduction
During the past decades, whole world is facing
enormous problem of solid waste management the
total solid waste generated per year is in huge quantity
all over the world and our country is also part of this,
so it is necessary to find sustainable method for solid
waste management, Increasing population, booming
economy, rapid urbanization and the rise in
community living standards have significantly
accelerated the solid waste generation in the world.
Solid waste has become one of the global
environmental issues. Continuous depletion of natural
finite resources is leading the globe to an uncertain
future. On other hand due to scarcity of petroleum and
coal it threatens supply of fuel throughout the world
also problem of their combustion leads to research in
different corners to get access the new sources of
energy, like renewable energy resources. Solar energy,
wind energy, different thermal and hydro sources of
energy, biogas are all renewable energy sources.
Increasing municipal waste has become one of the
major environmental concerns in modern cities. Food
waste was generally dumped with other municipal
solid waste or discharged to the ocean. However, land
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filling of food waste has been prohibited since 2005
and marine disposal of food waste has been banned.
Food waste cannot be avoided should be reused or
recycled to some value added product eg. Renewable
energy, compost as far as possible. Moreover, the
global trend foe new regulations have been set to
strictly limit the disposal of organic waste by landfill
and the landfill disposal disposal fee has been raised
as well. Anaerobic digestion has been considered as an
attractive technology which is used to convert organic
solid wastes such as food waste, animal manure and
organic fraction of MSW into renewable energy in
biogas form.
Literature Review:
Literature survey will be done for knowing the various
methods and theories related to treating food waste by
using various techniques.
Shalini Singh et al. (2000) studied the increased
biogas production using microbial stimulants. They
studied the effect of microbial stimulant aquasan and
teresan on biogas yield from cattle dung and combined
residue of cattle dung and kitchen waste respectively.
The result shows that dual addition of aquasan to
cattle dung on day 1 and day 15 increased the gas
production by 55% over unamended cattle dung and
addition of teresan to cattle dung : kitchen waste (1:1)
mixed residue 15% increased gas production.
Carrasco et al (2004) studied the feasibility for dairy
cow waste to be used in anaerobic digestive system.
Because the animals waste are more reactive than
other cow waste, the study suggests dairy cow waste
should be chosen over other animal wastes.Thomsen
et al (2004) found that increasing oxygen pressure
during wet oxidation on the digested bio waste
increased the total amount of methane yield.
Specifically, the yield which is normally 50 to 60%
increased by 35 to 40% demonstrate the increased
ability to retrieve methane to produce economic
benefits.Cho and park (1995) proposed using substrate
as a food waste in Anaerobic Digester Bio-gas yields
472 ml CH4/g. Ye at al (2011) reported that using a
fresh leachate in UASB
bio gas generated is
0.31CH4/g.
Lissens et al. (2004) completed a study on a biogas
operation to increase the total biogas yield from 50%
available biogas to 90% using several treatments
including: a Mesophilic laboratory scale continuously
stirred tank reactor, an up flow biofilm reactor, a fibre
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International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)
liquefaction
reactor
releasing
the
bacteria
Fibrobactersuccinogenes and a system that adds water
during the process. These methods were sufficient in
bringing about large increases to the total yield;
however, the study was under a very controlled
method, which leaves room for error when used under
varying conditions. However, Bouallagui et al. (2004)
did determine that minor influxes in temperature do
not severely impact the anaerobic digestion for biogas
production.
Jantsch and Mattiasson (2004) discuss how
anaerobic digestion is a suitable method for the
treatment of wastewater and organic wastes, yielding
biogas as a useful by-product. However, due to
instabilities in start-up and operation it is often not
considered. A common way of preventing instability
problems and avoiding acidification in anaerobic
digesters is to keep the organic load of the digester
far below its maximum capacity. There are a large
number of factors which affect biogas production
efficiency including: environmental conditions such
as pH, temperature, type and quality of substrate;
mixing; high organic loading; formation of high
volatile fatty acids; and inadequate alkalinity.
