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Protection components for local equipments
Fast controllers for system-side effects
2
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A relay is a safeguard of each major piece of equipment
% 00
Relays sometimes malfunction by responding to
overloads although there were not faults on the protected
lines.
This is a common mode of failure which accelerates the
geographic spread of the cascading faults
Relay malfunctioning is one of the major contributing
factors to 70% of the major electric power outages and
blackouts.
3
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magnitude of current,
phase of current
magnitude of voltage
phase of voltage,
real power
reactive power
#
Relaxed condition: Normal condition and far away faults
Stand-by condition: Zone 2 and Zone 3 faults
Emergency condition: Zone 1 faults
6
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Reactive Power > Real Power > Phase of Voltage
> Magnitude of Voltage > Phase of Current > Magnitude of Current
04
$
Reactive Power + Real Power: 75%
Reactive Power + Real Power + Phase of Current: 85%
7
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Shorter simulation and training time
Less data is needed to be kept in relay for training and updating;
Quicker dynamic updating
lower communication traffic load
10
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Larger
Networks
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simple isolation
complex isolation
3
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1
simple isolation
complex isolation
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voltage
current
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time
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simple isolation
complex isolation
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current
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12
14
16
18
20
15
#
/
Instead of only working as a protect equipment, it may stabilize the
system more quickly to trip extra relay(s) than just isolating the.
Protection relays can be used as binary fast controllers
Extract features from transient measurements
Use continuous time series to do SVM
16
4
$
4
0
#
$
Max during fault; width during fault; min during fault; max after fault;
width after fault
17
4
$
4
0
$
Do log and curve fitting on function: 2 parameters for curve 1 and 2
parameters for curve 2
18
:
$
0
Serious effect: destroy equipment; make system unstable
Moderate effect: may overloading equipment; potential harm
Minor or none effect
$
+B $
Class 1: generator faults;
major line faults
Class 2: moderate line faults
Class 3: weak line faults
Accuracy: 97.2%
19
$
$''
/
0
/
'
' / 2
Increase the dependability and security simultaneously
May overcome the shortcomings brought by the invalid assumptions
of conventional relays
2
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20