DFID Crosscutting Disability Research Programme
Report on Inception Phase Workshop
Nairobi, Kenya
28th – 29th June 2010
Dr Maria Kett and Dr Raymond Lang
Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre
University College London
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1.
Background
The Crosscutting Disability Research Programme has a number of core
components. These include the mainstreaming of disability issues across
other DFID-funded Research Programme Consortiums (RPCs); increasing
awareness and inclusion of disability issues in international development and
poverty reduction agendas; and increasing capacity of all stakeholders. As
part of the inception phase, the programme aimed to identify gaps, as well as
potential partners to undertake research with, in four regions: South Asia,
South East Asia, West Africa and East Africa.
Nairobi was selected as the location of the forth and final participatory
workshop to bring together stakeholders from academia – in particular RPC
partners; non-governmental organisations (NGOs); and DPOs. The workshop
took place over two full days. There were 28 participants from four East
African countries: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia, with an additional
participant from South Africa. A total of five RPCs; five DPOs; four INGOs
and one UN organisation were represented.
1.
Workshop Outline
Dr Kett and Dr Lang presented an overview of the CCDRP and of the aims
and objectives of the workshop. Each participant was then invited to make a
presentation on their organisation, their research and any work already
undertaken or in process on disability. The participants were then invited to
divide into groups focused on one of the six DFID research themes:






Health
Agriculture
Climate change
Growth
Governance in challenging environments
Future challenges
Where possible, each group had at least one RPC representative from the
relevant RPC, one DPO representative as well as equal numbers of men and
women to ensure gender balance. Each group was asked to discuss current
issues, gaps, challenges, and to identify potential research ideas. In addition
to the discussion groups, six sheets were made available – one for each
thematic area – for participants to write additional thoughts or ideas for other
options/issues to be raised.
On the second day, each group presented their recommendations back to the
plenary, and after each presentation there was a group discussion, facilitated
by Dr Kett and Dr Lang, on the research ideas presented. Summaries of
these presentations are presented below, followed by recommendations and
ideas for potential research projects in the East Africa region.
2.
Key findings:
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Several issues arose that cut across thematic areas, in particular participation
and representation, gender, age, and ethnicity. It is also worth noting that
once again, education was also identified as a gap by many of the
participants.
Full potential research areas outlined by the groups are as follows:
Health
The main focus of research needed was determined to be the extent to
which persons with disabilities have equity in access and utilization of health
services.
The group identified the following areas and specific questions as of key
importance:
Policy and advocacy
• To what extent do policies in East Africa (plans, strategies, guidelines)
address the health needs of persons with disabilities?
• What advocacy activities need to be conducted?
Training of health care workers at all levels
• To what extent do health sector training curriculum for nurses, doctors,
public health officers, community workers and other service providers
cover the needs of persons with disability at all levels of service
delivery (hospitals, dispensaries, and communities, households)
Access
• What are the factors that affect access to promotive, preventive and
curative services/service utilization by persons with disability
(infrastructure, distance, awareness, language, stigma and
discrimination, attitudes, gender and social, economic, political,
environmental factors, type and severity of disability? Focus on
particular services e.g. Maternal and child health, HIV, diabetes,
rehabilitation)
• What can be done to remove barriers?
• How can technology be used to improve access to health services?
Awareness and sensitization
• What is the level of awareness of community members, policy makers,
researchers, programme managers, academic training institutions, on
the needs of person with disabilities? When they are making policies
and programmes – do they appreciate disability as an issue? How can
awareness be increased?
Routine data collection:
• What information / routine data on disability can be captured within the
health system e.g. district level hospital facility data? There is a need to
agree on the basic information on disability to be collected for access
to health services, etc.
Development of appropriate tools and
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•
•
indicators – proper tools and questions need to be developed that are
disability specific (e.g. birth records on number of children born with
disabilities, number of children with disabilities visiting MCH clinic,
number of children with disabilities accessing occupational therapy
services).
Periodic surveys - Analysis of secondary data (e.g. population census
in Ethiopia/ Kenya (KAIS), information existing disability data that has
not been analyzed).
Conducting special surveys on disability;
developing appropriate questions. Measurements of quality of life.
Biomedical research – relationships between disability and conditions
such as diabetes, HIV, nutrition, new interventions.
Agriculture
The agriculture group highlighted the following as particular gaps and
potential areas of research:
1. How included are persons with disability in agricultural practices in East
Africa?
2. What type of extension services they have been provided with?
3. Extension services: what knowledge and awareness do they have
about concepts such as disability and gender?
