Art and MuseUlll Law
Cases and Materials
Robert C. Lind
IRVING D. AND FLORENCE ROSENBERG PROFESSOR OF LAW AND
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ENTERTAINMENT AND MEDIA LAW INSTITUTE
SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW
Robert M. Jarvis
PROFESSOR OF LAW
NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER
Marilyn E. Phelan
ROBERT
H. BEAN PROFESSOR OF
LAW AND PROFESSOR OF MUSEUM SCIENCE
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW
CAROLINA ACADEMIC PRESS
Durham, North Carolina
Contents
Table of Cases
Preface
Acknowledgments
xv
XXI
XXIU
Chapter 1 Introduction to Art Law
Stephen E. Weil, Some Thoughts on 'llrt Law"
Notes
Chapter 2 The Creation of Art
A. The Definition of Art
Peter H. Karlen, Defining Art: A Legal Perspective
Poe v. Missing Persons
3
4
10
13
13
13
21
26
29
Notes
Problem 1
B. The Artist's Working Environment
30
31
33
Matter ofMarhoffer
Notes
Chapter 3 Protecting One's Art
A. Copyright
1. Introduction
2. Statutory Prerequisites
37
37
37
37
The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corp.
Notes
3. Exclusive Rights
38
43
43
Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R. T. Co.
Leicester v. Warner Brothers
Notes
4. Ownership Issues
Community for Creative Non- Violence v. Reid
Notes
Johannsen v. Brown
Chamberlain v. Cocola Associates
44
46
53
56
57
63
64
66
69
70
Notes
Problem 2
Problem 3
5. Infringement
71
71
71
75
Leigh v. Warner Bros., Inc.
Notes
Vll
CONTENTS
Vlll
6. Fair Use
Rogers v. Koons
Notes
Problem 4
B. Moral Rights
Martin v. City ofIndianapolis
Notes
Problem 5
C. Trademark
1. Introduction
2. Obtaining Protection
The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corp.
Notes
Rock & Roll Hall ofFame and Museum, Inc. v. Gentile Productions
Notes
3. Infringement
Romm Art Creations Ltd. v. Simcha International, Inc.
Notes
Problem 6
D. Potential Liabilities
1. Right of Publicity
Ali v. Playgirl, Inc.
Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc.
Note
Problem 7
2. Defamation
Robert C. Lind, The Visual Artist and the Law ofDefamation
Silberman v. Georges
~~
3. Insurance
Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v.
Federal Insurance Co.
Notes
76
76
86
89
89
90
95
98
99
99
101
101
102
103
112
113
113
121
122
123
123
124
127
137
137
138
138
141
Ie
143
144
151
Chapter 4 Displaying and Distributing One's Art
A. Art as Protected Expression
Sefick v. City of Chicago
City ofIndio v. Arroyo
Notes
B. Pornography, Obscenity and Indecency
City of St. George v. Turner
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
Notes
Problem 8
155
155
155
162
166
168
168
176
189
199
201
Chapter 5 Selling or Disposing of One's Art
A. Private Sales of Art
1. Artist-Dealer Relationships
203
203
203
CONTENTS
a. Exclusive Representation
Gregory T. Victoroff, Analysis of an Exclusive Gallery
and Publishing Agreement
Notes
b. Consignment Agreements
California Consignment Statutes
California Statutes Regarding Sale of Fine Prints
Pelletier v. Eisenberg
Wesselmann v. International Images, Inc.
Naber v. Steinitz
Zucker v. HirschI & Adler Galleries, Inc.
Notes
2. Privately Commissioned Works
McCrady v. Roy
Notes
Wolff v. Smith
Notes
B. Public Sales of Art
Bery v. City ofNew York
Cristallina S.A. v. Christie, Manson & Woods Int'~ Inc.
Notes
Problem 9
C. The Artist's Estate
Estate ofJean-Michel Basquiat
Notes
Chapter 6 Art and Artifacts as National or Cultural Property
A. Customs
1. Imports
G. Heileman Brewing Co. v. United States
Notes
2. Exports
Jeanneret v. Vichey
Notes
B. War
Price v. United States
Notes
C. Repatriation
United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold
Notes
Chapter 7 Art and the Investor
A. Authentications and Appraisals
Greenberg Gallery, Inc. v. Bauman
Notes
B. Stolen Art
Erisoty v. Rizik
Notes
United States v. Portrait of Wally
Notes
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218
219
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226
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291
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299
301
301
309
313
313
313
322
324
325
338
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346
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CONTENTS
C. Fraudulent Art
Federal Trade Commission v. Austin Galleries ofIllinois, Inc.
Balog v. Center Art Gallery, Hawaii, Inc.
Notes
D. Art as a Security
Daggett v. Jackie Fine Arts, Inc.
