Artificial Neural Networks
Artificial neural networks are an attempt at modeling the
information processing capabilities of nervous systems. Thus,
first of all, we need to consider the essential properties of
biological neural networks from the viewpoint of information
processing. This will allow us to design abstract models of
artificial neural networks, which can then be simulated and
analyzed. The paradigm below shows functional model of an
artificial neural network.
Functional model of an artificial neural network
The Taylor series for a function F which is being approximated
around the point x0 is;
F(x) = a0 + a1(x − x0) + a2(x − x0)2 + ··· + an(x − x0)n + ···,
whereby the constants a0, ..., an depend on the function F and its
derivatives at x0.
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What is sustainability?
There is no simple definition of 'sustainability'. It can be an idea, a
property of living systems, a manufacturing method or a way of
life. In fact, there may be as many definitions of sustainability as
there are people trying to define it. However, most definitions
include:
living within the limits of what the environment can provide
understanding the many interconnections between economy,
society and the environment
the equal distribution of resources and opportunities.
Sustainability connections
Economic
Environmental
Social
Economic
development
Resource use e.g. water Human and worker rights
Local industry Waste generation
participation
Paying appropriate wages
Jobs created
Material sourcing
Working conditions
Corporate
governance
Atmospheric pollution Freedom of association
Public reporting Toxic material disposal Workforce diversity
Sustainable development aims to meet human needs in the present
while preserving the environment so that these needs can also be
met in the indefinite future.
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OEH implements environmental sustainability programs that
include actions to:
reduce the use of physical resources including water and energy
encourage recycling
increase the use of renewable resources
encourage redesign of production processes and products to
eliminate the production of toxic materials
protect and restore natural habitats and environments valued for
their biodiversity or beauty.
These programs aim to strike the balance between benefits for the
environment and society and economic costs - helping to move
NSW towards a more sustainable future.
Genetic algorithm
In the computer science field of artificial intelligence, genetic
algorithm (GA) is a search heuristic that mimics the process of
natural selection. This heuristic (also sometimes called a
metaheuristic) is routinely used to generate useful solutions to
optimization and search problems. Genetic algorithms belong to
the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA), which generate
solutions to optimization problems using techniques inspired by
natural evolution, such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and
crossover.
Time Series Analysis
Definition
A sequence of numerical data points in successive order, usually
occurring in uniform intervals. a time series is simply a sequence
of numbers collected at regular intervals over a period of time. the
aim of this tool is to find out the particular phenomenon.
Goals of time series analysis:
1. Descriptive: Identify patterns in correlated data—trends and
seasonal variation
2. Explanation: understanding and modeling the data.
3. Forecasting: prediction of short-term trends from previous
patterns.
4. Intervention analysis: how does a single event change the time
series?
5. Quality control: deviations of a specified size indicate a
problem.
Mean equation is;
where N is the number of observations in the whole series, k is the
lag. Y is the mean of the whole series and the denominator is the
variance of the whole series.
Reliability theory
Reliability theory describes the probability of a system completing
its expected function during an interval of time. It is the basis of
reliability engineering, which is an area of study focused on
optimizing the reliability, or probability of successful functioning,
of systems, such as airplanes, linear accelerators, and any other
product. It developed apart from the mainstream of probability and
statistics .
Definition of Reliability
Reliability is the probability of performing without failure, a
specific function under given conditions for a specified period of
time.
Mathematical definition of reliability
Probability distribution function (cdf) of T,
Terms reliability R(t), unreliability F(t), time to failure density
f(t), failure rate function fr(t), hazard h(t) and cumulative
hazard H(t) functions as well as their interrelationships. Other
terms relating to mean life are also introduced.
FT (t) is usually called the unreliability at time t. It represents the
probability of failure in the interval [0, t]. The probability of
failure in the interval (t1, t2] equals F(t2) − F(t1).
Definition: The reliability function is:
Select Machine-Tools
The selection of machine-tools is largely a matter of judgment,
based on the consideration of many variable factors. No fixed
rules can be laid down, but the uses to which the machines are put
are divided roughly into three classes which govern to a large
extent the types of machine that should be purchased, whether
they should be machines of a wide range of usefulness,
standardized machines equipped with special tooling or specialpurpose machines of special design capable of very large and
continuous production. To determine into which of these classes
the requirement for new machines falls, an analysis should be
made of the following factors: (a) quantity of production required
and its duration, (b) method of machining and tolerances and
finish required, (c) possibility of a change in design of the product,
(d) cost of production, (e) when delivery of machine is required,
and (f) money available for the purchase.