As Taleghani and Kia (2005) observed, the resource
limitation of fossil fuels and the problems arising
from their combustion has led to widespread
research on the accessibility of new and renewable
energy resources. Solar, wind, thermal and hydro
sources, and biogas are all renewable energy
resources. But what makes biogas distinct from
other renewable energies is its importance in
controlling and collecting organic waste material
and at the same time producing fertilizer and water
for use in agricultural irrigation. Biogas does not
have any geographical limitations or requires
advanced technology for producing energy, nor is it
complex or monopolistic.
SuyogVij (2010-11) present this Project was to create
an organic processing facility to create biogas which
will be more cost effective, eco-friendly, cut down on
landfill waste, generate a high-quality renewable fuel,
and reduce carbon dioxide & methane emissions.
Overall by creating biogas reactors on campus in the
backyard of our hostels will be beneficial. Kitchen
(food waste) was collected from different hostels of
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela‘s Mess as
feedstock for our reactor which
works as anaerobic digester system to produce biogas
energy. The 4 anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste
produces biogas, a valuable energy resource anaerobic
digestion is a microbial process for production of
biogas, which consist of primarily methane (CH4) &
ISSN: 2231-5381
carbon dioxide (CO2). Biogas can be used as energy
source and also for numerous purposes. But, any
possible applications require knowledge &information
about the composition and quantity of constituents in
the biogas produced. The continuously-fed digester
requires addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to
maintain the alkalinity and pH to 7. For this reactor we
have prepared our Inoculum than we installed batch
reactors, to which inoculum of previous cow dung
slurry along with the kitchen waste was added to
develop our own Inoculum. A combination of these
mixed inoculum was used for biogas production at
37°C in laboratory(small scale) reactor (20L capacity)
In our study, the production of biogas and methane is
done from the starch-rich and sugary material and is
determined at laboratory scale using the simple
digesters.
Materials and Methods
Food waste was collected from MSW at Nashik,
which was composed of food residues, fruits grains,
Vegetables, starch and grease etc. The food was
shredded into 5-10 mm size pieces by food grinder.
Sewage sludge obtained from building waste water
treatment plant, was composed of secondary activated
sludge. Here characteristics of FW and WS used in
this study, in terms of total solids(TS), SS, COD,
VFA, PH Alkalinity, Phosphorous and Nitrogen are
presented in table 1.
Pilot Scale model consists of following component:
1. Pre digester: - Firstly we have modified our
model by adding a predigester. It helps to
increase retention time of feedstock, resulting
in overall reduction of retention time of the
plant. It has capacity of 20 lit. The pre
digester is kept at 1/3rd above the height of
main digester i.e. 0.35m above G.L. The pH
of the pre digester range is 4 – 6 at
temperature from 30 to 400 c.
2. Digester: - In Digester, slurry undergoes
anaerobic digestion by Archae Bacteria
belonging to Methanococcus which produce
biogas consisting of methane. Digester is
made of syntax tank of capacity 50 lit. Total
50 lit. of slurry can be retained in the digester
. The retention period of digester is
maintained 14-16 days. This increases gas
producing capacity of slurry also the biogas is
produced in this tank and, it holds the slurry
for sufficiently long time to complete the
digestion. The digester holds the biogas
produced in it. And collected in to the tyre by
providing arrangement of gas valve at the top
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International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)
of the tank.
3. Inlet Pipe: - The provision of inlet pipe is
made for the feeding of feedstock. It is
connected from the outlet of predigester to the
inlet of main digester.
Outlet pipe: - The provision of an outlet is
made to take out the digested portion of
slurry.
Also it helps to regulate outlet slurry depending
upon amount of feeding done.
Analytical methods
The anaerobic digestion process was
evaluated by measuring the following
parameters: total suspended solids, volatile
solids, COD, VFA, pH, Alkalinity,
Phosphorous, nitrogen and daily bio gas
production were determined in accordance
with standard methods.
