International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume X Issue – JANUARY2015
Working Paper on Construction Waste Recycling and Its Reuse in
Jalgaon City
Jayashri Patil1, Prof.Dr.M.Husain 2
1
ME student, Civil Department, SSBTEs College of Engineering & Technology, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
2
H.O.D, Civil Department, SSBTEs College of Engineering &Technology, Jalgaon, Maharashtra,
India
1
jayashripatil07@gmail.com
ermujahidhusain@yahoo.com
2
Abstract-.With rapid urbanization the quantum of construction & demolition waste (C&D Waste) is constantly increasing. While it is estimated that the construction industry in India generates about 10-12 million tons of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste annually, efforts to manage and utilize this waste is very little. This has led to Private contractors utilizing unscientific dumping methods
there-by putting severe pressure on scarce urban land as
well as reducing life spans of landfills. [1]
Keywords – rapid urbanization, construction & demolition waste, unscientific dumping, landfills
I. INTRODUCTION
Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever any construction or demolition activity takes place,
such as, building roads, bridges; fly over, subway, remodeling etc. It consists mostly of inert and non-biodegradable
material such as concrete, plaster, metal, wood, plastics etc.
A part of this waste comes to the municipal stream. It has
been estimated that approximately 50 million tons of concrete is currently demolished every year in the European
Communities. Equivalent figures are 60 million tons in the
USA & in Japan the total quantity of concrete debris available for recycling on same scale is about 10 to 12 million
tones It is also estimated that the construction industry in
India generates about 10-12 million tons of waste annually.
Urbanization growth rate in India is very high due to industrialization. Growth rate of India is reaching 9% of GDP.
Rapid infrastructure development requires a large quantity
of construction materials, land requirements & the site. For
large construction, concrete is preferred as it has longer
life, low maintenance cost & better performance. For
achieving GDP rate, smaller structures are demolished &
new towers are constructed. Protection of environment is a
basic factor which is directly connected with the survival of
the human race. Parameters like environmental consciousness, protection of natural resources, sustainable development, play an important role in modern requirements of
construction works. Due to modernization, demolished
materials are dumped on land & not used for any purpose.
Such situations affect the fertility of land. As per report of
Hindu online of March 2007, India generates 23.75 million
tons demolition waste annually. As per report of Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi, in India, 48million
tons solid waste is produced out of which 14.5 million ton
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waste is produced from the construction waste sector, out
of which only 3% waste is used for embankment. Out of
the total construction demolition waste, 40% is of concrete
, 30% ceramic‟s, 5% plastics, 10% wood, 5%metal, & 10%
other mixtures. As reported by global insight, growth in
global construction sector predicts an increase in construction spending of 4800 billion US dollars in 2013. These
figures indicate a tremendous growth in the construction
sector, almost 1.5 times in 5 Years. For production of concrete, 70-75% aggregates are required. Out of this 60-67%
is of coarse aggregate & 33-40% is of fine aggregate. Leading this demand is the maximum user China 25%, Europe
12% & USA 10%, India is also in top 10 users. From environmental point of view, for production of natural aggregates of 1 ton, emissions of 0.0046 million ton of carbon
exist where as for 1ton recycled aggregate produced only
0.0024 million ton carbon is produced. Considering the
global consumption of 10 billion tons/year of aggregate for
concrete production, the carbon footprint can be determined for the natural aggregate as well as for the recycled
aggregate. [2]
II. OBJECTIVES
In all communities it has always been common practice to
retrieve valuable materials from the arising waste, e.g. metals and building materials. After some decades in this century with an extensive “use-and-throw-away” philosophy it
has been recognized that we cannot continue this uninhabited use of natural resources and pollution of world with
waste. It is necessary to change our habits and to revise
former common practices within the building and construction industry, as well as within other industries, households, etc. In many countries, industrial as well as developing, C & D waste is considered as harmless, inert waste,
which does not give rise to problems. However, C & D
waste consists of huge amounts of materials that are often
deposited without any consideration, causing many problems and encouraging the illegal dumping of other kinds of