4. What are the specific issues they have addressed on disability and
gender during the course of service provision?
5. What have been the difficulties or challenges faced by persons with
disabilities in applying good practices in agriculture?
6. List the markets outlets they have been involved in and what are the
challenges in access to market outlets?
7. What has been the source of financing?
8. What challenges have persons with disabilities been facing in
agricultural financing?
9. Who has the right to own the land? (probe on gender relations,
disability)
10. Technological challenges they have been facing
11. What type of production and marketing information have they been
accessing and how is it important to the people with disabilities?
12. What have been the challenges in accessing modern agro processing
facilities?
13. What mitigation/coping with drought, food deficit, etc
14. Access to farmers unions etc?
Climate change
The group noted potential overlaps in research areas with the agriculture
group in particular, but also future challenges. To this end, they identified the
following as potential avenues for future research.
1. Access
and
inclusion
in
social
safety
nets
–
success/advantages/disadvantages?
2. What disability measures should be included in ‘green development’
measures?
3. ‘Agriculture first’ programme (Tanzania) – issues of large and small
scale farmer – disability inclusion?
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4. To what extent are persons with disabilities included in food security
issues (Crisis States RPC)
5. To what extent are persons with disabilities included in national
climate change policies (e.g. .National Adaptation Plans on Climate
Change - Ethiopia)? What measures are in place for inclusion in
NAPs?
6. Access and inclusion in adaptation/mitigation measures (including
land resettlement issues (Tanzania)
7. Health effects (e.g. malaria, under-nutrition, malnutrition)
8. Equitable access to clean water, and if not, health effects resulting
from these (RiPPLE)
9. Effects of climate-related migration on persons with disabilities
(including health effects)?
10. What economic/social security measures are in place or need to help
cope with future economic shocks caused by climate change and
climate variability? How are persons with disabilities affected by
climate-shocks (e.g. jobs)
11. How can persons with disabilities help reduce climate related risks
and to what extent are they involved in on-going climate change
programmes (e.g Africa Policy and Climate Change Centre)
12. Are disability issues included in national social safety nets/ action
plans to tackle future economic shocks created by climate change?
Growth
The growth group were keen to highlight that all the issues and research
questions they presented take into account that men and women with
disabilities may be differently affected based on the gendered cultural norms
and stereotypes that govern social and economic life of their respective
communities. Hence, a gender ‘lenses’ must be employed consciously
throughout the research questions. They focused on four key areas for future
research on issues of growth:
Livelihoods
1. Urbanisation in poverty and livelihoods among Persons with disabilities
– How does urbanisation and poverty impact on the livelihoods
and lives of Persons with disabilities in slum settlements?
2. Urban growth and slumification and access to housing for persons with
disabilities
– How does slumification affect access to housing for Persons
with disabilities?
– Urbanisation, crime and safety & security for persons with
disabilities
– How can the physical and emotional safety and security of
persons with disabilities be ensured within rapidly growing urban
settlements?
– Land conflicts, civil strife and resettlement of persons with
disabilities
– How does resettlement and migration arising from land conflicts
and civil strife impact on the lives of persons with disabilities?
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3. Education
– Education, social growth and community participation for
persons with disabilities
– How can education enhance equity in social growth for
community participation among persons with disabilities?
– Education, political growth and rights of citizenship for persons
with disabilities
– How can education help accelerate and protect equal rights of
participatory citizenship for persons with disabilities?
4. Gender
– Multiple discrimination of women & girls with disability from
active participation in development activities of their
communities and states
– How can governments ensure that women and girls with
disability are included effectively in development activities of
their communities and the state? (e.g. socio-cultural, political
and economic?
5. Economic growth
– Agriculture and farming (livestock, fisheries, portray, beekeeping etc) mostly benefits rural people. Persons with
disabilities often lack access to agricultural resources including
land and credit facilities
– How can persons with disabilities be facilitated to attain equal
access to agricultural and farming facilities (land, livestock,
credit etc)?
– Industry and civil service opportunities for persons with
disabilities
– How can industry and civil service create equal opportunities for
persons with disabilities?
– How can governments support and motivate persons with
disabilities to engage in self-employment and wealth creation?
– Services including education, health and transport (mobility) are
often inaccessible to persons with disabilities
– How can education, health and modes of mobility (e.g. public
transport) for persons with disabilities be made more responsive
and accessible?