Result and Discussion
Performance of anaerobic digester
2. Acidification
3. Methane Formation
These stages are shown in fig. is as follows:
From the pre digester tank, the slurry enters
into the main digester. At this stage the
digestion process is started. ‘Digestion’ is a
biological process that occurs in the absence
of oxygen and in the presence of anaerobic
organisms at ambient pressure and
temperatures of 35-40ºc. We are maintaining
the temperature into the digester range 30-37
ºc.
The gas is produced in main digester and
collected in tube. The gas is collected in the
tube the tube is swell. And the day to day
biogas is measured.At the side of tube the gas
outlet valve is provided to easily removal of
the gas by user’s requirement.
ISSN: 2231-5381
The plant is started with digested slurry and food
wastes then we are getting result of biogas yield
from this organic waste upto .The rate of loading
increases slowly to stabilize the digester. The
biogas is measured after 15 days intervals.
Biogas is produced through the conversion of
organic matters by anaerobic microorganism.
With conversion of organic matters into biogas
the amount of organic matters would be reduce.
In this paper concluded that AD is excellent
method of treating the food waste with controlled
environmental issues. The rate of loading
increases slowly to stabilize the digester. The
model is in working condition and the partially
the results of the biogas is 0.325CH4/g. biogas
production rate in batch condition is directly
equal to specific growth of Methonogenic
bacteria. The value of BOD 50-55% and COD
35-40% is reducing. The COD removal
efficiency is 50%. A decrease in the processes
pH was observed in the first few days of the
digestion and this is due to high volatile fatty
acid (VFA) formation. The pH increased to its
normal operating value after VFAs metabolism.
The pH was observed to increase substantially
with little variation on the commencement of the
batch operation and also the gas production
increases.PH was measured after 15 days interval
from starting of project and shown in graph:
8
7.8
7.6
PH
Working of pilot model:
Firstly we fed the digested slurry of 50 lit.
which is taken from the another biogas the
purpose is to make a culture of the
microorganisms so that when fresh food
waste is added then biogas production is
enhanced after that the food waste is collected
and grinded into the grinder this waste is
converted into the slurry by mixing of equal
of quantity of water into it the loading
increases gradually.
Continuous Feeding of slurry is done for
several days to fill the pre digester fully.
At the pre digester the slurry is partially
digested and then it is transferred to the main
digester by liquid flow through outlet of pre
digester and inlet of main digester
respectively. The hot water is also mixed with
the waste to maintain the temperature in the
range of 30 – 40o c.
Anaerobic Digestion System consists
of the following three stages:
1. Hydrolysis
7.4
7.2
7
6.8
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1
15
30
45
Number of Days
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International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)
I. I
Characteristics of food waste and sewage sludge
in this study
15. Biogas Plant Construction Manual Fixed-dome Digester: 4 to 20
Cubic Meters United States Forces – Afghanistan, Joint Engineer
Directorate Kabul, Afghanistan April 2011.
16. S.Ashok Kumar, C.Marimuthu, E.P.Balaji, S.ShakeelRiswan
Parameters
TS mg/l
SS mg/l
COD mg/l
VFA
Alkalinity mg/l
Phosphorous
Nitrogen mg/l
PH
Food
Waste
70,520
35,441
201,008
693.4
185.9
825
6274
4.4
Sewage
Sludge
45,100
37,968
17,116
593.4
114.8
278
1200
6.6
Biogas Production from Kitchen Waste Water using USAB Reactor
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA):
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4135-4142.
17. S.Mohan, K.Jagadeesan Production of Biogas by Using Food
Waste
International
Journal
of
Engineering Research
and
Applications (IJERA) , Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Agu 2013, pp. 390-394,
ISSN: 2248-9622.
Acknowledgement:The author is gratefully
acknowledge the HOD of Civil DeptDR.M.Husain
and Prof. F.I.Chavan of SSBTE college of engineering
and technology Bambori, Jalgaon for the guidance of
preparation of the paper.
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