Smart Grid Information
Management
Applying Advanced Communication and
Distributed System Technologies
Partha Pal, Rick Schantz, Kurt Rohloff
BBN Technologies
CMU Electricity Conference
Outline
• Introduction
• BBN
• Application of advanced communication
and distributed systems technology in
smart grids
• Conclusion
Introduction
At the core of the Smart Grid vision is development and
adoption of technology to collect, transport, store and
analyze information about electricity condition and usage…..
GridWise 2006 Panel on Smart Grid
Example features of a smart grid:
Advanced metering, Demand Response,
Energy intelligence, Advanced control,
Asset management/business
optimization…. (EnerNOC documentation)
•
Modern smart grid must be able to heal
itself, motivate consumers to actively
participate in operations of the grid,
resist attack, provide higher quality
power that will save money wasted from
outages, accommodate all generation
and storage options, enable electricity
markets to flourish, run more efficiently..
(NETL, DoE 2007)
Information system characteristics
– Resilient (tolerant, survivable): failures and attacks
– Trustworthy and collaborative:
– Adaptive: autonomic and proactive
Smart
Grids need Smart
Information Systems
We’ve seen this before: network centric systems, information centricity…
BBN and Evolution of Distributed Systems
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
• Over 700 employees
• HQ in Cambridge, MA with offices in Arlington, VA; Columbia, MD;
Minneapolis, MN; Middletown, RI; O’Fallon, IL & a subsidiary in San
Diego, CA
Emb.
Emb.
• 2/3 of BBN employees
have
advanced
degrees
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
Application
Application
• Interest spans from computing and information technology to physical
MW LW MiddleMiddle- MW MW Middle- LW Middle- MW
MiddleMiddlesciences
ware
ware
Svcs Svcs ware
ware
Svcs Svcs ware
ware
OS
OS
Operating
• Specializes
in
Embedded
Embedded
OS
OS
System
OS
OS
OS
OS
Network
Developing technology
enablers (R&D)
Protocols
Networkdemonstrations
Advanced technology concept
Network
Protocols
Network
Protocols
App
App
Custom solutions to hard problems
Protocols
Operating
System
Programming
Languages
Database
Systems
Database
Systems
System
Development
Environments
Information
Management
Systems
BBN is continuing to contribute key networking and distributed systems technologies
Network protocols, distributed OS, middleware & middleware services, DRE, survivable systems, semantic web…
An Information Centric View
• (Grid) Information management
– Collection: what needs to be collected
– Transportation: where to, how fast
– Storage: where, how much, how long
• (Grid) Information services
– Business logic: how to process, what to produce
– Building the new services
There are a
number of unique
challenges that
the information
system
architecture must
address
• QoS and Security
– Information transport
– Information processing
• Separation of concern
– Electrical/Business domain experts generate requirements for
computer scientists, network and security engineers
• Requirements and Technology both are evolving
– Ad-hoc approaches will lead to a messy, brittle and costly solution
(Information) Technology Centric View
• Information Transport
– Topology/network architecture
– IP, GigE, Optical networks
– Encoding, protocols vs. services (and legacy protocols)
• Information Storage
– Cloud
– Identifiers and other metadata
– Relational databases, digital objects, semantic storage
• Information processing
–
–
–
–
Objects, Components, Services
Persistence vs. streams/events
Adaptive and adaptation control
Multi-core vs. cell, virtualization
• QoS and Security
– Mission/application oriented adaptive QoS
– Survive in addition to prevent or detect
Will focus on
advanced transport
and survivability
only in this talk
Advanced Transport Services
•
Envisioned Smart Grid information internetwork will have
–
–
–
Multiple types of services with specific QoS (loss rate, latency, capacity..) and security
Multiple types of transport (packets, circuits, various types of multiplexing),
Multiple modes (wireless, leased, fibers, tunneling through the public Internet)
Cost of ownership,
management…
Evolution …
Secure…
Each “application” managing
its own communication
Applications plug into a wellmanaged network
The current situation has many ingredients that may cause the grid information
system of the future to look like the current Internet: applications that are
locally adapted to communicate over the network, patchwork of
interconnections without a holistic view of the entire system– an integrated
architecture combining electrical as well as information system aspects–and
how it may evolve in the future …..
Advanced Transport (contd.)