Governance in challenging environments
The group came up with three key themes, and a number of research
questions based on these:
1. Representation (political, social & economic)
2. Representation in decision making
3. Participation in policy making and discussing policy options for selves
and on behalf of others
Research Questions/Issues
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1. In what ways are life experiences of persons with disabilities different e.g.
from 20 years ago given involvement in decision making (e.g. Uganda
example/Rwanda Health Insurance example (APPP)
2. Are all concerns addressed as a result?
3. Are persons with disabilities/ disability problems centred around issues of
representation?
4. Regardless of affirmative action, why has there been little impact?
5. What are the barriers to implementation regardless of representation and
‘suitable’ legislation
6. Degree of decision making in different countries and extent of impact on
the lives of disabled people (e.g. Uganda has more representation of
persons with disabilities in decision making than Kenya - therefore are
persons with disabilities in Uganda any better off than those in Kenya?
7. Is there a link between representation and impact on the lives of disabled
people
8. Is the key issue one of representation by persons with disabilities, or just
representation?
Examples or cases of championing of other causes (e.g. gender,
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda) which are part of the national agenda by other
leaders. What is the impact of multiparty politics on representation – is
it likely to lead to cooption in the ruling parties hence less impact on
persons with disabilities?
9.
How can disability be mainstreamed in governance?
Putting in place enabling laws that are predictated to persons with
disabilities representation in decision making
Advocacy for enforcement of the laws by all, not only persons with
disabilities
Attitudinal change by all
10. Research around the differences between social inclusion and social
protection
11. Effectiveness of political participation (e.g. Uganda, 50 000 reps – but how
effective is this?) – Comparison between Uganda and Kenya? (case
studies)
12. Research around issues of those purporting to represented persons with
disabilities actually do (e.g. Uganda).
13. Policy impact of targeted programmes (e.g. HI scheme in Rwanda)
14. Representation and policy – why do gaps still exist (e.g. education –
numbers still out of school. Employment quotas?
15. Effects verses impacts of policies?
16. Lessons from gender mainstreaming?
Future challenges
Again, this groups focused on a number of key themes, and developed
research questions based on these:
Themes:
1. Future architecture of international Aid
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2. How displacement, conflict, forced migration, human trafficking,
economic migration, natural disasters, etc affect persons with
disabilities. How are we dealing with these phenomenon?
3. Future livelihoods for persons with disability; access to water and other
important resources – given resource constraints, environmental
degradation, etc.
4. The disability movements maturing with time particularly understanding
policy making dynamics for effective engagement.
5. Understanding disability mainstreaming- do we know what this really
means and what are the models of best practice.
6. ICT and inclusion; appropriateness for persons with disabilities-the
catching up role played by persons with disabilities in advent of any
new technology in the market.
7. New skills for the emerging markets-access to microfinance and
economic empowerment.
8. Family and the changing roles of the family as an institution.
Potential Research Questions:
9. What works for persons with disabilities in the fast changing economic
environment?
10. What needs to be done in order to include the disability agenda in the
post MDG era?
11. What are the drivers of risks/vulnerability in conflicts, natural disasters,
displacement, forced migration, etc?
12. Understanding the dynamics of policy making processes for effective
engagement by the disability movements.
13. What would make disability mainstreaming effectively work?
14. What would promote the family as an institution that supports the
needs of persons with disabilities in the larger society?
Of particular note were areas of research that cut across several RPCs:


Effects and impacts of disability-specific policy (e.g. education) –
comparison between Kenya and Uganda
land resettlement/land use (links with gender best practices)
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4. Potential Research Links with RPCs:
 RECOUP: potential to extend work already done on gender, youth and
citizenship
 ABBA – extending work already done on the mainstreaming of disability in
HIV/AIDS programmes in Africa
 Crisis States – in particular work on land resettlement; slumification;
access to water
 RiPPLE – equitable access to water; effects of lack of access to water
 African Power and Politics – exploring effects/impacts of policies on life
experiences of persons with disabilities (e.g. Uganda example/Rwanda
Health Insurance example (APPP)
Other potential links
Kenyatta University (Departments to be determined) – include disability
session in International development/gender courses
UNECA
AU study on commitment of African governments to disability policy (via
Sebe)
4. Summary and Conclusions:
This final workshop also generated a very high level of discussions and
research ideas. There was also very positive feedback from all participants
about their experiences of the workshop, and good exchange of knowledge,
ideas and experiences between the different participant groups.
Potential links have been made across number of current regional RPCs. We
will follow these up with lead organisation to establish ongoing dialogue and
initiate research based on the gaps and needs highlighted above.
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Appendix:
1. Agenda
DFID Cross Cutting Disability Research Programme Workshop
Kirinyaga Suite, Nairobi Safari Club
Nairobi, Kenya
28th – 29th June 2010
Agenda
Day 1
8.30 – 9.00
Registration
9.00 – 10.00
Overview of Cross-Cutting Disability Research Programme.
