Investigating Numbers and Behavior: Grab ‘n Go
By: Camila X. Fierro
Smith College
5/7/2010
Abstract
This report investigates the amount of waste generated by Grab ‘n Go and student’s behavior towards the dining option. A survey was taken at both Chapin and Hubbard where 306 and 154 interviews were taken respectively for a 95% confidence level. Students were asked six questions: 1. How many times did you visit Grab ‘n Go a week? 2. Why did you come today? 3. What House are you from? 4.
Where did you take the food? 5. Are you concerned about the amount of waste generated? 6. Would you be open to any alternatives, such as Dining Services providing Tupperware? We found that students visited Grab ‘n Go around three times a week, they came because of the menu option, location, and because it was prepackaged. We found that most of the food was taken back to the student’s
House, however, in Hubbard’s case a quarter of students sat and ate in Hubbard.
Just under half of the students surveyed were concerned about the amount of waste generated, with the next majority being unconcerned, and a small portion being unsure. A large majority of students were open to the option of an alternative such as Tupperware. In general we found a lack of awareness in the amount of waste being generated by Grab ‘n Go and a disconnect between the campus’ commitment towards sustainability and this dining option. We have gathered together some recommendations Smith College can explore in the immediate, mid‐range, and long‐
term future.
Introduction
Exploring Grab ‘n Go is a divisive student topic and has been explored in previous EVS300 seminar projects, the most recent of which was completed by Julia
Beaty, graduating class of 2009. This year Green Team tried to tackle the Grab ‘n Go question, Davida Ginsberg started to survey individuals at Chapin’s Grab ‘n Go, but soon found that it was too big of a project for a small volunteer group. Thus, Alana and I took it on for the EVS300 seminar project. We wanted to get concrete answers or responses to why Smithies used Grab ‘n Go, which is a relatively new dining option. In 2004, when Smith College consolidated dining by closing selected dining halls they also created Grab ‘n Go to provide Smithies with pre‐packaged food (P.
Maher, personal communication, 4/15/2010). More recently, Smith College has been perusing a “sustainable” agenda. President Carol Christ signed the American
College and University Presidents Climate Commitment on November 26, 2007, which set Smith on the path towards zero‐emissions (Smith Sustainability News, n.d.). The College also hired a Sustainability Director, Dano Weisboard who is helping create and implement different ways Smith can become “greener”(Smith
Sustainability News, n.d.). In this vein, Alana and I wondered where Grab ‘n Go stood due to this dining option being set within a throw‐away paradigm that is unsustainable.
Alana and I saw for ourselves how much trash was generated by Grab ‘n Go and wanted to find out exactly how much was thrown away, who was going to Grab
‘n Go, why they went, and if there were any common factors between those who went such as what House they lived in or where they took the food.
Methodology
Dining Service’s Records
Alana and I went through Dining Service’s records to determine averages at both Chapin and Hubbard. We then used these numbers to get a 95% confidence level in order to conduct a statistically significant number of interviews, which, for
Chapin consisted of 306 interviews and 154 interviews for Hubbard. We looked at the Wednesday of every week from this academic year, and took the remaining weeks from the last academic year (Appendix A). We recorded the number of swipes per Wednesday and per hour: 10:00‐11:00, 11:00‐12:00, 12:00‐1:00 and averaged each hour. We attempted to look at the hourly distribution because Chapin is open from 10:00‐1:00 pm, however, we were unable to survey before noon because we both had class. Moreover, we took these numbers to create a distribution spread out over the year to determine if weather was a factor in increased swipes during nicer weather.
The same analysis was conducted for Hubbard. We took a historical average of the Wednesday of every week for this past academic year and averaged the day.
Hubbard, however, is not open for Grab ‘n Go as long as Chapin, the hourly
distribution is from 11:00‐12:00 and 12:00‐ 1:00 (Appendix B).
Interviews
Alana and I had the help of Ollie Shwartz and Davida Ginsberg in conducting some of the interviews. It took us about two and a half weeks to complete surveying at both Chapin and Hubbard. We instructed Ollie and Davida in what questions we were asking and went through an informal script. The questions asked were as follows:
1. How many times did you come to [Chapin or Hubbard] for Grab ‘n Go this week?
2. Why did you come today?
3. What house do you live in?
4. Where do you take the food?
5. Are you concerned about the waste generated by Grab ‘n Go?
6. Would you be open to alternatives? What if Smith gave out Tupperware?
We left the most loaded question for the end, as instructed by Nicholas
Horton, a stats professor we consulted in the design and analysis of this project. The
interviews were meant to be a quick snapshot of how the students felt about Grab ‘n
Go and the first formal look to see why they were going and where they took the food. Alana and I then used excel to compile the results into pie charts and graphs.