Emerging technologies provide new transport
capabilities; we should be aware of, and be
prepared to take advantage of these
We are implementing these capabilities in
the context of a high speed, high capacity
optical network (PHAROS)
• Network architecture:
10x/100x
Subscriber Services (BE IP,
Guaranteed IP, l)
Path Computation
Signaling
Network Element
Configuration
PHAROS Setup
Time
PIP Requirement
(CONUS)
T1 R1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4 R4 T5 R5 T6 R6
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5 6
6 7
7
8
8
9
9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17
10x/100x
PHAROS Edge
Slow Client Optical Switch
18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34
T1 R1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4 R4
IP Router
T1 R1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4 R4 T5 R5 T6 R6
1
1
2
7
7
8
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6 6
8
9
9 10 10 11 11 12 12
T1 R1 T2 R2 T3 R3
T0 R0 T1 R1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4 R4 T5 R5 T6 R6 T7 R7 T8 R8 T9 R9
SLG Switch
DWDM Transport
T1 R1 T2 R2 T3 R3 R0 T0 R1 T1 R2 T2 R3 T3 R4 T4 R5 T5 R6 T6 R7 T7 R8 T8 R9 T9
IP Services
l Services
Sub l IP:ODUk
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
Full l IP:ODUk
Groomed Transit
9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13
Groomed Transit + Local
OEO Regen/l Conv
Core Optical Switch
c1 c2 c3 c4 c1 c2 c3 c4 c1 c2 c3 c4 c1 c2 c3 c4 c1 c2 c3 c4 c1 c2 c3 c4 c1 c2 c3 c4 c1 c2 c3 c4
OSC
In
FIBER 4R
FIBER 3R
FIBER 3T
Optical Amplifier Shelf
FIBER 2R
Out
OCM
OSC
OSC
In
Out
FIBER 4T
In
OCM
Out
OCM
In
FIBER 2T
Out
OSC
1
FIBER 1T
1
FIBER 1R
PHAROS Core
Fast Optical Switch
OCM
– Adapters (a necessity for
interoperation and relatively
routine)
– Topology Abstractions:
innovative view of the network
based on adjacencies at various
levels
– Resource allocation algorithms:
use the abstractions to decide
how to set up a path or route
– Fast signaling to enable mesh
routing and dynamic
reconfigurations
– Authentication/authorization
/encryption: security association
at the network level
Optical Bypass
Available Resource
Inactive Resource
1:n TR Protect
VFSS
(ms)
10
35
<50
95
100
Leveraging the Network
• Creation of abstractions appropriate for the application and its context
– Programming
– Services
• Availability of high speed, high capacity, security-enabled, robust and
dynamically provisioned network makes it easy to construct valueadded middleware
– multicast, probabilistic multicast, pub-sub, distributed queues, federations
– High assurance dissemination
– Timeliness and QoS adaptive
• Availability of value-added middleware in turn is required for costeffective and rapid implementation of the desired business logic
–
–
–
–
The application does not need to worry about transport issues
Simpler implementation
Faster time to marked
“evolution ready”
Survivable Information Systems
• Intrusion Tolerant Systems:
– Resiliency against failures in the information domain
• Natural (fault tolerance) as well as attack-induced
Nature of attacks
– Access– enabler of further actions
Defense mechanisms:
•
• Exfiltration, Corruption
– Denial by consumption
Security tools and mechanisms to prevent, detect and
recover from specific attacks or attack classes
• Firewalls, crypto, redundancy
React
• Requires minimal access..
Detect
Protect
Attacks
– Crash
• Can be caused by physical attacks
– Corruption
• Can be caused by insiders
System
Network
Host
Survivability architecture:
•
Organizing multiple layers of defense chosen
based on the need
Management of defenses:
•
Control loops connecting the defense
mechanisms
Validation/certification/accreditation
• Invariants and “trusted” enforcement
Process
Application
App.
JVM
CSA/SELinux
ADF
VPN Firewall
Switches
Redundancy/Diversity
BBN developed (and
validated) defense
mechanisms, survivability
architecture and
cognitive management in
various DARPA projects
Conclusion
• Smart Grid without a smart Information System is untenable
– Electrical/power and business domain will generate requirements for
the information system
• The Information System must be “future proof” and “evolution
ready”
– New technologies
– New requirements, usages
• Current technology and business environment is conducive to
incremental and patchwork solutions
– That will be a BIG mistake
• BBN’s past experience in networking and distributed systems
innovation prompts us to recognize the need of a big picture
– Integrated electrical and information system architecture
– Evolving technologies and requirements
– Over space, over time, not just grids, but inter-grid, possibly across
national boundaries
BBN brings the information system perspective and expertise,
need collaborative interactions with the community to develop
and articulate a smooth transition to the big picture view