10.00 – 10.30
Coffee break
10.30 – 13.00
Presentations
13.00 – 14.00
Lunch time
14.00 – 15.00
Presentations cont
15.00 – 15.30
Tea break
15.30 – 17.00
Thematic discussion groups
17.00 – 17.30
Summary of day
1900 onwards
Reception (Miwingo Suite, 2nd floor)
Day 2
9.00 – 10.00
Presentation of group recommendations
10.00 – 10.30
Coffee break
11.00 – 13.00
Presentation of group recommendations (cont) & discussion
13.00 – 14.00
Lunch
14.00 – 15.00
Discussion of key recommendations
15.00 – 15.30
Tea break
15.30 – 16.30
Summary and concluding remarks
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2. Participant list
Name
Bentry Kalanga
Sandra Zawedde
Wubalem Negash
Wilbard Kombe
Kedir Mamo
Alemayehu Teferi
Prof Joyce Olenja
Dr Betty Chirchir
F. GoloobaMutebi
Organisation
Leonard Cheshire
Disability
United Nations Economic
Commission for Africa
Research Inspired Policy
Practice Learning in
Ethiopia (RIPPLE)
Ardhi University
Ethiopia People with
Disability Federation
Ethiopian Federation of
Association of People with
Disabilities
Department of Community
Health, University of
Nairobi
Regional AIDS Training
Network (ABBA RPC)
Makere Institute of Social
Research, Makere
University
RPCs Crisis Institute
(LSE); APPP – Overseas
Development Institute
Contact Details/Email
bentry.kalanga@lcdisability.org
szawedde@uneca.org
w.negash@rippleethiopia.org
kombe@aru.ac.tz
mamo.kedir5@gmail.com
alemteferig@gmail.com
jolenja@uonbi.ac.ke ,
jolenja@yahoo.com
bettychirchir@yahoo.com
fgmutebi@yahoo.com
Charles LwangeNtale
HelpAge International
clntale@helpage.co.ke ,
clntale@gmail.com
Eva Biswaro
Center for Advocacy and
Development for People
with Disabilities –
CADPD
cadpd_08@yahoo.com
Hon. Julius
Balyejjusa
Parliament of Uganda
Sebenzile
Matsebula
Independent Consultant
Alvin Uronu
MUCCoBS
Fredrick Ouko
Action Network for the
Disabled
Emily Nyariki
Regional AIDS Training
Network
P.O. Box 7178, Kampala,
jbalyejjusa@parliament.go.ug ,
bajuwa2001@yahoo.co.uk
sebe@divuseni.co.za ,
+27-82-905-0432
P.O. Box 474, Moshi
+255-754-272779
alvinuronu2000@yahoo.com
Box 5837-00200, Nairobi
info@andy.or.ke
+254-20-2324580
P.O. Box 62945-0020, Nairobi
nyarikie@ratn.org ,
nyarikiemily@yahoo.co.uk
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Ambrose
Murangira
UNAD and Enabled
International Ltd.
Washington Sati
Leonard Cheshire
Disability
Tenywa Godfrey
Peninnah Vulimu
Helen Obaude
Aghan Daniel
Okiyo Martin
Titus Mutia
Wilbard Kombe
Fatuma Chege
Dr S Kipng’ Arap
Tororei
Jayne Muema
Faridah Nassereka
Sign-Language Interpreter
(Uganda)
Sign Language Interpreter
(Kenya)
United Disabled Persons
of Kenya
P.O. Box 7339, Kampala, Uganda
enabledink@gmail.com ,
amurangira3@gmail.com
washington@lcd-enar.org
P.O. Box 38748-00600, Nairobi–
Kenya
P.O. Box 7339, Kampala
tenywagod@yahoo.co.uk
penyavulimu@yahoo.com ,
+254-720-263029
hobande@yahoo.com
aghandan09@gmail.com,
0728279966
martinokiyo@gmail.com
Handicap International
0721605578
titusmutia@yahoo.com ,
Girl Child Network (GCN)
hop@girlchildnetwork.org
kombe@aru.ac.tz ,
Ardhi University
kombewilbard@yahoo.com
Handicap International
Kenyatta University
Kenyan National
Commission on Human
Rights (and ABBA)
Leonard Cheshire
Disability – ENAR
Uwezo Uganda - Uganda
National NGO Forum
fatujuma@yahoo.com
tororei@knchr.org ,
www.knchr.org
jayne@lcd-enar.org
f.nassereka@ngoforum.or.ug
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