Once again, most of these interviews were conducted during the 12:00‐1:00 time
slot for both Chapin and Hubbard.
Average of
Results
Chapin
Figure 1.
The Monthly Distribution (based on average swipes per Wednesday)
swipes
#
Academic Year
Figure 1. The average number of swipes, or times a Smithie swiped into Chapin, per month in an academic year. SD per month: Sept (38), Oct (9), Nov (55), Dec
(30), Feb (22), March (38), April (22).
Figure 2.
The Averaged Hourly Distribution of Student Swipes
Hours is
open
Chapin
for
Grab’n Go
Average # of swipes
Figure 2. The average number of swipes at Chapin per hour it is open for Grab’n
Go. SD per hour: 10‐11 (35), 11‐12 (15), 12‐1 (64).
As one can see in the monthly distribution in Figure 1, the results are relatively stable, with a slight dip during January because Grab ‘n Go is not open
during J‐term. Also, as the weather gets warmer, one can expect more traffic through Chapin Grab ‘n Go because students like to sit on Chapin lawn, however, the results do not clearly show that. Moreover, the hourly distribution at Chapin does show the expected high‐traffic time from 12:00‐1:00, but the 10:00‐11:00 hour also shows significant traffic as shown in Figure 2. We also found from our survey results that a Smithie visits Chapin, on average, 2.5 times a week (SD 1.3). We cannot assume that each swipe corresponds to one Smithie because students are allowed to swipe multiple times, so no exact correlation can be made in number of swipes totaling individual student.
Figure 3.
Why did you come to Chapin today?
Figure 3. From the students surveyed (totaling 306) 34% of students went to Grab ‘n Go for its intended use: that food items are prepackaged.
Figur e 4.
Wher e do you take
the food?
Figure 4. 306 students were surveyed at Chapin Grab’n Go and asked where they went with their pre‐packaged food; a majority said they went to their room or House.
We also asked our participants what Houses they were from, but this question wasn’t recorded uniformly throughout the whole survey and we over sampled our own Houses so the results are not applicable. Next, we asked if the individual was concerned with the amount of waste generated by Grab ‘n Go, this
more loaded question was saved for the end of the survey as suggested by Nicholas
Horton.
Figure 5.
Are you concerned about the amount of waste generated?
Figure 5. Almost half of the 306 students surveyed at Chapin were concerned about the amount of waste generated by Grab’n Go.
We finally ended the survey with an inquiry into the students being open to an alternative. We asked if they would agree with a system change where Dining
Services would give out Tupperware at Central Check‐In instead of a water bottle and change Grab ‘n Go to accommodate students taking their own portions instead
Average # of swipes of having the items packaged as shown in Figure 6. Alana and I are aware that there is a difference between a student saying she would comply with an alternative now and still being okay with the change when it actually happens. However, we are just trying to get an initial reaction to how students would feel about a change in Grab ‘n
Go and many, as seen in Figure 6, were supportive of an alternative.
Figure 6.
Would you consider an alternative?
What if Smith gave out
Tupperware?
Figure 6. A majority of the 306 students surveyed at Chapin Grab’n Go said they would be open to an alternative such as Tupperware.
Hubbard
Figure 7.
The Monthly Distribution (based on average swipes per Wednesday)
Hours
Hubbard is open for
Grab’n Go
Figure 7 shows the spread of average swipes per Wednesday from Dining Service’s records. Again, this graph shows a dip in January when Grab ‘n Go was not offered during J‐term. This graph shows more fluctuation than Chapin in terms of students going over the academic year, we believe a closer look at the average number of swipes will show a better correlation for weather than what is presented here.
Figure 8.
Hourly Distribution
Academic Year
Figure 7.
The average number of swipes, or times a Smithie swiped into Hubbard, per month in an academic year. SD per month: Sept (62), Oct (74), Nov (12), Dec (13), Feb (18), March
(21), April (28).
Average # of Swipes
Figure 8. The average number of swipes at Hubbard per hour it is open for Grab’n
Go. SD per hour: 11‐12 (14), 12‐1 (33).
Again, based off of Dining Service’s data, we complied the average number of swipes for the hours of 11:00‐12:00 and 12:00‐1:00 that Hubbard is open. From the
Smithies we surveyed we found that students go to Hubbard Grab ‘n Go an average of 2.7 times a week (SD 1.3).
Figure 9.
Why did you come to Hubbard today?
Figure 9. 154 students were surveyed at Hubbard Grab’n
Go, an almost even amount went because of its location and menu, and not because it is prepackaged.
Figure 10.