waste. Whether C&D waste originates from clearing operations after natural disasters or from human-controlled activities, the utilization of such waste by recycling can provide
opportunities for saving energy, time, resources and money. Furthermore, recycling and the controlled management
of C&D waste will mean that less land is used and better
opportunities will be created for the handling of other kinds
of waste. [3]
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume X Issue – JANUARY2015
In India, the trend of depletion of natural resources reserves, increase in cost of demolition and transportation,
and shortage of dumping sites due to rapid urbanization are
to be clearly recognized. Whether the waste originates from
natural disasters or from human controlled activities, utilization of wastes by recycling will provide opportunities for
saving energy, time and resources. The situation in India is
not as serious as it is in the west, yet there are some parts in
northern India, especially in Gangetic basin, where crushed
stone aggregates are not available within several kilometers
of radius. However, the gravity of situation demands seriously rethinking in India, especially when the volume of
concrete construction is expected to increase manifold in
the coming decades. Also, there would be a several concrete structures in the urban areas, which have outlived
their existence and these are bound to get replaced with
new ones. This increasing demand for construction materials in construction industries further encourages the adoption of this concept of recycling technology. In order to
access if recycling can be done effectively, feasibility study
of recycling of C&D waste is necessary.
From the view point of economy, recycling of C&D waste
can only be attractive when recycled product is competitive
with natural resources related to cost and quality. The main
conditions which are conducive to successful and economical operations of recycled C&D plants include:
i] Abundant and constant supply of demolition waste
ii] High dumping cost for demolition waste
iii] Easy access for heavy trucks
iv] Suitable industrial land availability, preferably next to
sanitary landfill
v] Inaccessibility or scarcity, and therefore high cost of
good quality natural sand and gravel or crushed stone, and
vi] Ready market for products. [4]
III. METHODOLOGY
To achieve the objectives of present investigation, extensive and comprehensive work is carried out. It is divided in
two phases as mentioned below:
Preliminary Phase (I): Collection of preliminary data
Phase (II): Evaluation of economic feasibility
of recycling of C&D waste
Phase (I) Collection Of Preliminary Data:
In India, the recycling lacks central, stable and flexible
intermediate between generation and landfill like recycling
centers to transform the waste into recycled secondary construction materials.
The data about generation and composition of waste were
collected from various construction and demolition sites
through questionnaires sent to contractors and visiting
NMC and some of the contractors.
The data about consumption of natural resources like river
sand, rocks, pebbles, aggregate etc. are collected from the
Mining department of the Magistrate office.
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The data about potential demand for C & D waste come
from various literatures with priority being given to recent
literature containing extensive bibliography.
Data concerning the fixed costs, especially equipment costs
and corresponding certification of recycling facilities, are
obtained from various literature references. Since there are
no such C&D waste recycling centers in India at this moment and thus no reliable cost data available.
Data of operating costs like unit labour costs were identified with reference to corresponding price.
Jalgaon is commercial and industrial centre with an average rate of GDP of around 1% per year from 1993 to 2009.
Average growth rate of investment in construction activities is about 13.3 % from 1993 to 2009. Jalgaon Municipal
Corporation (MC) was established on 22 Sept. 2003 under
the CNC Act, 1948, covering an urban area of 68.78 km2,
with the population of 4, 60,000 up to 2011.
Generally, the aspect of recycling of C & D waste mainly
depends on the following factors of Jalgaon city: the scarce
of natural aggregate resources, the industrialization level
and population density.
Table 1 shows that the higher population density indicates
boom of potential residential building demand in Jalgaon.
[5]
For scare of natural aggregate resource, although there
are abundant natural aggregates resources in Jalgaon, national and regional regulations have began to encourage
recycling and limit amount of quarry.
Phase (II) Economic Feasibility In Terms Of Cost Savings:
This section will evaluate and examine how proper waste
handling on construction sites can economically benefit a
project and the construction industry by saving millions of
dollars to the industry. An attempt has been made to identify possibilities in cost savings in a project.
Generally, economic feasibility is carried out by standard
measures of profitability, which is cost –benefit analysis.