Notes
347
347
350
366
367
368
375
Chapter 8 Government Funding of the Arts
A. Publicly Commissioned Works
Serra v. United States General Services Administration
Notes
B. Grants and Subsidies
1. National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
2. State and Local Funding of the Arts
The Brooklyn Institute ofArts and Sciences v. City ofNew York
Notes
377
377
377
382
383
383
383
409
409
421
Chapter 9 Introduction to Museum Law
Alan Ullberg, Patricia Ullberg, Ann Hofstra Grogg & Robert Lind,
A Short History of the Museum
Stephen E. Weil, Vincible Ignorance: Museums and the Law
Cuban Museum ofArts and Culture, Inc. v. City ofMiami
Notes
425
Chapter 10 Organizational Structures of Museums
A. Definition of "Museum"
Commonwealth ofPennsylvania v. Barnes Foundation
Notes
B. The Museum as a Legal Entity
1. Public Museums
a. State Museums
Notes
b. Federal Museums
Note
Problem 10
Problem 11
2. Private Museums
a. Trust
Notes
b. Association
Problem 12
c. Nonprofit Corporation
Notes
3. Treatment of the Museum as a Charitable Trust
People ex rel. Scott v. George F. Harding Museum
Problem 13
451
451
451
455
457
458
458
460
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461
461
461
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425
431
437
447
CONTENTS
Chapter 11 Tax-Exempt Status of Museums
A. Introduction
B. Application for Tax Exempt Status
C. Public Charity
1. Section 509(a)(l) Organizations
Problem 14
2. Section 509(a)(2) Organizations
Problem 15
3. Section 509(a)(3) Organizations
4. Excess Benefit Transactions
Problem 16
D. Private Foundation
1. Private Operating Foundation
Problem 17
2. Excise Tax
Problem 18
Greenacre Foundation v. United States
3. Self-Dealing
Note
Estate of Reis v. Commissioner
Problem 19
Problem 20
Problem 21
Problem 22
Problem 23
Problem 24
4. Failure to Distribute Income
Problem 25
Problem 26
5. Excess Business Holdings
6. Jeopardizing Investments
7. Taxable Expenditures
8. Termination of Private Foundation Status
Gladney v. Commissioner
Problem 27
E. Annual Reporting Requirements
F. Loss of Tax Exempt Status
1. Inurement
2. Lobbying Activities
a. Amount of Permissible Lobbying Expenditures
b. Direct and Grass Roots Lobbying
Problem 28
Problem 29
Problem 30
Chapter 12 Museum Fundraising and Marketing
A. Governmental Funding
1. Federal Funding
2. State Funding
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xii
CONTENTS
B. Solicitations
United Cancer Council, Inc. v. Commissioner
Note
C. Commercial Activities
Presbyterian and Reformed Pub. Co. v. Commissioner
Problem 31
D. Unrelated Business Taxable Income
1. Income from Unrelated Trade or Business
a. Museum Shops
Revenue Ruling 73-104
Revenue Ruling 73-105
Problem 32
b. Advertising
c. Travel Tours
2. Exclusions from Unrelated Business Taxable Income
Revenue Ruling 74-399
Notes
Problem 33
Problem 34
3. Investment Income
Sierra Club Inc. v. Commissioner
Notes
4. Income from Controlled Organizations
5. Income from Debt Financed Property
Problem 35
Problem 36
Problem 37
Problem 38
6. Corporate Sponsorships
Notes
Problem 39
Chapter 13 Museum Acquisitions
A. Purchases
1. Forgery
Suzanne Muchnic, The Anatomy of a Controversy: Authenticity of
Getty's Kouros Will Be the Subject of Scholars in Greece
Notes
Problem 40
2. Questions of Title and Provenance
Rosenberg v. Seattle Art Museum
Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation v. Lubell
Notes
3. Statutory Restrictions on Acquisitions
a. Antiquities Act of 1906
United States v. Smyer
b. Archaeological Resources Protection Act
United States v. Lynch
Problem 41
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CONTENTS
c. Pre-Columbian Art Act
Government ofPeru v. Johnson
d. Cultural Property Implementation Act
e. Native American Graves Protection and Reparation Act
Pueblo of San ndefonso v. Ridlon
Notes
4. Sunken Treasures
California v. Deep Sea Research, Inc.
Note
B. Gifts
1. Requisites of Gift
Stephens County Museum, Inc. v. Swenson
In re Estate of Greenfield
2. Doctrines of Cy Pres and Deviation
Phipps v. Barbera
In re The Barnes Foundation
Note
3. Charitable Contribution Deduction
Problem 42
Problem 43
Problem 44
4. Appraisals of Donated Property
Revenue Procedure 66-49
Note
Doherty v. Commissioner
Notes
Problem 45
Problem 46
Problem 47
C. Loans
1. Law of Bailments
Colburn v. Washington State Art Ass'n
Gardini v. Museum of the City ofNew York
Note
2. Bailee's Ability to Convey Title
Mucha v. King
3. State Statutory Protection of Loans to Museums
a. Anti-Seizure Statutes
In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Served on
Museum ofModern Art
Notes
b. Old Loan Statutes
4. International Loans
Chapter 14 Collections Management
A. Conservation
Parkinson v. Murdock
Notes
Xlll
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CONTENTS
XlV
B. Security
State v. Davis
Notes
C. Insurance
Insurance Company ofNorth America v. University ofAlaska
Notes
D. Exhibition Agreements
Aschenbrenner v. Conseil Regional de Haute-Normandie
Notes
E. Deaccessioning
Wilstach Estate
Notes
625
625
628
629
629
631
632
632
636
637
637
643
Chapter 15 Fiduciary Responsibilities of Museum Officials
Attorney General v. Olson
Harris v. Attorney General
People ex rel. Scott v. Silverstein
Hardman v. Feinstein
Owens v. Magill
Notes
647
647
653
660
664
667
670
Chapter 16 Labor Relations
A. Introduction
B. Employment-at-Will Doctrine
Phillips v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Notes
C. Statutes Prohibiting Discrimination in Employment
1. Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII)
Kelly v. American Museum ofNatural History
Piascik v. Cleveland Museum ofArt
2. Equal Pay Act
Grigoletti v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp.
3. Age Discrimination Act
O'Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp.
4. Americans with Disabilities Act
Zuppardo v. Suffolk County Vanderbilt Museum
Notes
Problem 48
D. Defamation in the Workplace
Khalil v. Museum of Science
Herlihy v. Metropolitan Museum ofArt
Problem 49
675
675
675
675
678
678
678
678
683
688
688
696
696
698
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704
706
706
706
709
715
Index
717