Where did you take the
Figure 10. Of the 154 students surveyed, 23% eat the food in Hubbard, 25% take it back to their House, and 21% go to Class.
food?
Figure
11.
Are you concerned with the amount of waste generated?
Figure 11. Of the 154 students surveyed at Hubbard Grab’n go a majority said they were concerned with the amount of waste generated.
Figure 12.
Would you consider an alternative?
What if Smith gave out
Tupperware?
Figure 12. 60% of the 154 surveyed students would be open to an alternative system to Grab ‘n Go that produces less waste.
Furthermore, Alana and I talked to Pat Maher and found the amount of plastic wear used by Chapin and Hubbard. Hubbard uses 1,000 small biodegradable plastic 12 oz containers a week, 150 biodegradable plastic 8 oz containers a week, 250 12 oz bowls a week, and 800 biowraps (P. Maher, personal communication, 4/15/2010). We obtained the measurements of the box these biodegradable plastics come in 12’’x22’’x15’’ to calculate the height or volume of plastic wear consumed by Smith College. 250 12 oz and 8 oz containers come per box, so Hubbard uses 4.5 boxes a week. On the other hand, Chapin also has 32 oz biodegradable plastic containers for salads and uses 500 a week. Chapin also uses
375 12 oz biodegradable plastic containers a week plus 500 8 oz biodegradable plastic containers a week‐ totaling in 6.5 boxes consumed a week. Together, both
Chapin and Hubbard, throw away 2, 775 biodegradable plastic containers in one week or a 444‐foot tall building a year, using box height.
Discussion
This project focused on questioning current students and users of Grab ‘n Go.
Through our surveying and inquiries to Dining Services and Facilities Management we found areas to improve upon. First, as Figure 3 indicates, a relatively small proportion of students use Grab ‘n go for its intended use of providing prepackaged food items. The majority of students use both Hubbard and Chapin because of its convenient central location and desirable food items (Figure 3 and 9). Furthermore,
Figure 10 illustrates the more disturbing fact that 23% of students who go to
Hubbard Grab ‘n Go actually stay and eat in Hubbard, ignoring the basis of the prepackaged to‐go concept.
Our survey reveals where some of the compostable waste from Grab’n Go ends up. Figure 4 shows a majority of Smithies that go to Chapin Grab’n Go take their food items home. Alana and I believe that this behavior promotes a stressful environment where Smithies feel they do not have time to eat a relaxed meal at midday. This behavior also encourages social isolation, robbing Smithies of the social skills they will need outside of Smith College. Figure 10 illustrates almost the same idea, with some Smithies actually eating in Hubbard, as previously mentioned.
Figure 11 and Figure 5 reveal just how little awareness there is on Smith
College campus surrounding the waste stream that comes out of Grab ‘n Go. Alana and I consider those students who answered “maybe” to our question were either caught off guard or did not want to admit that they had not thought about the waste coming out of Grab ‘n Go. In both instances, at Hubbard and Chapin, a majority of students have not thought about or been concerned with the amount of waste generated by Grab ‘n Go. This speaks to the lack of environmental awareness and education encompassing environmental issues on campus. However, with Smith’s climate commitment we hope that these behaviors will be challenged or investigated.
Besides the fact that the Grab ‘n Go dining option is and never will be sustainable, Smith has tried to take the lesser of two evils: biodegradable plastic.
The plastics Smith uses are made of polylactic acid (PLA), which is essentially made from corn. These types of plastics are being looked at more favorably as its base, corn, is thought of as a “renewable” resource and due to the increasing costs of oil prices is made cheaply (Royte, 2006). Its manufacturing also requires less energy than the traditional polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and produces less pollution (Royte, 2006).
Alana and I spoke with Roger Guzowski, 5 Colleges Recycling Manager, to learn more about Smith’s decision to buy biodegradable plastic wear. In speaking with Roger we learned that the industry, because it is so new, is not well regulated as a comparable industry like paper recycling. For example, while there are grades assigned to paper quality so that higher quality paper is mixed with the same quality paper ‐ the same cannot be said for plastics (R. Guzowski, personal communication,
4/5/2010). At the same time, mixing PET recyclables with PLA does not work because PLA is considered a contaminant in large enough quantities (Royte, 2006).
Moreover, many of the tests that determine the time frame that these plastics would biodegrade in are done in‐lab. Thus, not much research has been conducted on how these plastics will break down on a small farm, for example. From what is currently known, biodegradable plastics break down in facilities meant for composting where they are tumbled at 140 degrees for ten consecutive days, not the compost in your backyard (Royte, 2006). Finally, not much is known about how these plastics break down. For example, are they just broken down into minute bits of plastic or something that can be an added for organic input in compost? Also, the amount of toxins leaching out of these plastics into the compost has not been widely researched (R. Guzowski, personal communication, 4/5/2010).