According to the US EPA (2002), waste management
makes good economic and business sense and at the same
time it can improve production efficiency, profits, good
neighbor image, employee participation, product quality
and environmental performance. Therefore benefit–cost
analysis (BCA) will be examined to estimate the economic
feasibility of construction site waste management in terms
of cost savings as adopted by Begum & Siwar (2006). We
evaluate project level cost and waste management using a
cost function including waste as „bad output‟ to estimate
overall, input specific, and marginal production cost of
waste reduction. It can increase contractor‟s competitive-
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume X Issue – JANUARY2015
ness through lower production costs and a better public
image.
Net benefits can be expressed by eq (1) which is by subtracting total benefits by total costs.
Net Benefits = Total Benefits – Total Costs..... (1)
NB = TB – TC
1. Total Benefits (TB) is all the advantages of using of
reusing and recycling of construction waste materials. This
is the sum of all the direct, indirect and intangible benefits.
(Cost Benefits of reducing waste is not included in monetary terms)
TB = PSC + R SM + SCCT + CSLC + A…….(2)
PSC = Purchasing cost savings by reusing construction
waste materials. Company can save money by reusing and
buying recycled materials instead of buying virgin materials from the market. (Cost savings from market price =
Average market price /unit x total amount of reused and
recycled individual material – Cost of purchasing reused
and recycled material at lower cost). This is estimated to be
25% less than virgin materials. (Begum & Siwar, 2006))
RSM = Revenue from selling of construction waste materials.
SCCT = Waste collection and transportation cost savings
from disposing less material to landfill.
CSLC = Cost savings from landfill charges by reusing and
recycling of construction waste materials
A = Intangible Benefits
2. The total Costs (TC) are all the incremental costs associated with the reusing and recycling of construction waste
materials. This is sum of all direct, indirect and intangible
costs. So the total costs can be expressed by Eq. (3)
TC = CSC + SC +TC + A∗........... (3)
CSC = the collection and separation costs of construction
waste materials,
SC = the storage cost of waste material.
TC = the transportation cost of disposing waste to landfill
A* = the intangible costs.
Net Benefits = Total Benefits > Total Costs............ (4)
Costs are the key main determinants for decisions and
choices for waste management technologies and practices.
Financial constraint is the main reason for low priority for
waste management. In fact the cost of implementing waste
management practices is given more preference than benefits. Quantifying all the associated benefits and the costs in
monetary value and also considering the intangible costs
and benefits can give a clear picture of the economic benefits of reusing and recycling of construction waste.
Although Begum & Siwar, (2006) suggests that practices
that induce waste reduction from the beginning through
proper planning, designing etc should be encouraged. This
would not only ensure reduced quantity of waste production on site but also less quantity of waste material to be
reused and recycled and thereby reducing the cost implications associated with waste management. Following section
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shall discuss the strategies to mitigate this problem and its
economic relevance. [6]
IV. BARRIERS TO RECYCLING IN INDIA:
In India, the concept of recycling is not popular due to the
following reasons.
1. Poor Acceptability of Recycled Material:
Acceptability of recycled material is hampered due
to a poor image associated with recycling activity in India.
Customer specifications do not permit use of materials recycled from waste. Cost of disposal of waste from construction industry to landfill has a direct bearing on recycling operations. Low dumping costs prevalent in India acts
also as a barrier to recycling activities. Imposition of
charge on sanitary landfill can induce builders and owners
to divert waste for recycling.
2. Lack of Appropriately Located Recycling Facilities:
Construction and demolition waste arrives at a processor in chunks. Heavy crushing equipment is required to
break up the chunks into aggregate. When recycled aggregate are to be produced at a smaller scale and in limited
quantity, portable equipment could be used and can be set
up on site for immediate use. However, for bulk production, a pilot crushing plant comprising of the following
units need to be setup.
i] Hopper to receive the material
ii] Jaw crusher to break it into smaller and pieces that are
more manageable
iii] Cone or impact crusher to further reduce the particle
size
iv] Vibrating screen to sort the material to the required specification, and
v] Conveyor belt with a rotating magnet to remove metal
contaminants (steel, etc.)
Pilot plants and full scale recycling plants have
been set up in other countries such as U.K and U.S.A.
These plants promote the recycling industry by instilling
confidence in the quality of the recycled aggregate. In India, lack of a pilot plant is another barrier. Commissioning
of a pilot plant as a demonstration unit can help in breaking
barriers against recycling of construction and demolition
waste.
3. Absence of Appropriate Technology:
At present, it appears that there are very few commercially viable technologies for recycling construction
and demolition wastes. Hot recycling technique for recycling of bituminous material at present is practically nonexistent in India and should be taken up for research and
development and based on the results; hot in-situ technique
may be promoted. Alternatively, equipment available from
abroad for hot in-situ process may be evaluated for financial viability. Once the required technology is known,
availability of sufficient feedstock of requisite quality
should also be tackled.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume X Issue – JANUARY2015
4. Lack of Awareness:
Non-awareness of recycling possibilities is one of the
main barriers due to which waste is disposed only in landfills. Creating awareness and dissemination of information
is essential to built public opinion and instill confidence in
favor of recycling option. There is a need to create a market
for the recycled products by involving the construction
industry to use recycled material in their construction
projects.
5. Lack of Government Support:
There is a lack of government support and commitment towards development of recycling industry. Development of policy supported by regulatory framework can
provide necessary impetus. It will also help in data compilation, documentation and control over disposal of waste
material.
6. Lack of Proper Standards:
Development of standards for recycled materials would
provide producers with targets and users an assurance of
quality of material. Standards formulated in other countries
can be a guideline for development of specification in our
country
V. GOVERNMENT AND ULB INITIATIVES:
1. The Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cell of the Govt.
of Maharashtra has given a prominent place to C&D waste
in their action plan. Action point 1 state that „Separate collection of debris and bulk waste. Each city needs to have its
own mechanism for collection and disposal of waste from
bulk waste producers and construction debris‟ (prescribed
time – 30th November, 2006). 2. Municipal Corporation of
Mumbai has notified „Construction and Demolition and
Desilting Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,
2006‟.Construction & Demolition waste along with silt was
used as cover material in the closure project of old dumpsite at Gorai in Mumbai. The bulk of Construction & Demolition waste generated in Delhi does not get into the
municipal solid waste stream as Management of construction and demolition waste (MCD) has certain intermediate
points for Construction & Demolition waste but proper
disposal is a problem because the debris is dumped in the
existing landfills, eating into their space.MCD was instrumental in getting a feasibility study done in collaboration
with IL&FS. The study “Feasibility study on use of Construction & Demolition waste in road works” was carried
out by CRRI.The study found potential feasibility for application in (a) embankment and sub-grade construction,
(b) sub-base construction, (c) stabilized base course construction and (d) rigid pavement construction. MCD has
allocated a DBOT project for proper storage and collection
of 500 TPD Construction & Demolition waste from 3
MCD zones, transportation to an identified site where the
material would be processed and utilized. The rejects
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would be land filled at the same site. The DBOT partner –
IL&FS Waste Management and Urban Services Ltd. would
also build a „test‟ road using processed C&D waste with
technical assistance of CRRI which would then be monitored for more than a year.
3. Efforts would be made for market development of
processed C&D waste.
Relevant rules and guidelines C&D is briefly included in
the “Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000” but there is no detail information, except a
brief mention in Schedule II of the rule for its separate collection. This brief mention does not appear to be sufficient
in view of its growing quantum and the way it affects the
overall management of municipal solid waste. Greater details and more teeth are required for (a) controlling the situation and (b) management of C&D waste in a comprehensive manner which is likely to have significantly positive
impact on the overall scenario of waste management and
cleanliness. [7]
VI. CONCLUSION
Issues Identified:
1. In most cities, there is no permanent site for C&D waste
collection
2. Many times, C&D waste is dumped on open roads and
outside sites
3. The wastes generates huge air pollution and also makes
the areas dirty
4. This turns into a garbage dump in a few days
5. Open canals are choked with C&D waste material
dumped in
6. C&D waste blocks roads and pathways making commuting difficult
7. Waste material is not cleared for days causing problems
for neighbors
8. These materials are carried in open vehicles which drops
debris on the way
9. This waste leads to collection of water during rains
10. Municipality does not pay much attention to this issue
even after complaints.