Finally, because these plastics cannot be composted in a personal composter, and they cannot be recycled with other PET plastics, most of it ends up in landfills
(Royte, 2006). While it may be better to use biodegradable plastics for “necessary” plastic items, the real question we should be asking ourselves is: is this single use item really necessary? Within our surveying I came across this mentality that the single‐use paradigm behind Grab ‘n Go was “okay” because it uses biodegradable plastic. Students, and consumers, tell themselves these single use items are not hurting the environment because they are “biodegradable” without really knowing what that term means. Thus, in the end, although biodegradable plastics are not perfect, they are a leg up from the petroleum‐based plastics. However, we should not settle at biodegradable plastics but question why single use items are necessary and demand better packaging alternatives.
Alana and I have come up with a series of recommendations to be set in the immediate future (next year), mid‐range, and long‐term. First, the new sustainability interns that are selected should begin to address the lack of awareness and environmental education surrounding Grab ‘n Go. For example, explaining that although biodegradable plastics are better, they are still thrown away into a landfill. Or interns can make students aware of what to recycle, for example yogurt containers, and where. In other words, an education campaign on the waste, compost, and consumption of Grab’n Go, and eventually campus.
However, with this education component in mind, in order to address the waste problem of Grab’n Go there must be bottom up and top down action. The administration must make Grab’n Go less attractive, by making it a last ditch choice, and not a desirable first option. In order to change the behaviors of students we cannot solely rely on students and education, because an educated student population might still go to Grab ‘n Go.
For the immediate future Alana and I also recommend that Dining Services hand out Tupperware at central check‐in. Hopefully this will motivate students who are already aware of Grab’n Go’s wasteful impacts to avoid it. In speaking with Pat
Maher, she explained that Dining Services is already looking at Tupperware options for the college. She has also alerted us to a few hurdles in implementing a
Tupperware based system for Grab’n Go where students could check out
Tupperware similar to a library book. Pat said that their current software system does not have the capacity to mimic a library system. Also, there are some sanitary issues if students do not clean their Tupperware appropriately and approach a food hub, making it essentially one of the fastest way to spread bacteria.
Finally, we recommend that Dining services start a pilot compost station at the Campus Center and that Grab’n Go switch some of its plastics to paper products.
First, we recommend that some of the plastics switch to paper because the small farmer who takes our compost more easily receives these and the paper adds more organic inputs to the compost than the plastic ware (R. Guzowski, personal communication, 4/5/2010). We also recommend a pilot compost station at the
Campus Center because as Figure 4 indicates, 21% of the waste leaving Chapin
Grab’n Go ends up in the CC.
The mid‐range and long‐term recommendations we have suggested center around Smith developing its compost system and providing permanent compost
stations around campus. Moreover, we also suggest a permanent Tupperware system for Grab’n Go, eliminating the throw‐away culture it promotes. However, as previously mentioned, a system must be in place that can compute or track the
Tupperware. Also, sanitation health must be regulated to prevent the spread of
bacteria.
Works Cited
Smith Sustainability News [internet], (no date), Smith College: Green Smith, [cited
2010, May 4] available at: http://www.smith.edu/green/news_archives.php
.
Royte, Elizabeth. [internet], (August, 2006) “Corn Plastic to the Rescue.” Smithsonian
Magazine.
[cited 2010, May 4] available at: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science‐nature/plastic.html.
Appendix A:
Dining Services Records.
Hourly Distribution for Chapin.
Chapin Grab n Go
9/14/09 116 82
1/25/10 136 83
3/4/10 116 82
343
268
242
310
270
234
318
317
421
448
431
302
323
336
331
298
276
421
448
431
302
323
336
STDEV:
619 37.8461799
686
683
592 9.192388155
605
635 55.03180898
645
668
594
528
625 29.69848481
583
453
594 22.4406625
643
624
640
619 37.8461799
686
683
592 22.05296654
605
635
Average of the Hourly Distribution over an Academic Year:
10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00 12:00-1:00
312.5
304
290
234
302.25
400.5
320.2
10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00 12:00-1:00
320
Appendix B:
Dining Services Records.
Hourly Distribution for Hubbard:
Hubbard Grab N Go: 2009-2010
12:00-1:00 STDEV
9/21/09 16 77
10/5/09 28 48
162 62.13158081
93
217
76 73.9617018
201
207
227 11.69187752
224
207
200
208
231 12.72792206
213
147
222 17.91414711
247
254
218
225 21.21791696
229
269
213
240
230 27.72934667
227
240
178
Average of the Hourly Distribution over the Academic Year:
11:00-
12:00 12:00-1:00