Root Causes Identified:
1. This has never been an area of priority for the Government
2. Lack of vigilance by municipal departments
3. Lack of a concrete law for disposing construction and
demolition waste
4. No strict mandate for vehicles carrying the c & d waste
5. People are unaware of what to do with this waste
6. No fines for offenders
7. People caught discarding construction wastes on the
roads are let off easily
8. No helpline to complaint about this problem
9. Too much corruption in the regulating authorities
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume X Issue – JANUARY2015
10. No way of recycling the construction waste
11. Clear C&D waste disposal guidelines not issued to
builders by municipalities
naturally sourced materials have to be restricted and regulated, other strategies must be put in place to reduce demand.
Solutions Identified:
1. Municipal Corporations, Municipalities should frame
Rules &
Regulations for C&D Waste
2. Civic Bodies should provide a facility for collection and
disposal of C&D waste and charge a reasonable amount for
the same
3. Civic Bodies can also charge builders/contractors who
are willing to buy C&D waste for construction purposes
4. A collection center should be established and managed
by the municipality for construction and demolition waste
in each town/ village
5. A separate department in the municipal bodies should be
created for addressing the issue of collecting and disposal
of this waste
6. C & D recycling units should be set up in every town
and state
7. Civic Bodies can recycle/reuse C&D Waste for filling of
low lying areas and construction of Roads etc.
8. A law pronouncing the disposal of C & D waste should
be made
9. C&D permit grants must have terms for removal of
waste
10. Severe penalties must be imposed if waste removal
guidelines are violated
11. Awareness among the builders and contractors should
be increased
12. Private entities setting up C & D recycling units should
be given tax breaks
13. Demolition permit itself can have a clause for waste
recycling. [1]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
VII. DISCUSSION
I would like to take this opportunity to express my respect,
deep gratitude and genuine regards to my guide Prof. Dr.
M. Husain for giving me all the guidance required for
work apart from being a constant source of inspiration and
motivation.
REFERENCES
[1]. “Construction and Demolition Waste in India”
Collective inputs from over 245,000+ Citizens on “Swachh Bharat”
(Current State, Issues, Root Causes and Proposed Solutions)
March 7, 2015
[2].IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684, PP: 52-59. www.iosrjournals.org
[3]. Erik K. Lauritzen, Recycling of concrete- an overview of
development and challenges Demex Consulting Engineers A/S,
Denmark, (January-2006).
[4]. Fuminori Tomosawa, Takafumi Noguchi, Masaki Tamura,
The way concrete recycling should be, Journal of Advance Concrete Technology, Vol.3, No. 1,3-16, (February 2005).
[5]. City Development Plan-UIDSSMT City Municipal Corporation of Jalgaon
[6].International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,
Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 5 ISSN 2250-3153
[7]. Working Sub-Group on construction and demolition waste,
16th April, 2009
Building Material Crisis and Environmental Concern:
Indiscriminate mining of sand and other minor minerals has caused extensive damage to the environment,
scarred rivers, made many areas susceptible to floods, and
destroyed the crucial recharge zones. In 2012, the Supreme
Court had asked state governments to amend the rules to
regulate mining of minor minerals and ensure environmental management. On August 5, 2013, the National Green
Tribunal (NGT) declared sand mining without environmental clearance illegal. However, the concern for a deteriorating environment is being seen in the context of a growing
shortage of these materials. The Union ministry of housing
and urban poverty alleviation had told the Rajya Sabha in
2012 about the shortage of building material, especially for
aggregates and concrete owing to mining bans/restrictions
on environmental grounds. The shortage has been so severe
that several civic projects in India are facing delays. This is
aggravating the housing crisis and affecting the construction of roads, bridges, canals, etc. If sand mining and other
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